北美印第安的归家历程
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摘要
作为当代北美印第安文学的中流砥柱,路易斯·厄德里克以她的“北达科他”四部曲闻名于世。《爱药》便是这个四部曲的开篇小说。
该论文主要分析小说中主要人物的共同经历——归家。归家的印第安人回到了原始部落中,回到了印第安文化和传统中,而这种文化传统是与印第安的自然观和宇宙观息息相关的。通过归家,印第安人对抗白人统治阶级长久以来的种族灭绝政策,实现了民族精神的复兴。
第一章引言部分阐述了背景材料,包括当代印第安文学现况和发展史；作者路易斯·厄德里克和作品《爱药》的介绍；将印第安文学归于后殖民理论之的合理性,以及整个文章的布局安排。
第二章是论文的理论框架。通过分析国内外文献综述,引入本文主题：归家,并论证这一主题原创性和合理性。另外,本章指出,小说中历经归家旅途的主要人物可归为三类：渴望同化,回归传统,杂糅部落和西方文化。以下的三章将分别着眼每个类别的一个代表人物的归家史。
第三章集中于挖掘琼·莫里西的生平、死亡及复生。对于她的解读必须置于印第安本土文化中。第四章聚焦于利普夏·莫里西的身份寻求。最终他寻找到自己的种族身份和身世,他带着母亲琼的灵魂回到传统之中。第五章剖析玛丽喀什帕的精神归家。身为混血儿,玛丽平衡了西方基督文化和印第安齐佩瓦两种不同文化,连系了西方和印第安两种不同的女性观,携手露露建立了女性中心部落,找到了自己的价值和身份定位。
最后,文章通过《爱药》中三个人物琼·莫里西、利普夏·莫里西、玛丽喀什帕的归家历程,得出结论：归家与身份寻求其实是相互辉映,都指向印第安文化和传统。通过归家,三个人物最终找到了赖以生存的共同自我,以此来构建自己的文化身份。
Louise Erdrich, the world-famous contemporary Native American writer, is enormously acclaimed for her "North Dakota" tetralogy, of which Love Medicine is the opening one.
The primary task of this thesis is to investigate the chorus experience of the main characters in Love Medicine:their Homing-in as a path to the Indian community, or to the Indian culture and tradition embedded in the Indian's view toward nature and cosmos. Through Homing-in, the Native American revitalize their national spirit, which is on the brim of annihilation out of the genocide policy of the authority.
Chapter One provides background materials for further discussion, such as the contemporary situation and the history of Native American Literature, the introduction of Louise Erdrich and her novel Love Medicine, the legitimacy of applying postcolonial theory to Native American genre and the overall arrangement of this thesis.
Chapter Two generalizes the theoretical framework. After an in-depth literature review in both domestic field and abroad, it drives out the focus of this thesis:Homing-in, highlights the originality and justification of this thesis. Then, it classifies the main characters undergoing Homing-in into three groups, longing for assimilation, return to tradition, and hybridity of the indigenous and the western. The ensuing three chapters will discuss the Homing-in of three groups with one representative respectively.
Chapter Three focuses on June Morrissey's life, death and resurrection, which could only be understood from the aboriginal cultural lenses. Chapter Four analyzes the life of Lipsha Morrissey's. He eventually achieved his quest for cultural and biological identity, and proceeded to return to the Indian tradition with his mother's spirit. Chapter Five develops Marie Kashpaw's psychological Homing-in. Standing between Christian and Chippewa Culture, and bridging the different perception on female, Marie built up gynocratic community in collaboration with Lulu, and reestablished her concept of value and identification as a mixedblood.
In conclusion, this thesis explores the recurrent theme—Homing-in through an in-depth and overall examination of the three main characters:June Morrissey, Lipsha Morrissey and Marie Kashpaw in Louise Erdrich's first Novel Love Medicine. It asserts that their Homing-in was overlapped with their quest for identity which was nothing but the Indian the tradition and culture. By means of Homing-in, the three characters found their mutual self, on which they relied for survival and development, and on which they depended for reestablishing their cultural identity.
