不同强度下定向运动员知觉能力变化特点的研究
摘要
定向运动是一项体力与智力并重的运动项目。它与其他的运动项目不尽相同,具备良好的体能是完成比赛的基本条件,而比赛的成败主要取决于运动员的知觉能力。从国内外的研究资料来看,他们认为知觉因素比体力更为重要,而对知觉能力的研究却是一片空白,因此,定向运动员的知觉能力研究成为了国内外众多学者研究的主要内容。知觉能力是人们在日常生活中必备的一种基本能力,无论是在日常的生活活动中还是运动员在学习和完成运动动作技能操作过程中,都需要良好的知觉参与,才能精确完成复杂的运动操作。正确的知觉是掌握各种技术动作的重要心理因素,并且只有具备了良好的知觉能力,才能在学习和完成精确复杂的操作过程中收到事半功倍的效果。提高人的知觉能力对人的各种运动能力的发展和完善有着至关重要的作用,提高知觉能力有利于提高机体的反应能力、动作协调性,对时间、空间知觉能力的发展有重要的作用。知觉能力是机体最基本的活动能力,也是支配身体活动的最基本的心理能力,人在学习、掌握和提高运动技能的速度和质量取决于知觉能力的水平。[1]
了解定向运动员的知觉能力变化的规律,把变化规律应用于平时的训练实践中有其特别的现实意义。本文就是从这方面为切入点进行研究的。
本研究采用文献资料法、专家访谈法、实验法、数理统计法和逻辑分析法,对不同强度下定向运动员知觉能力的变化特点进行研究,初步得出以下结论:
1.男定向运动员不同强度下知觉能力随着运动强度的增加而发生变化,当强度达到140次/min时知觉能力最强,当强度超过140次/min时又随强度的增加而减小;当强度达到次170次/min时,知觉能力仍优于安静状态。
2.女定向运动员不同强度下知觉能力随着运动强度的增加而发生变化,当强度达到140次/min时知觉能力最强,当强度超过140次/min时又随强度的增加而减小;当强度达到170次/min时,知觉能力仍优于安静状态。
3.女定向运动员在不同强度下的速度知觉、空间知觉和方位知觉的平均值均大于男定向运动员,我们可以说女定向运动员的速度知觉、空间知觉和方位知觉均优于男定向运动员。
4.女定向运动员在不同强度下的深度知觉的平均值小于男定向运动员,我们可以说男定向运动员的深度知觉优于女定向运动员。
The orienteering is a physical strength and intelligences sport .It is a basic condition that the good physique completes the game, but the success or failure of the game mainly is decided by the consciousness ability of the athlete. Seeing from domestic and international research data, they think the consciousness factor is more important than physical strength, but It is to research of the consciousness ability. Therefore, the consciousness ability is the research of the orienteering athlete it became domestic and international numerous scholar main contents of the research.
The sensation and perception is the first step that we know the objective world, all of the mental phenomenon of the high class, such as the imagination, thinking, motion, will...etc., is all output in the foundation of the Sensation and perception. The study of the feeling consciousness also certainly becomes first point concerning research. The people’s motion perception ability are essential kind of basic ability in the daily life, we all need nicer motion perception which participate in the operation process not only in usually living activity but also in study and complete, then can complete the accurate and complicated operation. The correct motion perception is the important mental factor in the progress of mastering every motion technique. Improve the sport consciousness ability to have the important function towards the accuracy that improves the reaction ability of the machine body and respond, to the development of the ability time perception and space perception. The ability of motion perception is the most basal activity ability, and is the most basal mental ability of organism. The speed of organism's studying、mastering and improving sport skills lies on the degree of sport cognition ability. Realized the variety regulation of motion perception in the sport process, applied the variety regulation to practice to win to have it the especially realistic meaning in the athletics teaching and training. This text carries on the research to the problem of above side.
This research adopts the cultural heritage data method, expert the interview method, the experiment contrast method, mathematics statistics the method and logics analyze the method, exercising to the dissimilarity strength next university student sport the variety characteristics of the ability of motion perception carries on the research, first step we can get with draw a conclusion:
1. The variety characteristics of the ability of attention ability in different intensity of track and field athletes will be toned up because the increment of the sport strength. When the strength attains to the P=140 times/ min, the ability is best. When the strength exceed 140 times/ min the ability dies down with the increment of the strength again. When the strength attains to P=170 times/ min, the attention ability still surpasses the peaceful appearance.
2. The variety characteristics of the ability of attention ability in different intensity of basketball athletes will be toned up because the increment of the sport strength. When the strength attains to the P=140 times/ min, the ability is best. When the strength exceeded 140 times/ min the ability dies down with the increment of the strength again. When the strength attains to P=170 times/ min, the attention ability still surpasses the peaceful appearance.
3. The attention allotment, notice to transfer, notice a wide degree of basketball athlete is better than track and field athletes in different intensity. We can say that the ability of attention allotment and notice to transfer, notice a wide degree of basketball athlete is better than track and field athletics.
