长白山阔叶红松林不同演替阶段昆虫数量动态研究
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摘要
原始阔叶红松林是长白山地区的地带性顶级植被类型,20世纪以来,长白山原始阔叶红松林被严重破坏,形成了大面积的次生林群落。昆虫作为陆地生态系统中最重要的组成部分,其多样性变化对森林生态系统健康有重要的指示作用,由于人为控制森林生态系统的演替过程是不可行的,因此通过研究干扰和破坏后形成的森林不同演替阶段生境,为人们更好的了解昆虫多样性的变化提供了行之有效的方法。本研究通过在长白山阔叶红松林带选取不同演替阶段的森林群落类型调查蝶类、蛾类和地表甲虫3大常见昆虫类群的物种组成及多样性变化,并分别找出对其组成和多样性影响较大的环境因子,同时分析它们之间的相关性。现就本文具体的研究结果简述如下：
1、长白山阔叶红松林带不同演替阶段昆虫群落多样性
通过网捕、灯诱和诱捕法,在次生白桦林、次生针阔混交林、原始红松阔叶林3个不同演替阶段生境内共采集昆虫标本8183头,隶属于14个目699种,其中鳞翅目和鞘翅目是主要优势类群,次生针阔混交林昆虫的个体数量最多,原始红松阔叶林中物种数最多。不同演替阶段昆虫群落的物种数和个体数差异不显著,但次生针阔混交林、原始红松阔叶林的Fisher'a指数显著高于次生白桦林,目水平上昆虫多样性未表现出显著差异性。昆虫多样性在森林演替过程中和草本植物多样性的变化趋势相同,鳞翅目昆虫多样性随演替逐渐升高,而鞘翅目多样性逐渐降低。
2、长白山阔叶红松林带不同演替阶段蛾类物种组成及多样性
在次生白桦林、次生针阔混交林、阔叶红松林、原始阔叶红松林内共采集蛾类410种6520头,隶属与23科,阔叶红松林样地物种和个体数都最多,物种数最少的为次生针阔混交林,个体数最少的是次生白桦林样地,但不同生境蛾类物种数量差异不显著,但个体数差异极显著。蛾类活动的高峰期为7月。尺蛾科和夜蛾科是长白山阔叶红松林带两大优势类群。不同演替阶段生境内蛾类的种-多度曲线趋向于对数级数分布,符合生态位优先占领假说。次生针阔混交林内稀有种最多,阔叶红松林内物种多样性最高。次生杨桦林与次生针阔混交林的优势种为李尺蛾,原始红松阔叶林、阔叶红松林的优势种为四点苔蛾。次生杨桦林的均匀度指数最低。不同演替阶段生境都处于中等不相似水平。苔蛾科、夜蛾科、螟蛾科、灯蛾科和卷蛾科物种数量和受样地类型的影响及其显著。
3、长白山阔叶红松林地表甲虫物种组成与多样性
长白山阔叶红松林内共诱捕地表甲虫23种,共511头,隶属于10个科。个体数最多的为埋葬甲科,物种数最多的是步甲科,优势类群为步甲科和埋葬甲科。次生白桦林地表甲虫物种数和个体数高于原始红松阔叶林和次生针阔混交林,3个生境内地表甲虫多样性无显著差别。地表甲虫高峰期为7月份。3个样地中物种统计数量都没有达到渐进线,次生白桦林样地中实际物种只占估计值的67%,其它2个生境实际物种数都在物种估计值的95%区间范围内,略低于平均值。3个生境的地表甲虫种-多度曲线无显著差异,符合对数分布。胸高断面积和土壤湿度对地表甲虫有显著影响,它们可以解释99.2%的物种与环境之间的关系。
4、长白山阔叶红松林蝶类物种组成与多样性
本研究选取了林内、林缘、荒地3种生境,共调查蝶类72种537头,隶属于7科。蝶类在不同生境内物种分布不均匀,13个优势种中只有菜粉蝶和暗脉菜粉蝶在所有样地内有分布。个体数为1的稀有种有24种。蛱蝶科的种类和数量都最多。林缘生境蝶类物种数和个体数显著高于其它生境。林缘生境多样性指数与林下生境差异极显著。均匀度最高的为林下生境,其次为荒地生境,最低为林缘生境。蝶类活动的高峰期为7月,并于其它月份差异显著。
5、温度与降雨对长白山阔叶红松林带蝶类多样性的影响
于2005～2007年采用样带调查法在长白山阔叶红松林带对蝶类的物种组成和个体数量进行了调查,通过逐步回归方程分析了蝶类组成和多样性与温度和降水等气候因子对蝶类组成及多样性的影响。共采集蝶类标本768个,隶属于7科69种。通过分析可知,不同年份和不同月份之间,蝶类个体数量和多样性无明显差异：逐步回归结果显示,月平均温度是影响该区域蝶类组成种类和多样性的重要因子,而月降雨量是影响蝶类个体数量的重要气候因子。前3个月累积温度和降雨量对蝶类影响范围较大,如粉蝶科、蛱蝶科、眼蝶科。不同优势种与气候因子之间的相关性也有差异。本研究为区域生物多样性保护政策的制定提供了理论依据。
The original broad-leaved Korean pine forest is the zonal climax vegetation type in the western of Changbai Mountain. Since the 20th century, the resource of original broad-leaved Korean pine forest has been seriously destroyed in Changbai Mountain, which resulting in a large area of secondary forest community. It was noted that insect community was a powerful indicator of forest discover and succession. We examined the changes in species diversity and faunal composition of insect along a successional gradient of conifer and broad-leaved mixed forests in Changbai Mountain by using sweeping nets, light traps and pitfall traps. According to different taxa of insect biology, ecology, taxonomic characteristics, moth, butterfly and ground beetle were selected to study their diversity and community structure, and to find the relationship between diversity and environment factors. The brief results are as follows:
1. Insect community along a successional gradient in Broad-leaved and Korean pine mixed forests in the Changbai Mountains
Insect community of three habitats, secondary birch forest (SBF), secondary conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest (SCBF), original broad-leaved Korean pine forest (OBPF), from the early successional stage to mature forest understory were investigated. The results showed that a total of 8 183 individuals, consisting of 699 species in 362 orders, were recorded. The dominant species were Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. SCBF had the largest number of individuals and OBPF had the largest number of species, but the number of species and individuals along the successional habitats did not differ significantly. The Fisher'αindex of SCBF and OBPF was significantly greater than that of SBF, and the diversity on the family level was not significantly difference in three habitats.Insect diversity increased following the herb diversity along the successional habitats. Because of difference feeding habits and habitat preference the diversity of Lepidoptera increased along the successional habitats, while that of Coleoptera decreased, which was similar to those found in previous studies.
2. Diversity and composition of moths along a successional gradient in Broad-leaved and Korean pine mixed forests in the Changbai Mountains
Species composition and diversity of moths was studied in different recovery stage mixed forests in Changbaishan in this paper, and the associations between composition of families of moths and forest types were also analyzed. The results showed that,6520 individuals, which classified into 23 families and 410 species, were recoded in 2006 and 2007. Species richness, Fisher'a and eH' were the highest in mature forest, Species-abundance curve of moths can be modeled by logarithm distribution in all 4 studied forests, and this accords with the niche-preemtion hypothesis. AVONA analysis indicated that, the number of moths in Lithosiidae, Noctuidae, Pyralidae, Arctiidae and Tortricidae related significantly with forest recovery degree. But contrary conclusions were found in Geometridae, Limacodidae, Sphingidae and Notodontidae.