该论文主要分析小说中主要人物的共同经历——归家。归家的印第安人回到了原始部落中,回到了印第安文化和传统中,而这种文化传统是与印第安的自然观和宇宙观息息相关的。通过归家,印第安人对抗白人统治阶级长久以来的种族灭绝政策,实现了民族精神的复兴。
第一章引言部分阐述了背景材料,包括当代印第安文学现况和发展史；作者路易斯·厄德里克和作品《爱药》的介绍；将印第安文学归于后殖民理论之的合理性,以及整个文章的布局安排。
第二章是论文的理论框架。通过分析国内外文献综述,引入本文主题：归家,并论证这一主题原创性和合理性。另外,本章指出,小说中历经归家旅途的主要人物可归为三类：渴望同化,回归传统,杂糅部落和西方文化。以下的三章将分别着眼每个类别的一个代表人物的归家史。
第三章集中于挖掘琼·莫里西的生平、死亡及复生。对于她的解读必须置于印第安本土文化中。第四章聚焦于利普夏·莫里西的身份寻求。最终他寻找到自己的种族身份和身世,他带着母亲琼的灵魂回到传统之中。第五章剖析玛丽喀什帕的精神归家。身为混血儿,玛丽平衡了西方基督文化和印第安齐佩瓦两种不同文化,连系了西方和印第安两种不同的女性观,携手露露建立了女性中心部落,找到了自己的价值和身份定位。
最后,文章通过《爱药》中三个人物琼·莫里西、利普夏·莫里西、玛丽喀什帕的归家历程,得出结论：归家与身份寻求其实是相互辉映,都指向印第安文化和传统。通过归家,三个人物最终找到了赖以生存的共同自我,以此来构建自己的文化身份。
Louise Erdrich, the world-famous contemporary Native American writer, is enormously acclaimed for her "North Dakota" tetralogy, of which Love Medicine is the opening one.
The primary task of this thesis is to investigate the chorus experience of the main characters in Love Medicine:their Homing-in as a path to the Indian community, or to the Indian culture and tradition embedded in the Indian's view toward nature and cosmos. Through Homing-in, the Native American revitalize their national spirit, which is on the brim of annihilation out of the genocide policy of the authority.
Chapter One provides background materials for further discussion, such as the contemporary situation and the history of Native American Literature, the introduction of Louise Erdrich and her novel Love Medicine, the legitimacy of applying postcolonial theory to Native American genre and the overall arrangement of this thesis.
Chapter Two generalizes the theoretical framework. After an in-depth literature review in both domestic field and abroad, it drives out the focus of this thesis:Homing-in, highlights the originality and justification of this thesis. Then, it classifies the main characters undergoing Homing-in into three groups, longing for assimilation, return to tradition, and hybridity of the indigenous and the western. The ensuing three chapters will discuss the Homing-in of three groups with one representative respectively.
Chapter Three focuses on June Morrissey's life, death and resurrection, which could only be understood from the aboriginal cultural lenses. Chapter Four analyzes the life of Lipsha Morrissey's. He eventually achieved his quest for cultural and biological identity, and proceeded to return to the Indian tradition with his mother's spirit. Chapter Five develops Marie Kashpaw's psychological Homing-in. Standing between Christian and Chippewa Culture, and bridging the different perception on female, Marie built up gynocratic community in collaboration with Lulu, and reestablished her concept of value and identification as a mixedblood.
In conclusion, this thesis explores the recurrent theme—Homing-in through an in-depth and overall examination of the three main characters:June Morrissey, Lipsha Morrissey and Marie Kashpaw in Louise Erdrich's first Novel Love Medicine. It asserts that their Homing-in was overlapped with their quest for identity which was nothing but the Indian the tradition and culture. By means of Homing-in, the three characters found their mutual self, on which they relied for survival and development, and on which they depended for reestablishing their cultural identity.
引文
Allen, Paula Gunn. The Sacred Hoop in American Indian Traditions. Boston:Beacon Press, 1986.
Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth Criffiths and Helen Tiffin, eds. The Empire Writers Back:Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures. New York:Routledge,1989.
Bak, Hans. "Toward a Native American 'Realism':The Amphibious Fiction of Louise Erdrich". Versluys, Kristian, ed. Neo-Realism in Contemporary American Fiction. Amsterdam:Rodopi,1992:145-70.
Baker, Lyman. "Critical Concepts:Initiation Story". http://www.nameer.org/lyman/courses/Web-KSU English 320/cc-initiation story.htm. 2004.
Barry, Nora, and Mary Prescott, "The Triumph of the Brave:Love Medicine's Holistic Vision", in Critique,1989,30(2):123-38.
Bevis, William. "Native American Novels:Homing-in". In Critical Perspectives on Native American Fiction, edited by Richard F. Fleck. Washington, D. C.:Three Continents Press,1993:15-45.
Bevis, William. "Native American Novels:Homing-in". Recovering the Word:Essays on Native American Literature. Eds. Brian Swann and Arnorld Krupat. Berkeley: University of California Press,1987:580-620.