4. The attention stability of track and field athlete is better than basketball athlete in different intensity. we can say the attention stability of the track and field athletes surpass basketball athletes.
了解定向运动员的知觉能力变化的规律,把变化规律应用于平时的训练实践中有其特别的现实意义。本文就是从这方面为切入点进行研究的。
本研究采用文献资料法、专家访谈法、实验法、数理统计法和逻辑分析法,对不同强度下定向运动员知觉能力的变化特点进行研究,初步得出以下结论:
1.男定向运动员不同强度下知觉能力随着运动强度的增加而发生变化,当强度达到140次/min时知觉能力最强,当强度超过140次/min时又随强度的增加而减小;当强度达到次170次/min时,知觉能力仍优于安静状态。
2.女定向运动员不同强度下知觉能力随着运动强度的增加而发生变化,当强度达到140次/min时知觉能力最强,当强度超过140次/min时又随强度的增加而减小;当强度达到170次/min时,知觉能力仍优于安静状态。
3.女定向运动员在不同强度下的速度知觉、空间知觉和方位知觉的平均值均大于男定向运动员,我们可以说女定向运动员的速度知觉、空间知觉和方位知觉均优于男定向运动员。
4.女定向运动员在不同强度下的深度知觉的平均值小于男定向运动员,我们可以说男定向运动员的深度知觉优于女定向运动员。
The orienteering is a physical strength and intelligences sport .It is a basic condition that the good physique completes the game, but the success or failure of the game mainly is decided by the consciousness ability of the athlete. Seeing from domestic and international research data, they think the consciousness factor is more important than physical strength, but It is to research of the consciousness ability. Therefore, the consciousness ability is the research of the orienteering athlete it became domestic and international numerous scholar main contents of the research.
The sensation and perception is the first step that we know the objective world, all of the mental phenomenon of the high class, such as the imagination, thinking, motion, will...etc., is all output in the foundation of the Sensation and perception. The study of the feeling consciousness also certainly becomes first point concerning research. The people’s motion perception ability are essential kind of basic ability in the daily life, we all need nicer motion perception which participate in the operation process not only in usually living activity but also in study and complete, then can complete the accurate and complicated operation. The correct motion perception is the important mental factor in the progress of mastering every motion technique. Improve the sport consciousness ability to have the important function towards the accuracy that improves the reaction ability of the machine body and respond, to the development of the ability time perception and space perception. The ability of motion perception is the most basal activity ability, and is the most basal mental ability of organism. The speed of organism's studying、mastering and improving sport skills lies on the degree of sport cognition ability. Realized the variety regulation of motion perception in the sport process, applied the variety regulation to practice to win to have it the especially realistic meaning in the athletics teaching and training. This text carries on the research to the problem of above side.
This research adopts the cultural heritage data method, expert the interview method, the experiment contrast method, mathematics statistics the method and logics analyze the method, exercising to the dissimilarity strength next university student sport the variety characteristics of the ability of motion perception carries on the research, first step we can get with draw a conclusion:
1. The variety characteristics of the ability of attention ability in different intensity of track and field athletes will be toned up because the increment of the sport strength. When the strength attains to the P=140 times/ min, the ability is best. When the strength exceed 140 times/ min the ability dies down with the increment of the strength again. When the strength attains to P=170 times/ min, the attention ability still surpasses the peaceful appearance.
2. The variety characteristics of the ability of attention ability in different intensity of basketball athletes will be toned up because the increment of the sport strength. When the strength attains to the P=140 times/ min, the ability is best. When the strength exceeded 140 times/ min the ability dies down with the increment of the strength again. When the strength attains to P=170 times/ min, the attention ability still surpasses the peaceful appearance.
3. The attention allotment, notice to transfer, notice a wide degree of basketball athlete is better than track and field athletes in different intensity. We can say that the ability of attention allotment and notice to transfer, notice a wide degree of basketball athlete is better than track and field athletics.
4. The attention stability of track and field athlete is better than basketball athlete in different intensity. we can say the attention stability of the track and field athletes surpass basketball athletes.
引文
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[8]祝蓓里,季浏.体育心理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2001,54-56,51-52.
[9]李军,张勉.大学生运动知觉能力的测定研究[J].河南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2003,113-115.
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[11]马启伟,张力为.体育运动心理学[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,2003,195-196,
[12]石岩等.定量运动负荷后间隔不同时间的肘关节动觉方位准确性[J].心理学报,1999,84-89.
[13]谢红光,李协群等.持续大负荷和机能下降状态时运动员某些感受性变化的研究[J].体育科学,1999,34-38.
[14]马德明,朱建国.篮球运动员运动感知觉能力与投篮命中率的相关性研究[J].南京体育学院学报,2002,56-59.
[15]马启伟,张力为.体育运动心理学[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,2003,195-196,.
[16]孟庆茂,常建华.实验心理学[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,1999,
[17]朱滢.实验心理学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2000,97-104.
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