3. Diversity and community structure of ground-dwelling beetle (Coleoptera) along a succession gradient in Broad-leaved and Korean pine mixed forests in the Changbai Mountains
Studies of ground-dwelling beetle on three habitats along a succession gradient were carried out from June to August 2007 in broad-leaved Korean pine forest zone of Changbai Mountain using pitfall trapping. A total of 511 individuals and 23 species were identified. The dominant species was Carabidae and Silphidae assemblage. The number of species and individuals in the secondary birch forest was greater than in the secondary conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest and original broadleaved Korean pine forest. From this study, it appears that the composition and diversity of ground-dwelling beetle was determined by succession stages. The earlier succession stage, secondary birch forest, had higher diversity than climax forest community. There was significant difference about species and individuals in July. Species accumulation curves did not reach an asymptote, the actual species richness values of the secondary conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest and original broadleaved Korean pine forest were within the 95% confidence intervals, but that of the secondary birch forest was lower than the minimum estimated value. The species-abundance distributions for the three habitats fit the log series distributions. The result of DCA showed that the dominance species of all sites was similar; the difference of habitats was made by occasional species. According to analysis of RDA, the area of breast height and soil moisture was mainly environment factors affected ground-dwelling beetle distribution.
4 Diversity and community structure of butterfly along a succession gradient in Broad-leaved and Korean pine mixed forests in the Changbai Mountains
We sampled a total of 72 species and 537 individuals, representing 7 families, from all three habitats. The number of species was not even distributed over the study sites. Focus on 13 dominate species, only 2 species were distributed all habitats, Nymphalidae is the most in number of species and individuals of all families.Crown density and human disturbance are important factors for butterfly in difference habitats.
5. Effects of temperature and rainfall on composition and diversity of butterflies in Broad-leaved and Korean Pine Mixed Forest in Changbai Mountain
The butterflies in broad-leaved and Korean pine mixed forest of the Changbai Mountain were investigated by the line transect method to analyze the relationship between butterflies diversity and weather variables from 2005 to 2007. The study was focused on the effects of temperature and rainfall on species composition and diversity of butterflies. A total of 768 individuals were captured and identified, belonging to 69 species in 7 families. The results of stepwise regression analyses showed that the mean temperature affected the species richness, but rainfall had a negative relation with the species abundance of butterflies. The study also revealed that each family was impacted by a set of different weather factors due to different life-history stages, and rainfall (R) and accumulative temperature of previous three months (T-3) are important factors for Pieridae, Nymphalidae and Satyridae. The relationship between dominant species and weather factors was significantly different. The effect of other weather factors on the diversity of butterfly species needs to be further studied.
1、长白山阔叶红松林带不同演替阶段昆虫群落多样性