Bhabha, Homi K., ed. Nation and Narration. London:Routledge,1990.
—. The Location of Culture. London:Routledge,1994.
Boehmer, Elleke, Colonial and Postcolonial Literature. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1995.
Bruchac, Joseph. "Whatever is Really Yours:An Interview with Louise Erdrich". in Survival This Way:Interviews with American Indian Poets, edited by Joseph Bruchac, Tucson:U of Arizona P,1987:84-104.
Castillo, Susan. "Women Aging into Power:Fictional Representations of Power and Authority in Louise Erdrich's Female Characters". Studies in American Indian Literatures 8.4,1996:13-20.
Chavkin, Allan. "Vision and Revision in Louise Erdrich's Love Medicine". Chavkin, Allan. Ed. The Chippew a Landscape of Louise Erdrich. Tuscaloosa:University of Alabama Press,1999.
Coltelli, Laura. "Louise Erdrich and Michael Dorris". Winged Words:American Indian Writers Speak. Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,1990:40-52; reprinted in Conversation with Louise Erdrich and Michael Dorris, edited by Allan Cavkin and Nancy Feyl Chavkin. Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1994:19-29.
Cooperman, Jeannette Batz. The Broom Closet. New York:Peter Lang,1999.
Erdoes, Richard and Alfonso Ortiz, eds. American Indian Myths and Legends, New York: Random House,.Inc.,1984.
Erdrich, Louise. Love Medicine (New and Expanded Version). New York:Harper Collins Modern Classics edition,2005.
—. Tracks. New York:Henry Holt and Company,1988.
Friedman, Suman Stanford. "Identiry Politics, Syncretism, Catholicism and Anishabe Religion in Louise Erdrich's Tracks". Religion and Literature 26.1994:107-33.
Gish, Robert F. "Life into Death, Death into Life—Hunting as Metaphor and Motif in Love Medicine". Chavkin, Allan. Ed. The Chippew a Landscape of Louise Erdrich. Tuscaloosa:University of Alabama Press,1999.
Grantham, Shelby. Intimate Collaboration or "A Novel Partnership". Dartmouth Alumni Magazine, March 1985:43-47; reprinted in Conversations with Louise Erdrich and Michael Dorris, edited by Allan Chavkin and Nancy Fely Chavkin. Jackson:University Press of Misissippi,1994:10-13.
Krupat, Arnold. "Postcolonialism, Ideology, and Native American Literature". Postcolonial Theory and the United States. Eds. Amritjit Singh and Peter Schmidt. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi,2000:73-94.
Larson, Sidner J. Captured in the Middle:Tradition and Experience in Contemporary Native American Writing. Seattle:University of Washington Press,2000.
Lincoln, Kenneth."'Bring Her Home':Louise Erdrich". Indi'n Humor:Bicultural Play in Native American. Oxford:Oxford University Press,1993:205-253.
Lincoln, Kenneth. Native American Renaissance. Berkeley:University of California Press, 1983.
Lumsden, Paul. "And Here Is Where Events Loop Around and Tangle:Tribal Perspectives in Love Medicine". Sarris, Greg.Jacobs, Connie A.&Giles, James R. Approaches to Teaching the Works of Louise Erdrich. New York:The Modern Language Association of America,2004.
Lydia, Schultz. "Fragments and Ojibwe Stories:Narrative strategies in Louise Erdrich's Love Medicine". College Literature,1991,18(3):80-95.
M. M. Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination, tran. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist, ed. Michael Holquist (Austin:Univ. of Texas Press,1981):84-250. Subsequent references to this edition are noted parenthetically in the text as DI.
McKinney, Karen Janet. "False Miracles and Failed Vision in Louise Erdrich's Love Medicine." in Critique,1999,40(2):152-60.
Moreau, Nicoler E. Erdich's LOVE MEDICINE. Explicator. Vol.61, No.4,2003:248-250
Pasquaretta, Paul. "Sacred Chance:Gambling and the Contemporary Native American Indian Novel". Melus,1996,21(2).
Pittman, Barbara L. "Cross-Cultural Reading and Generic Transformation:The Chronotope of the Road in Erdrich's Love Medicine". American Literature,1995, 67(2).
Purdy, John. "Crossing the Waters to a Love Medicine". In Teaching American Ethnic Literatures:Nineteen Essays, edited by John R. Maitino and David R. Peck,83-100. Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press,1996.
