分布式联合虚拟参考咨询系统非实时咨询调度功能的研究与实现
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摘要
参考咨询是图书馆的重要专业功能，其咨询水平在很大程度上体现了一个图书馆的实力和服务质量。虚拟参考咨询系统是数字图书馆的重要子系统。虚拟参考咨询指利用网络，通过同步或异步的方式为读者提供参考咨询服务，同步方式即通过在线交谈、网页推送、同步浏览等途径实现，异步方式即通过电子邮件、电子表单、知识库查询等实现。理想的虚拟参考咨询系统应该能够满足读者不受时间地点限制的咨询需求并且对于有难度的问题可以在全国范围内寻找解答咨询。单个图书馆不可能拥有足够的力量来做到这一点，加之受馆藏和人才等资源的限制，单个图书馆也不可能回答所有类型的问题。在网络技术和计算技术的不断取得突破的前提下，利用分布式计算技术将网络上其他高性能的计算资源用于参考咨询，是解决这一技术难题的有效途径。CALIS数字图书馆系统的联合虚拟参考咨询系统(CVRS Collaborative Virtual Reference Service)就是试图联合全国100所重点大学的图书馆资源，通过网络平台来解决这一难题从而提供完善的、专业的、高质量的参考咨询服务；咨询任务成为联合咨询，咨询任务需要在咨询台之间转移和调度，咨询调度问题对联合参考咨询的实现有着重要意义。
联合分布虚拟参考咨询系统是一个典型的多机(服务器)协同工作系统，如何实现一个多级协作的系统是本文研究的重点内容，其中关键技术有：互操作技术，互操作中的异步调用技术、以及消息传输的可靠性技术等，这些都是本文研究的重点问题。
本文就作者参与实现的CVRS系统中的异步调度功能展开研究。并给出了功能的实现。
Virtual Reference Service (VRS) is a very important function of library. The level of VRS incarnates a library's strength and service quality. VRS is a very important subsystem of digital library. This kind of software provides libraries with tools to interact with users in multiple ways including synchronous way and asynchronous way. Synchronous way is realized by chat-online, Page Push, VOIP, cooperative browse technology and so on. Asynchronous way is realized by E_mail, web-form and so on. Perfect Virtual Reference Service can allows readers apply their questions at any moment and everywhere .The answer for difficult questions can be searched over the countrywide range. A single library was restricted by its resource and teachers, so it can not answer all kinds of questions. CALIS digital library system tries to combine the resource of one hundred national key universities in order to provide perfect professional reference service with high quality. So the task become collaborative consultation, and the task need to be transferred and scheduled form one library to another. The scheduling of consultation task is a very important part of collaborative reference service.
With the increasing development computer network and database technology, the distributed computing has become a new trend and model of computer application. In this system interoperability is a very important subject.
Interoperability in general includes the communication control and transfer between different system .Interoperability namely is the accessing between systems in function and date level. The task of distributed system is realized by Interoperability .So interoperability was the important support for distributed systems.
Collaborative Virtual Reference Service (CVRS) is a kind of typical distributed system. In this paper, we do research for asynchronous scheduling problems in CVRS. Some important technology are studied and analyzed as follows:
The communication and Interoperability problem in distribute system
The asynchronous Interoperability problem over Web Service
The reliability of message transfers
联合分布虚拟参考咨询系统是一个典型的多机(服务器)协同工作系统，如何实现一个多级协作的系统是本文研究的重点内容，其中关键技术有：互操作技术，互操作中的异步调用技术、以及消息传输的可靠性技术等，这些都是本文研究的重点问题。
本文就作者参与实现的CVRS系统中的异步调度功能展开研究。并给出了功能的实现。
Virtual Reference Service (VRS) is a very important function of library. The level of VRS incarnates a library's strength and service quality. VRS is a very important subsystem of digital library. This kind of software provides libraries with tools to interact with users in multiple ways including synchronous way and asynchronous way. Synchronous way is realized by chat-online, Page Push, VOIP, cooperative browse technology and so on. Asynchronous way is realized by E_mail, web-form and so on. Perfect Virtual Reference Service can allows readers apply their questions at any moment and everywhere .The answer for difficult questions can be searched over the countrywide range. A single library was restricted by its resource and teachers, so it can not answer all kinds of questions. CALIS digital library system tries to combine the resource of one hundred national key universities in order to provide perfect professional reference service with high quality. So the task become collaborative consultation, and the task need to be transferred and scheduled form one library to another. The scheduling of consultation task is a very important part of collaborative reference service.
