美国黄松引种区气候分析及生长评价研究
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摘要
对我国35个美国黄松引种地的年平均气温、极端温度、无霜期、年日照时数、平均风速、年平均相对湿度和年降雨量等13个气候因子及美国黄松生长状况进行了主成分分析、聚类分析和相关性分析。结果表明：低温因子(包括年均气温、最冷月均温、极端最低气温、无霜期、≥10℃的积温、年日照时数、年平均相对湿度)比高温因子(包括最热月均温。平均海拔；年降雨量；极端最高气温；年均风速)重要。湿度因子也是重要的权重因子。在植物引种驯化过程中,低温因子可能会成为美国黄松引种的限制因子。如果高温再加上干旱也将成为美国黄松引种成功与否的关键因子。
美国黄松年均树高生长量与最热月均温,极端最高温度,年日照时数,年蒸发量,平均海拔等气候因子呈正相关关系；与年均温,最冷月均温,降雨量,极端最低温度,无霜期,≥10℃年积温,年均风速,相对湿度%和气候综合指标呈负相关关系。选择相关系数最大的两个气候因子(年降雨量,年均相对湿度)与年平均树高生长量进行空间分析。美国黄松年平均树高生长量最大值出现在降雨量相对较小(400mm左右),年平均相对湿度在80—70%之间的范围内,年平均树高生长量可达0.35m以上。
美国黄松年均年胸径生长量与气候因子：最热月均温,极端最高温度,年日照时数,年蒸发量,平均海拔等呈正相关关系；亦与年均温,最冷月均温,降雨量,极端最低温度,无霜期,≥10℃年积温,年均风速,相对湿度%和气候综合指标呈负相关关系。选择相关系数最大的两个气候因子(年降雨量,年均相对湿度)与年平均胸径生长量进行空间分析。美国黄松年平均胸径生长量最大值出现在降雨量相对较小(400mm左右),年平均相对湿度在70%左右的范围内,年平均胸径生长量可达0.45cm以上。
美国黄松生长质量指标与气候因子：最热月均温,极端最高温度,年蒸发量,平均海拔等呈正相关关系；亦与年均温,最冷月均温,降雨量,极端最低温度,无霜期,≥10℃年积温,年日照时数,年均风速,相对湿度%,气候综合指标呈负相关关系。选择相关系数最大的两个气候因子(年降雨量,年均相对湿度)与美国黄松生长质量指标进行空间分析。美国黄松黄松生长质量指标最大值出现在降雨量相对较小(400mm左右),年平均相对湿度在70%左右的范围内,美国黄松生长质量指标可达0.10以上。
依据美国黄松生长质量综合指标Ft(?)的范围,可将35个引种区划分为3个区：生长优良地区>生长良好地区>可生长地区。
美国黄松在中国的生长优良区域(生长迅速,抗寒、抗旱,无病虫危害)主要是黄土高原地区,包括北京、河北、山西、陕西、甘肃等地,生长质量指标在>=0.03。
美国黄松可以生长的引种地点有：南京中山植物园,江西庐山植物园,吉林长春森林植物园,沈阳生态研究所树木园,浙江富阳林科所,上海,武昌,长沙等地,生长质量指标在0～0.01之间。
其他地点为生长良好区,生长质量指标在0.01～0.03之间。
To analyze the 13 climate factors(Annual average temperature, Extreme temperatures, Frost-free period, Annual sunshine hours, average wind speed, Annual average relative humidity and rainfall, etc) in 35 Pinus ponderosa introduction sites of China by using Principal Component Analysis, Cluster Analysis and Correlation Analysis showed that the Low temperature factors (Average annual temperature, Coldest month average temperature, Minimum temperature, Frost-free period,≥10℃of accumulated temperature, Annual sunshine hours, Annual average relative humidity)are more important than the High temperature factors (Hottest monthly temperature, Average altitude in rainfall, Extreme maximum temperature, Annual average wind speed). The Humidity factor is also the important elements in the weighting factors. In the plant introduction and acclimatization process, the Low temperature factor may become limiting factor for introduction of Pinus ponderosa. If the High temperature combined with drought, will also be the key factor in Pinus ponderosa introduction.