通过网捕、灯诱和诱捕法,在次生白桦林、次生针阔混交林、原始红松阔叶林3个不同演替阶段生境内共采集昆虫标本8183头,隶属于14个目699种,其中鳞翅目和鞘翅目是主要优势类群,次生针阔混交林昆虫的个体数量最多,原始红松阔叶林中物种数最多。不同演替阶段昆虫群落的物种数和个体数差异不显著,但次生针阔混交林、原始红松阔叶林的Fisher'a指数显著高于次生白桦林,目水平上昆虫多样性未表现出显著差异性。昆虫多样性在森林演替过程中和草本植物多样性的变化趋势相同,鳞翅目昆虫多样性随演替逐渐升高,而鞘翅目多样性逐渐降低。
2、长白山阔叶红松林带不同演替阶段蛾类物种组成及多样性
在次生白桦林、次生针阔混交林、阔叶红松林、原始阔叶红松林内共采集蛾类410种6520头,隶属与23科,阔叶红松林样地物种和个体数都最多,物种数最少的为次生针阔混交林,个体数最少的是次生白桦林样地,但不同生境蛾类物种数量差异不显著,但个体数差异极显著。蛾类活动的高峰期为7月。尺蛾科和夜蛾科是长白山阔叶红松林带两大优势类群。不同演替阶段生境内蛾类的种-多度曲线趋向于对数级数分布,符合生态位优先占领假说。次生针阔混交林内稀有种最多,阔叶红松林内物种多样性最高。次生杨桦林与次生针阔混交林的优势种为李尺蛾,原始红松阔叶林、阔叶红松林的优势种为四点苔蛾。次生杨桦林的均匀度指数最低。不同演替阶段生境都处于中等不相似水平。苔蛾科、夜蛾科、螟蛾科、灯蛾科和卷蛾科物种数量和受样地类型的影响及其显著。
3、长白山阔叶红松林地表甲虫物种组成与多样性
长白山阔叶红松林内共诱捕地表甲虫23种,共511头,隶属于10个科。个体数最多的为埋葬甲科,物种数最多的是步甲科,优势类群为步甲科和埋葬甲科。次生白桦林地表甲虫物种数和个体数高于原始红松阔叶林和次生针阔混交林,3个生境内地表甲虫多样性无显著差别。地表甲虫高峰期为7月份。3个样地中物种统计数量都没有达到渐进线,次生白桦林样地中实际物种只占估计值的67%,其它2个生境实际物种数都在物种估计值的95%区间范围内,略低于平均值。3个生境的地表甲虫种-多度曲线无显著差异,符合对数分布。胸高断面积和土壤湿度对地表甲虫有显著影响,它们可以解释99.2%的物种与环境之间的关系。
4、长白山阔叶红松林蝶类物种组成与多样性
本研究选取了林内、林缘、荒地3种生境,共调查蝶类72种537头,隶属于7科。蝶类在不同生境内物种分布不均匀,13个优势种中只有菜粉蝶和暗脉菜粉蝶在所有样地内有分布。个体数为1的稀有种有24种。蛱蝶科的种类和数量都最多。林缘生境蝶类物种数和个体数显著高于其它生境。林缘生境多样性指数与林下生境差异极显著。均匀度最高的为林下生境,其次为荒地生境,最低为林缘生境。蝶类活动的高峰期为7月,并于其它月份差异显著。
5、温度与降雨对长白山阔叶红松林带蝶类多样性的影响
于2005～2007年采用样带调查法在长白山阔叶红松林带对蝶类的物种组成和个体数量进行了调查,通过逐步回归方程分析了蝶类组成和多样性与温度和降水等气候因子对蝶类组成及多样性的影响。共采集蝶类标本768个,隶属于7科69种。通过分析可知,不同年份和不同月份之间,蝶类个体数量和多样性无明显差异：逐步回归结果显示,月平均温度是影响该区域蝶类组成种类和多样性的重要因子,而月降雨量是影响蝶类个体数量的重要气候因子。前3个月累积温度和降雨量对蝶类影响范围较大,如粉蝶科、蛱蝶科、眼蝶科。不同优势种与气候因子之间的相关性也有差异。本研究为区域生物多样性保护政策的制定提供了理论依据。
The original broad-leaved Korean pine forest is the zonal climax vegetation type in the western of Changbai Mountain. Since the 20th century, the resource of original broad-leaved Korean pine forest has been seriously destroyed in Changbai Mountain, which resulting in a large area of secondary forest community. It was noted that insect community was a powerful indicator of forest discover and succession. We examined the changes in species diversity and faunal composition of insect along a successional gradient of conifer and broad-leaved mixed forests in Changbai Mountain by using sweeping nets, light traps and pitfall traps. According to different taxa of insect biology, ecology, taxonomic characteristics, moth, butterfly and ground beetle were selected to study their diversity and community structure, and to find the relationship between diversity and environment factors. The brief results are as follows:
1. Insect community along a successional gradient in Broad-leaved and Korean pine mixed forests in the Changbai Mountains
Insect community of three habitats, secondary birch forest (SBF), secondary conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest (SCBF), original broad-leaved Korean pine forest (OBPF), from the early successional stage to mature forest understory were investigated. The results showed that a total of 8 183 individuals, consisting of 699 species in 362 orders, were recorded. The dominant species were Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. SCBF had the largest number of individuals and OBPF had the largest number of species, but the number of species and individuals along the successional habitats did not differ significantly. The Fisher'αindex of SCBF and OBPF was significantly greater than that of SBF, and the diversity on the family level was not significantly difference in three habitats.Insect diversity increased following the herb diversity along the successional habitats. Because of difference feeding habits and habitat preference the diversity of Lepidoptera increased along the successional habitats, while that of Coleoptera decreased, which was similar to those found in previous studies.