With the increasing development computer network and database technology, the distributed computing has become a new trend and model of computer application. In this system interoperability is a very important subject.
Interoperability in general includes the communication control and transfer between different system .Interoperability namely is the accessing between systems in function and date level. The task of distributed system is realized by Interoperability .So interoperability was the important support for distributed systems.
Collaborative Virtual Reference Service (CVRS) is a kind of typical distributed system. In this paper, we do research for asynchronous scheduling problems in CVRS. Some important technology are studied and analyzed as follows:
The communication and Interoperability problem in distribute system
The asynchronous Interoperability problem over Web Service
The reliability of message transfers
引文
1．高岚．基于Web的高校图书馆虚拟参考咨询服务[J]．图书馆学研究，2004(11)：76-78
2．马利华．中小型图书馆的数字参考咨询服务[J] 大学图书情报学刊2005：23(4)
3. Mc. Clennen, M. Menmot, P. Rolesin Digital Reference [J]. Information Technology and Libraries, 2001, 20 (3): 143-148.
4. Manju Vijayakumar, Vijayakumar J. K. Digital Reference Service: LibrariesOnline24/ 7[C]. Proceedings of SIS-2005, Visakhapatanam, 27-29 January 2005: 212-218
5．梁孟华，马大川 数字图书馆面向用户的数字参考服务[J]．情报科学，2002，20(9)929-932
6．罗腾．虚拟参考咨询服务浅析[J]．宜宾学院学报，2004(1)：104-105
7. Linda Berube, Ask Live. U K public libraries and virtual collaboration [J]. Library And Information Research, 2003,27(86): 43-50.
8．程雪梅．基于Web的数字化参考咨询服务[J]．河南图书馆学刊，2005，25(2)：41-44
9．Question Point数字图书馆官方网站http://www.oclc.org/question point/,2006.03.02
10．张文举，曹咏梅．网络环境下虚拟参考咨询初探[J]．现代情报，2004(1)：22-24
11．陈国良、安虹等。并行算法实践。北京：高等教育出版社，2004。
12. Leslie A. Hall. Approximation Algorithms for Scheduling. in Approximation Algorithms for N P-Hard Problems. D. Hochbaum (edit.),PWS publishing, Boston, 1-45. 1996
13．唐国春、张峰等。现代排序论。上海：上海科学普及出版社，2003。
14. E. L. Lawler, J.K. Lenstra, A.H.G..Rinnooy Kan and D.B. Shmoys. Sequencing and scheduJing:Algorithms and complexity. In S.C. Graves editors, Handbooks in Operations Research and Management Science, VOL 4, Logistics of Production and Inventory, 445-522. North-Holland, 1993.
15. R.L. Graham, g.L. Lawler, J.K. Lenstra and A.H.G. Rinnooy Kan, Optimization and approximation in deterministic sequencing and scheduling: a survey. Annals of Discrete Mathematics, 5:287-326, 1979
