长爪沙鼠（Meriones unguiculatus）和达乌尔黄鼠（Spermophilus dauricus）冷适应性产热机理的比较研究
摘要
褐色脂肪组织(BAT)是小型哺乳动物冷适应性产热的主要器官,其产热调控的核心因素是解偶联蛋白(UCP)。对栖息于季节变化明显、年温差较大的北方小型啮齿类而言,BAT对动物的生存尤为重要。本文选择了华北地区的野生物种——季节性冬眠的达乌尔黄鼠(Spermophilus dauricus)和非冬眠的干旱草原优势物种长爪沙鼠(Meriones unguiculatus),比较研究了BAT产热活性和UCP基因表达的冷适应性变化。因甲状腺激素是调节哺乳动物基础代谢的重要因素并参与冷适应性产热调节,本文还探讨了两种动物甲状腺活性以及甲状腺激素在外周组织中代谢的冷适应性变化。在上述研究的基础上,我们还系统地对达乌尔黄鼠周期性冬眠和激醒过程中BAT产热调节的分子机理进行了探讨。弥补了国内外在该项工作中的不足。主要结果和结论如下:
1.常温达乌尔黄鼠和长爪沙鼠在急性和慢性冷暴露过程中,BAT重量、BAT线粒体的GTP结合能力即BAT产热活性、UCP mRNA含量以及T_4 5′-脱碘酶的特殊活性变化趋势极其相似。表明两种动物BAT的冷诱导产热机理一致:均通过组织增生和UCP诱导性表达增强其产热活性。而且T_4 5′-脱碘酶的激活参与了上述过程的调节。
2.与相同或相似温暖环境下的非冬眠实验啮齿类相比,长爪沙鼠BAT线粒体的嘌呤核苷酸结合水平较高。表明长爪沙鼠BAT线粒体的基础产热活性较高,具备较强NST的生理基础。这可能是长爪沙鼠适应较大日温差生境的一种策略。
3.常温达乌尔黄鼠BAT线粒体的GTP结合能力约为长爪沙鼠的两倍。表明前者BAT的基础产热活性较高,这可能与达乌尔黄鼠的冬眠特性有关。
4.达乌尔黄鼠和长爪沙鼠UCP基因的转录形式存在明显的差异。达乌尔黄鼠UCP mRNA有1.5Kb和1.9Kb两种,而长爪沙鼠UCP mRNA仅以1.5Kb的形式出现。
5.达乌尔黄鼠在周期性冬眠阵中,BAT线粒体的GTP结合能力在冬眠期虽有增
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is the major sites of cold-adaptive thermogenesis in small mammals, and uncoupling protein(UCP) in inner membrane of BAT mitochondria is the key molecule regulating and limiting thermogenesis. Thus, BAT is very important for small rodents inhabiting the North with obviously seasonal changes of climates. In this study, two species of wild rodents, one hibernator, Daurian ground squirrel (Spermophilus dauricus) and the other nonhibernator, Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), inhabiting northern China have been selected, and their cold-induced thermogenesis and UCP expression of BAT have been investigated. In addition, because thyroid hormones are important factors in the regulation of basal and adaptive thermogenesis, cold-induced changes in the activity of thyroid and the metabolism of thyroid hormones in peripheral tissue have also been studied. On basis of the above, regulatory mechanism of BAT function has been probed in Daurian ground squirrel during periodical hibernation and arousal.The main results and conclusions are outlined as following:1. In Daurian ground squirrel during acute and chronic cold exposure, the process of cold-induced variations in mitochondrial GTP-binding capacity, i.e., the thermogenic activity, UCP mRNA content and T_4 5'-deiodinase in BAT is very similar to that in Mongolian gerbil during cold acclimation. These results indicated the consistency of regulatory mechanism of cold-induced thermogenesis in BAT of the two species, including both the recruitment of BAT and the upregulation of UCP, during which the activation of T_4 5'-deiodinase was an important regulatory factor.2. The basal GTP-binding capacity of BAT mitochondria is higher in Mongolian gerbil than that in nonhibernating laboratory rodents kept in the same or similar warm environmental temperature, indicating higher thermogenic activity of BAT which was the physiological basis of higher capacity of NST in Mongolian gerbil. It may be an adaptive strategy of Mongolian gerbil to large oscillation of daily temperature in its habitats.3. The basal GTP-binding capacity to BAT mitochondria in euthermic Daurian ground squirrel is about 2-fold that in Mongolian gerbil, indicating higher thermogenic activity of BAT in the former. It may reflect the characteristics of hibernation of Daurian ground squirrel.4. The transcriptional forms of UCP mRNA are different between Daurian ground squirrel and Mongolian gerbil, with two species of about 1 9Kb and 1.5 Kb in the former and only one of about 1 5Kb in the latter.5. In Daurian ground squirrel during periodical bouts of hibernation, UCP mRNA