Average annual tree height increment of Pinus ponderosa is positively related with Warmest month average temperature, Extreme maximum temperature, Annual sunshine hours, Annual evaporation; and is negatively correlated with Average annual temperature, Coldest month average temperature, annual rainfall, Extreme minimum temperature, Frost-free period,≥10℃accumulated temperature, Annual average wind speed and annual relative humidity. The two closely related climatic factors (Annual rainfall and Average relative humidity) with Average annual tree height increment for spatial analysis showed that the maximum tree height increment of Pinus ponderosa (>0.35m.) appears in a relatively small rainfall (about 400mm) with a average relative humidity around 80-70%.
Average annual diameter increment of Pinus ponderosa is positively related with Hottest monthly temperature, Extreme maximum temperature, Annual sunshine hours, Annual evaporation; and is negatively correlated with Annual temperature, Coldest month temperature, Rainfall, Extreme minimum temperature, Frost-free period,≥10℃accumulated temperature, Annual average wind speed and annual relative humidity. The two closely correlated climatic factors (Annual rainfall, Average relative humidity) with Average annual diameter increment for spatial analysis showed that maximum average diameter increment of Pinus ponderosa (>0.45cm) appears in a relatively smaller rainfall (about 400mm) with a 70% average relative humidity.
Growth quality index of Pinus ponderosa is positively related with Hottest monthly temperature, Extreme highest temperature, Annual evaporation; and is negatively correlated with Annual temperature, Coldest month temperature, annual rainfall, Extreme minimum temperature, Frost-free period,≥10℃accumulated temperature, Annual sunshine hours, Annual average wind speed, and annual average relative humidity. The two closely correlated climatic factors (Annual rainfall, Average relative humidity) with Average annual diameter growth for spatial analysis showed that the maximum growth-quality index of Pinus ponderosa is greater than 0.10 which appears in a relatively smaller rainfall (around 400 mm) with a higher average relative humidity (about 70%).
Basing on growth-index, the 35 introduction sites for Pinus ponderosa in China can be divided into three areas:Best growing area> better growing area> survival area.
The best area(Pinus ponderosa is growing fast without any disease and pests) for introduced Pinus ponderosa in China are Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu et al. around loess plateau with a Growth-quality indicator greater than 0.03.
The introduction sites with growth-quality indicator ranging from 0 to 0.01 are the survival area for Pinus ponderosa in China including Nanjing, Jiangxi Lushan, Changchun, Shenyang, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Hubei Wuchang, and Changsha. et al.
The other places are the Pinus ponderosa growing better area with growth-quality indicator ranging between 0.01 and 0.03.
美国黄松年均树高生长量与最热月均温,极端最高温度,年日照时数,年蒸发量,平均海拔等气候因子呈正相关关系；与年均温,最冷月均温,降雨量,极端最低温度,无霜期,≥10℃年积温,年均风速,相对湿度%和气候综合指标呈负相关关系。选择相关系数最大的两个气候因子(年降雨量,年均相对湿度)与年平均树高生长量进行空间分析。美国黄松年平均树高生长量最大值出现在降雨量相对较小(400mm左右),年平均相对湿度在80—70%之间的范围内,年平均树高生长量可达0.35m以上。
美国黄松年均年胸径生长量与气候因子：最热月均温,极端最高温度,年日照时数,年蒸发量,平均海拔等呈正相关关系；亦与年均温,最冷月均温,降雨量,极端最低温度,无霜期,≥10℃年积温,年均风速,相对湿度%和气候综合指标呈负相关关系。选择相关系数最大的两个气候因子(年降雨量,年均相对湿度)与年平均胸径生长量进行空间分析。美国黄松年平均胸径生长量最大值出现在降雨量相对较小(400mm左右),年平均相对湿度在70%左右的范围内,年平均胸径生长量可达0.45cm以上。
美国黄松生长质量指标与气候因子：最热月均温,极端最高温度,年蒸发量,平均海拔等呈正相关关系；亦与年均温,最冷月均温,降雨量,极端最低温度,无霜期,≥10℃年积温,年日照时数,年均风速,相对湿度%,气候综合指标呈负相关关系。选择相关系数最大的两个气候因子(年降雨量,年均相对湿度)与美国黄松生长质量指标进行空间分析。美国黄松黄松生长质量指标最大值出现在降雨量相对较小(400mm左右),年平均相对湿度在70%左右的范围内,美国黄松生长质量指标可达0.10以上。
依据美国黄松生长质量综合指标Ft(?)的范围,可将35个引种区划分为3个区：生长优良地区>生长良好地区>可生长地区。
美国黄松在中国的生长优良区域(生长迅速,抗寒、抗旱,无病虫危害)主要是黄土高原地区,包括北京、河北、山西、陕西、甘肃等地,生长质量指标在>=0.03。
美国黄松可以生长的引种地点有：南京中山植物园,江西庐山植物园,吉林长春森林植物园,沈阳生态研究所树木园,浙江富阳林科所,上海,武昌,长沙等地,生长质量指标在0～0.01之间。
其他地点为生长良好区,生长质量指标在0.01～0.03之间。