16. M. Pinedo, Scheduling: Theory, Algorithm and Systems.Prentice Hall, 1995.
17. Ph. Chretienne, E.G. Cofman, J.K. Lenstra, and Z. Liu, (editors), Scheduling Theory And Its Applications, Wiley, Chichester, England. 1995
18．Linux的进程调度 钟小玲，袁宏春 计算机应用VOL．22，No．1 Jan．，2002
19. Hironori Kasahara, Seinosujke Narita Practical Multiprocessor Scheduling Algorithms for Efficient Parallel Processing IEEE Transaction On Computers, VOL. C-33, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 1984
20．网格观点：网格计算——下一代分布式计算[EB／OL]．http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/grid/gr-heritage/#N101C4
21．孙广中 并行分布计算中的调度问题研究 博士论文 中国科学技术大学2005．3
22．胡自林 信任计算及网格资源调度 硕士论文 中国科学技术大学 2005．5
23．单久龙 网络环境中资源管理与任务调度研究 博士论文 中国科学技术大学 2005．3
24．王翠平 分布式系统中的任务调度问题及遗传算法应用研究 硕士论文 青岛大学2002．4
25．陆凤山编著 排队论及其应用 湖南科学技术出版社1984
26．殷保群等著 排队系统性能分析与Markov控制过程 中国科学技术大学出版社 2004
27．胡运权主编运筹学教程 清华大学出版社1998
28．Michael Pinedo调度：原理、算法和系统(影印版) 清华大学出版社2005
29．许骏等著 网格计算与E-Learning Grid体系结构、关键技术、示范应用科学出版社 2005
30．王千祥 编著 应用服务器原理与实现 电子工业出版社2003．6
31. D.F. Ferguson. Web Services Architecture [EB/OL]. http://www.w3.org/2001/03/WSWS-popa/paper44
32. Web Services and Service-Oriented Architectures [EB/OL]. http://www.service-architecture.com/
33．Web ServiCe基础教程 蔡月茹 柳西玲 编著 清华大学出版社 2005．6第一版
34．Web服务概念性体系结构[EB／OL] http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/webservices/ws-wsca/part1/index. html
35. SOAP Version i. 2 SOAP规范1.2[EB/OL] http://www.w3.org/TR/soap/
36．齐德昱 可扩展的独立分布式应用互操作与集成模型 博士论文 华南理工大学 1999．6
37. Web Services Description Language (WSDL) Version 2.0 [EB/OL]. http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/WD-wsd120-primer-20070326/
38. The relation between wsdl and soap [EB/OL]. http://blog.csdn.net/bluebluebird/archive/2006/07/27/984773.aspx
39．左克．异步可靠Web服务关键技术的研究与实现．硕士论文．国防科学技术大学．2003年11月
40. S. Maffeis Constructing reliable distributed communication systems with CORBA. http://www.wust.edu, 2001
41. S. Landis, S. Maffeis Building reliable distributed systems with CORBA. Theory and Practice of Object Systems, 1997, 4
42. S. Maffies Piranha: A CORBA tool for high availability. IEEE Computer, 1997, 4:59-66
43．张小明《基于分布对象的异步消息的研究与实现》博士论文，国防科技大学 2001．4
44. D.Slarna, Garbis, P. Russell, Enterprise CORBA. New Jersey:Prentice Hall Pr, 1999.85-101
45. C. Batini, M. Lenzerini, S. B. Navathe A comparative analysis of methodologies for database schema integration. ACM Computing Surveys, 1986, 18(4):323-364
46. Y. Breitbart, P.L. Olson, Database integration in a distributed heterogeneous database system. Los Angel: Proceeding of the Second IEEE Conference on Data Engineering, 1986
47. A.F. Cardenas Heterogeneous distributed database management:The HDDBMS. Proc. IEEE, 1997, 75(5):695-708
48. K. Birman, Replication and fault-tolerance in Isis system. Orcas Island: Proceedings of the 10th ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles, 1985, 11: 79-86
2．马利华．中小型图书馆的数字参考咨询服务[J] 大学图书情报学刊2005：23(4)
3. Mc. Clennen, M. Menmot, P. Rolesin Digital Reference [J]. Information Technology and Libraries, 2001, 20 (3): 143-148.
4. Manju Vijayakumar, Vijayakumar J. K. Digital Reference Service: LibrariesOnline24/ 7[C]. Proceedings of SIS-2005, Visakhapatanam, 27-29 January 2005: 212-218
5．梁孟华，马大川 数字图书馆面向用户的数字参考服务[J]．情报科学，2002，20(9)929-932
6．罗腾．虚拟参考咨询服务浅析[J]．宜宾学院学报，2004(1)：104-105
7. Linda Berube, Ask Live. U K public libraries and virtual collaboration [J]. Library And Information Research, 2003,27(86): 43-50.
8．程雪梅．基于Web的数字化参考咨询服务[J]．河南图书馆学刊，2005，25(2)：41-44
9．Question Point数字图书馆官方网站http://www.oclc.org/question point/,2006.03.02
10．张文举，曹咏梅．网络环境下虚拟参考咨询初探[J]．现代情报，2004(1)：22-24
11．陈国良、安虹等。并行算法实践。北京：高等教育出版社，2004。
12. Leslie A. Hall. Approximation Algorithms for Scheduling. in Approximation Algorithms for N P-Hard Problems. D. Hochbaum (edit.),PWS publishing, Boston, 1-45. 1996
13．唐国春、张峰等。现代排序论。上海：上海科学普及出版社，2003。
14. E. L. Lawler, J.K. Lenstra, A.H.G..Rinnooy Kan and D.B. Shmoys. Sequencing and scheduJing:Algorithms and complexity. In S.C. Graves editors, Handbooks in Operations Research and Management Science, VOL 4, Logistics of Production and Inventory, 445-522. North-Holland, 1993.
