跨国公司垂直约束理论研究
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摘要
介于市场与企业之间还存在着大量的中间交易形式，在垂直关系领域，垂直约束就是在垂直生产和分销链条中，除了垂直一体化和分散化的市场交易形式外的重要中间交易形式。垂直约束指处于垂直关系不同环节的厂商之间，通过签订复杂的、长期的契约安排协调彼此间的交易关系，契约中明确了价格、数量、区域、服务、行为方式以及其他一些限制性条款。由于这些交易形式隐藏在中间产品市场或分销渠道中，再加上不同企业处于垂直生产和分销环节的不同层次，其行为特征较少受到学术界的重视。从跨国公司层次来看，各个不同的中间生产和分销环节又分布在经济发展水平不平衡、文化迥异、制度差异明显的多个国家和地区，从而进一步使这些中间交易形式模糊起来。对这些中间交易形式及参与者行为的准确理解，一方面对企业选择何种垂直关系的具体形式具有重要意义，另一方面也有助于政府尤其是东道国政府选择适宜的政策。
本文以跨国公司垂直约束的相关理论为研究对象，从垂直关系的基本形式即垂直一体化、垂直约束和纯粹市场交易出发，分析了三种垂直关系基本形式间的关系，对企业选择垂直约束这种中间形式的原因和形式进行了一般分析。在此基础上，将分析延伸到跨国公司领域，具体分析了跨国公司垂直约束的特性、利益和障碍，同时运用基于跨国公司特性的垂直约束模型分析和说明了采取不同垂直约束契约的有效性条件，最后总结得出跨国公司垂直约束理论分析的管理和政策意蕴。
本文运用经济学尤其是现代产业组织理论的基本原理研究跨国公司的垂直关系问题，除垂直关系和垂直约束的一般理论外，着重对跨国公司垂直约束的利益和障碍进行了较为详细的剖析，回答了跨国公司选择垂直关系某种具体形式的条件，以及选择垂直约束具体契约形式的有效性条件。本文各章的主要内容如下：
导论“垂直约束、垂直一体化还是市场交易?”说明了本研究的概况，旨在引出本文要研究的主题，阐述本研究的理论和实践意义，说明了文献检索的总体情况，并简要总结了本文对跨国公司垂直约束研究的一些创新以及今后拓展研究的几个方向。
第一章“垂直约束和垂直关系：概念和关系”，将垂直约束放在厂商垂直关系选择的框架中予以说明，分别探讨了垂直一体化、市场交易和垂直约束这
跨国公司垂直约束理论研究
几种垂直关系形式的基本含义，在此基础上分析了垂直约束与垂直一体化和市
场交易的关系，研究了决定垂直关系形式的特征性因素，并在不同因素组合条
件下初步说明了环境条件对垂直关系形式选择的影响。
第二章“有关垂直关系和跨国公司垂直约束的文献综述”，主要从两方面
对文献进行了较为详尽的介绍和分析，一是从经济理论，主要是微观经济理论，
对关于垂直约束的原因、动机、有效性、三种形式之间的相互关系以及垂直约
束的竞争效应等角度总结了国内外学者对垂直约束一般形式进行研究的主要成
果。二是对跨国公司垂直约束的相关文献进行了梳理，由于与本文论题直接相
关的文献较为匾乏，根据相关文献的现状，分别从“关于东道国进入模式中的
非股权安排和垂直关系”和“关于跨国公司情形下具体垂直约束类型及其运用”
两个角度进行了一些归纳。
第三章“垂直约束:原因、形式和基本分析”，深入分析了厂商在构建垂
直生产和分销链条时实施垂直约束的基本原因、主要形式及其运用，指出由于
存在“双重加成”、“下游厂商竞争效应”、“上游厂商竞争效应”、“搭便车效
应”、“分销的规模经济效应”及“产品和服务的信誉效应”等原因，交易一方
(制造商或分销商)通过对另一交易方施加垂直约束，能够解决双重加成问题，
将上下游厂商竞争破坏性效应内部化，消除上游或下游厂商的搭便车效应，强
化分销规模经济效应以及在整体上提高上下游厂商的信誉。解释了垂直约束达
到这些效果的基本运作机制。
第四章“跨国公司的垂直约束:特性、利益和障碍”，这是本文的重点部
分之一，将理论分析和实证分析结合起来，探讨跨国公司在实施垂直约束过程
中可能获取的利益及主要障碍因素。本章在对跨国公司的垂直一体化、市场交
易和垂直约束进行一般性理论分析的基础上，阐述了跨国公司垂直约束的基本
特性，主要从跨国公司垂直约束具体形式、文化距离、地域和国家因素以及内
在和外在制度等四个维度，对其进行了总结和分析。对于跨国公司垂直约束可
能获取之利益方面，着重研究了跨国管理成本、政治风险、东道国限制、东道
国政府千预、东道国反托拉斯法审查、技术转让和转移限制以及资产专用性“锁
定”等问题。而对跨国公司实施垂直约束面临的障碍，则主要分析了东道国经
济和产业发展水平及其与跨国公司的差异度，东道国可能存在的制度障碍，反
托拉斯法或竞争法的限制，东道国政府对直接投资的激励政策以及跨国公司垂
直约束上下游厂商间的协调成本和交易成本等因素的影响。
摘要
第五章“基于跨国公司特性的垂直约束模型”，这是在前面章节基础上的
深化，主要运用基本经济理论对跨国公司采取某些具体垂直约束的有效性进行
理论研究，本章将跨国公司垂直约束选择视为?
There are a lot of middle transaction forms between market transaction and firm. Besides vertical integration and market transaction or arm's-length transaction, vertical restraints are the important forms of middle transaction in the vertical production and distribution chains. Vertical restraints can be defined as any economic exchange that differs from the standard sale contract observed in perfect competition. In general market contract, when a buyer purchases a good or service, complete legal control transfers to the buyer. The buyer may resell the good at any price, to any purchaser of its choice, in