To analyze the 13 climate factors(Annual average temperature, Extreme temperatures, Frost-free period, Annual sunshine hours, average wind speed, Annual average relative humidity and rainfall, etc) in 35 Pinus ponderosa introduction sites of China by using Principal Component Analysis, Cluster Analysis and Correlation Analysis showed that the Low temperature factors (Average annual temperature, Coldest month average temperature, Minimum temperature, Frost-free period,≥10℃of accumulated temperature, Annual sunshine hours, Annual average relative humidity)are more important than the High temperature factors (Hottest monthly temperature, Average altitude in rainfall, Extreme maximum temperature, Annual average wind speed). The Humidity factor is also the important elements in the weighting factors. In the plant introduction and acclimatization process, the Low temperature factor may become limiting factor for introduction of Pinus ponderosa. If the High temperature combined with drought, will also be the key factor in Pinus ponderosa introduction.
Average annual tree height increment of Pinus ponderosa is positively related with Warmest month average temperature, Extreme maximum temperature, Annual sunshine hours, Annual evaporation; and is negatively correlated with Average annual temperature, Coldest month average temperature, annual rainfall, Extreme minimum temperature, Frost-free period,≥10℃accumulated temperature, Annual average wind speed and annual relative humidity. The two closely related climatic factors (Annual rainfall and Average relative humidity) with Average annual tree height increment for spatial analysis showed that the maximum tree height increment of Pinus ponderosa (>0.35m.) appears in a relatively small rainfall (about 400mm) with a average relative humidity around 80-70%.
Average annual diameter increment of Pinus ponderosa is positively related with Hottest monthly temperature, Extreme maximum temperature, Annual sunshine hours, Annual evaporation; and is negatively correlated with Annual temperature, Coldest month temperature, Rainfall, Extreme minimum temperature, Frost-free period,≥10℃accumulated temperature, Annual average wind speed and annual relative humidity. The two closely correlated climatic factors (Annual rainfall, Average relative humidity) with Average annual diameter increment for spatial analysis showed that maximum average diameter increment of Pinus ponderosa (>0.45cm) appears in a relatively smaller rainfall (about 400mm) with a 70% average relative humidity.
Growth quality index of Pinus ponderosa is positively related with Hottest monthly temperature, Extreme highest temperature, Annual evaporation; and is negatively correlated with Annual temperature, Coldest month temperature, annual rainfall, Extreme minimum temperature, Frost-free period,≥10℃accumulated temperature, Annual sunshine hours, Annual average wind speed, and annual average relative humidity. The two closely correlated climatic factors (Annual rainfall, Average relative humidity) with Average annual diameter growth for spatial analysis showed that the maximum growth-quality index of Pinus ponderosa is greater than 0.10 which appears in a relatively smaller rainfall (around 400 mm) with a higher average relative humidity (about 70%).
Basing on growth-index, the 35 introduction sites for Pinus ponderosa in China can be divided into three areas:Best growing area> better growing area> survival area.
The best area(Pinus ponderosa is growing fast without any disease and pests) for introduced Pinus ponderosa in China are Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu et al. around loess plateau with a Growth-quality indicator greater than 0.03.
The introduction sites with growth-quality indicator ranging from 0 to 0.01 are the survival area for Pinus ponderosa in China including Nanjing, Jiangxi Lushan, Changchun, Shenyang, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Hubei Wuchang, and Changsha. et al.
The other places are the Pinus ponderosa growing better area with growth-quality indicator ranging between 0.01 and 0.03.
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