2. Diversity and composition of moths along a successional gradient in Broad-leaved and Korean pine mixed forests in the Changbai Mountains
Species composition and diversity of moths was studied in different recovery stage mixed forests in Changbaishan in this paper, and the associations between composition of families of moths and forest types were also analyzed. The results showed that,6520 individuals, which classified into 23 families and 410 species, were recoded in 2006 and 2007. Species richness, Fisher'a and eH' were the highest in mature forest, Species-abundance curve of moths can be modeled by logarithm distribution in all 4 studied forests, and this accords with the niche-preemtion hypothesis. AVONA analysis indicated that, the number of moths in Lithosiidae, Noctuidae, Pyralidae, Arctiidae and Tortricidae related significantly with forest recovery degree. But contrary conclusions were found in Geometridae, Limacodidae, Sphingidae and Notodontidae.
3. Diversity and community structure of ground-dwelling beetle (Coleoptera) along a succession gradient in Broad-leaved and Korean pine mixed forests in the Changbai Mountains
Studies of ground-dwelling beetle on three habitats along a succession gradient were carried out from June to August 2007 in broad-leaved Korean pine forest zone of Changbai Mountain using pitfall trapping. A total of 511 individuals and 23 species were identified. The dominant species was Carabidae and Silphidae assemblage. The number of species and individuals in the secondary birch forest was greater than in the secondary conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest and original broadleaved Korean pine forest. From this study, it appears that the composition and diversity of ground-dwelling beetle was determined by succession stages. The earlier succession stage, secondary birch forest, had higher diversity than climax forest community. There was significant difference about species and individuals in July. Species accumulation curves did not reach an asymptote, the actual species richness values of the secondary conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest and original broadleaved Korean pine forest were within the 95% confidence intervals, but that of the secondary birch forest was lower than the minimum estimated value. The species-abundance distributions for the three habitats fit the log series distributions. The result of DCA showed that the dominance species of all sites was similar; the difference of habitats was made by occasional species. According to analysis of RDA, the area of breast height and soil moisture was mainly environment factors affected ground-dwelling beetle distribution.
4 Diversity and community structure of butterfly along a succession gradient in Broad-leaved and Korean pine mixed forests in the Changbai Mountains
We sampled a total of 72 species and 537 individuals, representing 7 families, from all three habitats. The number of species was not even distributed over the study sites. Focus on 13 dominate species, only 2 species were distributed all habitats, Nymphalidae is the most in number of species and individuals of all families.Crown density and human disturbance are important factors for butterfly in difference habitats.
5. Effects of temperature and rainfall on composition and diversity of butterflies in Broad-leaved and Korean Pine Mixed Forest in Changbai Mountain
The butterflies in broad-leaved and Korean pine mixed forest of the Changbai Mountain were investigated by the line transect method to analyze the relationship between butterflies diversity and weather variables from 2005 to 2007. The study was focused on the effects of temperature and rainfall on species composition and diversity of butterflies. A total of 768 individuals were captured and identified, belonging to 69 species in 7 families. The results of stepwise regression analyses showed that the mean temperature affected the species richness, but rainfall had a negative relation with the species abundance of butterflies. The study also revealed that each family was impacted by a set of different weather factors due to different life-history stages, and rainfall (R) and accumulative temperature of previous three months (T-3) are important factors for Pieridae, Nymphalidae and Satyridae. The relationship between dominant species and weather factors was significantly different. The effect of other weather factors on the diversity of butterfly species needs to be further studied.
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