any location. The most commonly vertical restraints are restrictions on the flexibility of the buyers or sellers. These complex and long-term contract arrangements affect the behaviors of firms in the different vertical chains; these contracts often confirm provisos as price, quantity, territory, service and other behaviors. Because these forms hide in middle product markets or distribution channels, and d
ifferent firms operate at different levels, the academia didn't think much of the behavior characteristics of it. At transnational corporations (TNCs) level, these different middle production and distribution chains in the different countries and regions, where economic development level are imbalance, cultures and institutions are widely different. So that, these middle forms can't be clearly identified. If we can thoroughly understand these forms and participants' behaviors, it will help enterprises to choose particular vertical restraints forms. On the other hand, it will help the governments, especially host country governments, to choose feasible policies.
This dissertation studies the theory of transnational corporations' vertical restraints. This study analyses the relationship of vertical integration, market transaction and vertical restraints, 1 mainly addresses the causes and forms of vertical restraints that enterprises choose in their vertical relationship arrangement. Then, this study extends to analyze the transnational corporations' vertical relationship, discusses the characteristics, benefits and obstacles of TNCs' vertical restraints. Furthermore this paper applies the vertical relationship choice model and the vertical restraints model of TNCs to explain the validity conditions of firms choosing different vertical restraint contracts. At last, this paper summarizes some significations of the
vertical restraints theory in terms of management and policy.
This dissertation applies economics especially modern industrial organization theories to study vertical relationship of TNCs. Besides general vertical relationship and vertical restraints theories, this paper stresses on benefits and obstacles of TNCs' vertical restraints, explains the conditions of relationship forms choice and answers validity conditions of firms choose different vertical restraints contracts. The structure and content of this paper as follows:
Introduction, "Vertical restraints, vertical integration or market transaction?", introduces the outline of this study, elicits the study theme, explains the theoretical and practical significance, introduces the total situation of literature searches and summarizes some innovations of this paper and some directions of expanding research.