15. R.L. Graham, g.L. Lawler, J.K. Lenstra and A.H.G. Rinnooy Kan, Optimization and approximation in deterministic sequencing and scheduling: a survey. Annals of Discrete Mathematics, 5:287-326, 1979
16. M. Pinedo, Scheduling: Theory, Algorithm and Systems.Prentice Hall, 1995.
17. Ph. Chretienne, E.G. Cofman, J.K. Lenstra, and Z. Liu, (editors), Scheduling Theory And Its Applications, Wiley, Chichester, England. 1995
18．Linux的进程调度 钟小玲，袁宏春 计算机应用VOL．22，No．1 Jan．，2002
19. Hironori Kasahara, Seinosujke Narita Practical Multiprocessor Scheduling Algorithms for Efficient Parallel Processing IEEE Transaction On Computers, VOL. C-33, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 1984
20．网格观点：网格计算——下一代分布式计算[EB／OL]．http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/grid/gr-heritage/#N101C4
21．孙广中 并行分布计算中的调度问题研究 博士论文 中国科学技术大学2005．3
22．胡自林 信任计算及网格资源调度 硕士论文 中国科学技术大学 2005．5
23．单久龙 网络环境中资源管理与任务调度研究 博士论文 中国科学技术大学 2005．3
24．王翠平 分布式系统中的任务调度问题及遗传算法应用研究 硕士论文 青岛大学2002．4
25．陆凤山编著 排队论及其应用 湖南科学技术出版社1984
26．殷保群等著 排队系统性能分析与Markov控制过程 中国科学技术大学出版社 2004
27．胡运权主编运筹学教程 清华大学出版社1998
28．Michael Pinedo调度：原理、算法和系统(影印版) 清华大学出版社2005
29．许骏等著 网格计算与E-Learning Grid体系结构、关键技术、示范应用科学出版社 2005
30．王千祥 编著 应用服务器原理与实现 电子工业出版社2003．6
31. D.F. Ferguson. Web Services Architecture [EB/OL]. http://www.w3.org/2001/03/WSWS-popa/paper44
32. Web Services and Service-Oriented Architectures [EB/OL]. http://www.service-architecture.com/
33．Web ServiCe基础教程 蔡月茹 柳西玲 编著 清华大学出版社 2005．6第一版
34．Web服务概念性体系结构[EB／OL] http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/webservices/ws-wsca/part1/index. html
35. SOAP Version i. 2 SOAP规范1.2[EB/OL] http://www.w3.org/TR/soap/
36．齐德昱 可扩展的独立分布式应用互操作与集成模型 博士论文 华南理工大学 1999．6
37. Web Services Description Language (WSDL) Version 2.0 [EB/OL]. http://www.w3.org/TR/2007/WD-wsd120-primer-20070326/
38. The relation between wsdl and soap [EB/OL]. http://blog.csdn.net/bluebluebird/archive/2006/07/27/984773.aspx
39．左克．异步可靠Web服务关键技术的研究与实现．硕士论文．国防科学技术大学．2003年11月
40. S. Maffeis Constructing reliable distributed communication systems with CORBA. http://www.wust.edu, 2001
41. S. Landis, S. Maffeis Building reliable distributed systems with CORBA. Theory and Practice of Object Systems, 1997, 4
42. S. Maffies Piranha: A CORBA tool for high availability. IEEE Computer, 1997, 4:59-66
43．张小明《基于分布对象的异步消息的研究与实现》博士论文，国防科技大学 2001．4
44. D.Slarna, Garbis, P. Russell, Enterprise CORBA. New Jersey:Prentice Hall Pr, 1999.85-101
45. C. Batini, M. Lenzerini, S. B. Navathe A comparative analysis of methodologies for database schema integration. ACM Computing Surveys, 1986, 18(4):323-364
46. Y. Breitbart, P.L. Olson, Database integration in a distributed heterogeneous database system. Los Angel: Proceeding of the Second IEEE Conference on Data Engineering, 1986
47. A.F. Cardenas Heterogeneous distributed database management:The HDDBMS. Proc. IEEE, 1997, 75(5):695-708
48. K. Birman, Replication and fault-tolerance in Isis system. Orcas Island: Proceedings of the 10th ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles, 1985, 11: 79-86