Rainwater, Catherine. "Reading between the Worlds:Narrativity in the Fiction of Louise Erdrich". American Literature,1990(62):405-422.
Riley, Patricia. "There Is No Limit to this Dust:The Refusal of Sacrifice in Louise Erdrich's Love Medicine". Studies in American Indian Literatures,2000,12(2):13-23.
Rosenthal, Caroline. "Her Laugh an Ace:Narrative Tricksterism in Louise Erdrich's Tetralogy" in Narrative Deconstructions of Gender in Works by Audrey Thomas, Daphne Marlatt, and Louise Erdrich. New York:Camden House,2003:111.
Sanders, Karla. "A Healthy Balance:Religion, Identity, and Community in Louise Erdrich's Love Medicine". Melus,1998,23(2).
Schumacher, Michael. "Louise Erdrich, Michael Dorris:A marriage of Minds". Writer's Digest, June 1991:28-32,59; reprinted in Conversations with Louise Erdrich and Michael Dorris, edited by Allan Chavkin and Nancy Fely Chavkin. Jackson:University Press of Misissippi,1994:173-183.
Silberman, Robert. "Opening the Text:Love Medicine and the Return of the Native American Woman". In Narrative Chance:Postmodern Discourse on Native American Indian Literatures, edited by Gerald Vizenor. Albulquerque:University of New Mexico Press,1989:101-120.
Smith, Jeanne. "Transpersonal Selfhood:The Boundaries of Identity in Louise Erdrich's Love Medicine" Studies in American Indian Literature 3,1991(4):13-26.
Stokes, Karah. "Sisters, Lovers, Magdalens, and Martyrs:Ojibwe Two-sisters Stories in Love Medicine". Sarris, Greg. Jacobs, Connie A.&Giles, James R. Approaches to Teaching the Works of Louise Erdrich. New York:The Modern Language Association of America,2004.
Stookey, Lorena L. Louise Erdrich:A Critical Companion. Westport:Greenwood Press, 1999.
Tiffin. Helen. "Post-colonial Literatures and Counter-Discourse". The Post-colonial Studies Reader. Eds. Bill Ashcroft, Careth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin. New York: Routledge,1995:95-98.
Wong, Hertha. D "An Interview with Louise Erdrich and Michael Dorris" North Dakta Qurterly 55.1,1987 Reprinted in Conversations with Louise Erdrich and Michael Dorris, Ed. Allan Chavkin& Nancy Feyl Cavkin, Jackson:UP of Mississippi,1994.
Zeck, Jeanne Marie. Erdrich's Love Medicine.Explicator. Vol.54, No.1,1995:58-6.
陈靓.文化冲突中的本土身份构建——宗教与性别视角下的《爱之药》.英美文学研究论丛,2007(2)：178-189.
[Chen, Liang. Constructing Native Identity in Cultural Conflicts. English and American Literature Studies,2007(2):178-189.]
高琳.书写当代印第安人生存困境的《爱之药》.当代外国文学,2006(2)：161-164.
[Gao, Lin. Love Medicine:Script of Awkward Living Condition of Contemporary Indian. Contemporary Foreign Literature,2006(2):161-164.]
胡亚坪.女性的力量：路易斯·埃尔德里克小说《爱药》,《踪迹》和《宾果宫》研究.复旦大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[Hu, Yaping. "Women's Power:A Study of Louise Erdrich's Love Medicine, Tracks and The Bingo Palace". Thesis of Fudan University,2006.]
刘玉.文化对抗——后殖民氛围中的三位美国当代印第安女作家厦门：厦门大学出版社,2008.
[Liu, Yu. Resistance Between Cultures:Three Contemporary Native American Women Writers in the Postcolonial Aura. Xiamen:Xiamen University Press,2008.]
倪云.《爱药》：印第安文化与白人文化的冲突与融合,郑州大学,2006.
[Ni, Yun. Conflicts and Synergies between American Indian Culture and White Culture. Zhengzhou University,2006.]
芮玉萍.美国成长小说研究,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2004.
[Rui, Yuping. A Study of American Initiation Stories. Beijing:China Social Sciences Press, 2004.]
张廷佺.路易斯·厄德里克长篇小说叙述的后现代因素——以《爱药》为例.当代外国文学,2007(4)：56-61.
[Zhang, tingquan. Postcolonial Elements in the narration of Louise Erdrich's fictions—taking Love Medicine as an example. Contemporary Foreign Literature, 2007(4):56-61.]
邹慧玲.后殖民理论视角下的美国印第安英语文学研究.长春：吉林大学出版社,2008.