Chapter 1, "Vertical restraints and vertical relationship: concept and relationship", regard vertical restraints as a part of firms' vertical relationship choice, defines vertical integration, market transaction or arm's-length transaction and vertical restraints respectively, then analyses three forms' relation, studies the determinative characteristics of the vertical relationship forms, and analyses the impact of environment conditions to vertical relationship choice at different factors mix.
Chapter 2, "Literature review of vertical relationship and TNCs' vertical restraints", mainly introduces and analyses relevant literatures of domestic and foreign specialists and scholars. On the one hand, this chapter reviews economic theory especially
本文以跨国公司垂直约束的相关理论为研究对象，从垂直关系的基本形式即垂直一体化、垂直约束和纯粹市场交易出发，分析了三种垂直关系基本形式间的关系，对企业选择垂直约束这种中间形式的原因和形式进行了一般分析。在此基础上，将分析延伸到跨国公司领域，具体分析了跨国公司垂直约束的特性、利益和障碍，同时运用基于跨国公司特性的垂直约束模型分析和说明了采取不同垂直约束契约的有效性条件，最后总结得出跨国公司垂直约束理论分析的管理和政策意蕴。
本文运用经济学尤其是现代产业组织理论的基本原理研究跨国公司的垂直关系问题，除垂直关系和垂直约束的一般理论外，着重对跨国公司垂直约束的利益和障碍进行了较为详细的剖析，回答了跨国公司选择垂直关系某种具体形式的条件，以及选择垂直约束具体契约形式的有效性条件。本文各章的主要内容如下：
导论“垂直约束、垂直一体化还是市场交易?”说明了本研究的概况，旨在引出本文要研究的主题，阐述本研究的理论和实践意义，说明了文献检索的总体情况，并简要总结了本文对跨国公司垂直约束研究的一些创新以及今后拓展研究的几个方向。
第一章“垂直约束和垂直关系：概念和关系”，将垂直约束放在厂商垂直关系选择的框架中予以说明，分别探讨了垂直一体化、市场交易和垂直约束这
跨国公司垂直约束理论研究
几种垂直关系形式的基本含义，在此基础上分析了垂直约束与垂直一体化和市
场交易的关系，研究了决定垂直关系形式的特征性因素，并在不同因素组合条
件下初步说明了环境条件对垂直关系形式选择的影响。
第二章“有关垂直关系和跨国公司垂直约束的文献综述”，主要从两方面
对文献进行了较为详尽的介绍和分析，一是从经济理论，主要是微观经济理论，
对关于垂直约束的原因、动机、有效性、三种形式之间的相互关系以及垂直约
束的竞争效应等角度总结了国内外学者对垂直约束一般形式进行研究的主要成
果。二是对跨国公司垂直约束的相关文献进行了梳理，由于与本文论题直接相
关的文献较为匾乏，根据相关文献的现状，分别从“关于东道国进入模式中的
非股权安排和垂直关系”和“关于跨国公司情形下具体垂直约束类型及其运用”
两个角度进行了一些归纳。
第三章“垂直约束:原因、形式和基本分析”，深入分析了厂商在构建垂
直生产和分销链条时实施垂直约束的基本原因、主要形式及其运用，指出由于
存在“双重加成”、“下游厂商竞争效应”、“上游厂商竞争效应”、“搭便车效
应”、“分销的规模经济效应”及“产品和服务的信誉效应”等原因，交易一方
(制造商或分销商)通过对另一交易方施加垂直约束，能够解决双重加成问题，
将上下游厂商竞争破坏性效应内部化，消除上游或下游厂商的搭便车效应，强
化分销规模经济效应以及在整体上提高上下游厂商的信誉。解释了垂直约束达
到这些效果的基本运作机制。
第四章“跨国公司的垂直约束:特性、利益和障碍”，这是本文的重点部
分之一，将理论分析和实证分析结合起来，探讨跨国公司在实施垂直约束过程
中可能获取的利益及主要障碍因素。本章在对跨国公司的垂直一体化、市场交
易和垂直约束进行一般性理论分析的基础上，阐述了跨国公司垂直约束的基本
特性，主要从跨国公司垂直约束具体形式、文化距离、地域和国家因素以及内
在和外在制度等四个维度，对其进行了总结和分析。对于跨国公司垂直约束可
能获取之利益方面，着重研究了跨国管理成本、政治风险、东道国限制、东道
国政府千预、东道国反托拉斯法审查、技术转让和转移限制以及资产专用性“锁
定”等问题。而对跨国公司实施垂直约束面临的障碍，则主要分析了东道国经
济和产业发展水平及其与跨国公司的差异度，东道国可能存在的制度障碍，反
托拉斯法或竞争法的限制，东道国政府对直接投资的激励政策以及跨国公司垂
直约束上下游厂商间的协调成本和交易成本等因素的影响。
摘要
第五章“基于跨国公司特性的垂直约束模型”，这是在前面章节基础上的
深化，主要运用基本经济理论对跨国公司采取某些具体垂直约束的有效性进行
理论研究，本章将跨国公司垂直约束选择视为?