[Zou, Huiling. A Postcolonial Study of American Indian Literature Written in English. Chanchun:Jilin University Press,2008.]
Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth Criffiths and Helen Tiffin, eds. The Empire Writers Back:Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures. New York:Routledge,1989.
Bak, Hans. "Toward a Native American 'Realism':The Amphibious Fiction of Louise Erdrich". Versluys, Kristian, ed. Neo-Realism in Contemporary American Fiction. Amsterdam:Rodopi,1992:145-70.
Baker, Lyman. "Critical Concepts:Initiation Story". http://www.nameer.org/lyman/courses/Web-KSU English 320/cc-initiation story.htm. 2004.
Barry, Nora, and Mary Prescott, "The Triumph of the Brave:Love Medicine's Holistic Vision", in Critique,1989,30(2):123-38.
Bevis, William. "Native American Novels:Homing-in". In Critical Perspectives on Native American Fiction, edited by Richard F. Fleck. Washington, D. C.:Three Continents Press,1993:15-45.
Bevis, William. "Native American Novels:Homing-in". Recovering the Word:Essays on Native American Literature. Eds. Brian Swann and Arnorld Krupat. Berkeley: University of California Press,1987:580-620.
Bhabha, Homi K., ed. Nation and Narration. London:Routledge,1990.
—. The Location of Culture. London:Routledge,1994.
Boehmer, Elleke, Colonial and Postcolonial Literature. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1995.
Bruchac, Joseph. "Whatever is Really Yours:An Interview with Louise Erdrich". in Survival This Way:Interviews with American Indian Poets, edited by Joseph Bruchac, Tucson:U of Arizona P,1987:84-104.
Castillo, Susan. "Women Aging into Power:Fictional Representations of Power and Authority in Louise Erdrich's Female Characters". Studies in American Indian Literatures 8.4,1996:13-20.
Chavkin, Allan. "Vision and Revision in Louise Erdrich's Love Medicine". Chavkin, Allan. Ed. The Chippew a Landscape of Louise Erdrich. Tuscaloosa:University of Alabama Press,1999.
Coltelli, Laura. "Louise Erdrich and Michael Dorris". Winged Words:American Indian Writers Speak. Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press,1990:40-52; reprinted in Conversation with Louise Erdrich and Michael Dorris, edited by Allan Cavkin and Nancy Feyl Chavkin. Jackson:University Press of Mississippi,1994:19-29.
Cooperman, Jeannette Batz. The Broom Closet. New York:Peter Lang,1999.
Erdoes, Richard and Alfonso Ortiz, eds. American Indian Myths and Legends, New York: Random House,.Inc.,1984.
Erdrich, Louise. Love Medicine (New and Expanded Version). New York:Harper Collins Modern Classics edition,2005.
—. Tracks. New York:Henry Holt and Company,1988.
Friedman, Suman Stanford. "Identiry Politics, Syncretism, Catholicism and Anishabe Religion in Louise Erdrich's Tracks". Religion and Literature 26.1994:107-33.
Gish, Robert F. "Life into Death, Death into Life—Hunting as Metaphor and Motif in Love Medicine". Chavkin, Allan. Ed. The Chippew a Landscape of Louise Erdrich. Tuscaloosa:University of Alabama Press,1999.
Grantham, Shelby. Intimate Collaboration or "A Novel Partnership". Dartmouth Alumni Magazine, March 1985:43-47; reprinted in Conversations with Louise Erdrich and Michael Dorris, edited by Allan Chavkin and Nancy Fely Chavkin. Jackson:University Press of Misissippi,1994:10-13.
Krupat, Arnold. "Postcolonialism, Ideology, and Native American Literature". Postcolonial Theory and the United States. Eds. Amritjit Singh and Peter Schmidt. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi,2000:73-94.
Larson, Sidner J. Captured in the Middle:Tradition and Experience in Contemporary Native American Writing. Seattle:University of Washington Press,2000.
Lincoln, Kenneth."'Bring Her Home':Louise Erdrich". Indi'n Humor:Bicultural Play in Native American. Oxford:Oxford University Press,1993:205-253.
Lincoln, Kenneth. Native American Renaissance. Berkeley:University of California Press, 1983.
Lumsden, Paul. "And Here Is Where Events Loop Around and Tangle:Tribal Perspectives in Love Medicine". Sarris, Greg.Jacobs, Connie A.&Giles, James R. Approaches to Teaching the Works of Louise Erdrich. New York:The Modern Language Association of America,2004.
Lydia, Schultz. "Fragments and Ojibwe Stories:Narrative strategies in Louise Erdrich's Love Medicine". College Literature,1991,18(3):80-95.
M. M. Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination, tran. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist, ed. Michael Holquist (Austin:Univ. of Texas Press,1981):84-250. Subsequent references to this edition are noted parenthetically in the text as DI.
McKinney, Karen Janet. "False Miracles and Failed Vision in Louise Erdrich's Love Medicine." in Critique,1999,40(2):152-60.
Moreau, Nicoler E. Erdich's LOVE MEDICINE. Explicator. Vol.61, No.4,2003:248-250
Pasquaretta, Paul. "Sacred Chance:Gambling and the Contemporary Native American Indian Novel". Melus,1996,21(2).
Pittman, Barbara L. "Cross-Cultural Reading and Generic Transformation:The Chronotope of the Road in Erdrich's Love Medicine". American Literature,1995, 67(2).
Purdy, John. "Crossing the Waters to a Love Medicine". In Teaching American Ethnic Literatures:Nineteen Essays, edited by John R. Maitino and David R. Peck,83-100. Albuquerque:University of New Mexico Press,1996.
Rainwater, Catherine. "Reading between the Worlds:Narrativity in the Fiction of Louise Erdrich". American Literature,1990(62):405-422.
Riley, Patricia. "There Is No Limit to this Dust:The Refusal of Sacrifice in Louise Erdrich's Love Medicine". Studies in American Indian Literatures,2000,12(2):13-23.
Rosenthal, Caroline. "Her Laugh an Ace:Narrative Tricksterism in Louise Erdrich's Tetralogy" in Narrative Deconstructions of Gender in Works by Audrey Thomas, Daphne Marlatt, and Louise Erdrich. New York:Camden House,2003:111.
Sanders, Karla. "A Healthy Balance:Religion, Identity, and Community in Louise Erdrich's Love Medicine". Melus,1998,23(2).
Schumacher, Michael. "Louise Erdrich, Michael Dorris:A marriage of Minds". Writer's Digest, June 1991:28-32,59; reprinted in Conversations with Louise Erdrich and Michael Dorris, edited by Allan Chavkin and Nancy Fely Chavkin. Jackson:University Press of Misissippi,1994:173-183.
Silberman, Robert. "Opening the Text:Love Medicine and the Return of the Native American Woman". In Narrative Chance:Postmodern Discourse on Native American Indian Literatures, edited by Gerald Vizenor. Albulquerque:University of New Mexico Press,1989:101-120.
Smith, Jeanne. "Transpersonal Selfhood:The Boundaries of Identity in Louise Erdrich's Love Medicine" Studies in American Indian Literature 3,1991(4):13-26.
Stokes, Karah. "Sisters, Lovers, Magdalens, and Martyrs:Ojibwe Two-sisters Stories in Love Medicine". Sarris, Greg. Jacobs, Connie A.&Giles, James R. Approaches to Teaching the Works of Louise Erdrich. New York:The Modern Language Association of America,2004.
Stookey, Lorena L. Louise Erdrich:A Critical Companion. Westport:Greenwood Press, 1999.
Tiffin. Helen. "Post-colonial Literatures and Counter-Discourse". The Post-colonial Studies Reader. Eds. Bill Ashcroft, Careth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin. New York: Routledge,1995:95-98.
Wong, Hertha. D "An Interview with Louise Erdrich and Michael Dorris" North Dakta Qurterly 55.1,1987 Reprinted in Conversations with Louise Erdrich and Michael Dorris, Ed. Allan Chavkin& Nancy Feyl Cavkin, Jackson:UP of Mississippi,1994.
Zeck, Jeanne Marie. Erdrich's Love Medicine.Explicator. Vol.54, No.1,1995:58-6.
陈靓.文化冲突中的本土身份构建——宗教与性别视角下的《爱之药》.英美文学研究论丛,2007(2)：178-189.
[Chen, Liang. Constructing Native Identity in Cultural Conflicts. English and American Literature Studies,2007(2):178-189.]
高琳.书写当代印第安人生存困境的《爱之药》.当代外国文学,2006(2)：161-164.
[Gao, Lin. Love Medicine:Script of Awkward Living Condition of Contemporary Indian. Contemporary Foreign Literature,2006(2):161-164.]
胡亚坪.女性的力量：路易斯·埃尔德里克小说《爱药》,《踪迹》和《宾果宫》研究.复旦大学硕士学位论文,2006.
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