There are a lot of middle transaction forms between market transaction and firm. Besides vertical integration and market transaction or arm's-length transaction, vertical restraints are the important forms of middle transaction in the vertical production and distribution chains. Vertical restraints can be defined as any economic exchange that differs from the standard sale contract observed in perfect competition. In general market contract, when a buyer purchases a good or service, complete legal control transfers to the buyer. The buyer may resell the good at any price, to any purchaser of its choice, in any location. The most commonly vertical restraints are restrictions on the flexibility of the buyers or sellers. These complex and long-term contract arrangements affect the behaviors of firms in the different vertical chains; these contracts often confirm provisos as price, quantity, territory, service and other behaviors. Because these forms hide in middle product markets or distribution channels, and d
ifferent firms operate at different levels, the academia didn't think much of the behavior characteristics of it. At transnational corporations (TNCs) level, these different middle production and distribution chains in the different countries and regions, where economic development level are imbalance, cultures and institutions are widely different. So that, these middle forms can't be clearly identified. If we can thoroughly understand these forms and participants' behaviors, it will help enterprises to choose particular vertical restraints forms. On the other hand, it will help the governments, especially host country governments, to choose feasible policies.
This dissertation studies the theory of transnational corporations' vertical restraints. This study analyses the relationship of vertical integration, market transaction and vertical restraints, 1 mainly addresses the causes and forms of vertical restraints that enterprises choose in their vertical relationship arrangement. Then, this study extends to analyze the transnational corporations' vertical relationship, discusses the characteristics, benefits and obstacles of TNCs' vertical restraints. Furthermore this paper applies the vertical relationship choice model and the vertical restraints model of TNCs to explain the validity conditions of firms choosing different vertical restraint contracts. At last, this paper summarizes some significations of the
vertical restraints theory in terms of management and policy.
This dissertation applies economics especially modern industrial organization theories to study vertical relationship of TNCs. Besides general vertical relationship and vertical restraints theories, this paper stresses on benefits and obstacles of TNCs' vertical restraints, explains the conditions of relationship forms choice and answers validity conditions of firms choose different vertical restraints contracts. The structure and content of this paper as follows:
Introduction, "Vertical restraints, vertical integration or market transaction?", introduces the outline of this study, elicits the study theme, explains the theoretical and practical significance, introduces the total situation of literature searches and summarizes some innovations of this paper and some directions of expanding research.
Chapter 1, "Vertical restraints and vertical relationship: concept and relationship", regard vertical restraints as a part of firms' vertical relationship choice, defines vertical integration, market transaction or arm's-length transaction and vertical restraints respectively, then analyses three forms' relation, studies the determinative characteristics of the vertical relationship forms, and analyses the impact of environment conditions to vertical relationship choice at different factors mix.
Chapter 2, "Literature review of vertical relationship and TNCs' vertical restraints", mainly introduces and analyses relevant literatures of domestic and foreign specialists and scholars. On the one hand, this chapter reviews economic theory especially
引文
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