content was elevated significantly during hibernation, but the GTP-binding capacity to BAT mitochondria did not change compared with that of nonhibernating controls kept at warm temperature. When hibernating squirrels were aroused, the UCP mRNA remained the elevated level as during hibernation, but the GTP-binding capacity to BAT mitochondria increased compared with that of nonhibernating controls or hibernating ones Changes in T4 5'-deiodinase activity of BAT were similar to the variations of the UCP mRNA level, i.e., it was higher in hibernating and arousing animals than that in nonhibernating controls. These results suggest that UCP mRNA was upregulated even during hibernation, and that, similar to Mongolian gerbil and Daurian ground squirrel during cold exposure, the activation of T4 5'-deiodinase in BAT may also be an important factor for the upregulation of UCP mRNA content needed for synthesis of sufficient UCP to acquire the thermogenic capacity for arousal from hibernation. However, the factors regulating the activity of T4 5'-deiodinase may not be the same during different physiological status.6. In euthermic Daurian ground squirrel during acute and chronic cold exposure in summer, the changes in serum T3 and T4 concentrations and T4 5'-deiodinase activities of BAT and liver were similar to those in Mongolian gerbil, indicating that the cold-induced regulations of thyroid function and metabolism of thyroid hormones may be consistent in Daurian ground squirrel with Mongolian gerbil. The thyroid activity and the metabolism of thyroid hormones in peripheral tissues may be stimulated by different pathways. It led to increased T4 utilization and elevated T3 concentrations in serum and local tissues, which may take part in the regulation of basal metabolic rate and nonshivering thermogenesis.7. There are lower basal serum T3 concentration and less basal T4 5'-deiodinase activity of BAT and liver, both of which increased much more during cold exposure in Mongolian gerbil than in Daurian ground squirrel. It explained why Mongolian gerbil has a high heat and cold tolerance and can well adapt to its habitats with large oscillation of environmental temperature.8. In Daurian ground squirrel during hibernation and arousal in winter, the concentrations of serum T3 and T4 were significantly elevated, but serum T3/T4 unchanged compared with euthermic controls, which may result from either decreased the turnover of thyroid hormones or the increased thyroid activity. In euthermic Daurian squirrels kept in warm room in winter, the serum T3 and T4 concentrations were significantly higher than those in summer, suggesting that there were seasonal variations of the thyroid function or the level of thyroid hormones, and that the thyroid activity did not decrease at least prior to hibernation.
1.常温达乌尔黄鼠和长爪沙鼠在急性和慢性冷暴露过程中,BAT重量、BAT线粒体的GTP结合能力即BAT产热活性、UCP mRNA含量以及T_4 5′-脱碘酶的特殊活性变化趋势极其相似。表明两种动物BAT的冷诱导产热机理一致:均通过组织增生和UCP诱导性表达增强其产热活性。而且T_4 5′-脱碘酶的激活参与了上述过程的调节。
2.与相同或相似温暖环境下的非冬眠实验啮齿类相比,长爪沙鼠BAT线粒体的嘌呤核苷酸结合水平较高。表明长爪沙鼠BAT线粒体的基础产热活性较高,具备较强NST的生理基础。这可能是长爪沙鼠适应较大日温差生境的一种策略。
3.常温达乌尔黄鼠BAT线粒体的GTP结合能力约为长爪沙鼠的两倍。表明前者BAT的基础产热活性较高,这可能与达乌尔黄鼠的冬眠特性有关。
4.达乌尔黄鼠和长爪沙鼠UCP基因的转录形式存在明显的差异。达乌尔黄鼠UCP mRNA有1.5Kb和1.9Kb两种,而长爪沙鼠UCP mRNA仅以1.5Kb的形式出现。
5.达乌尔黄鼠在周期性冬眠阵中,BAT线粒体的GTP结合能力在冬眠期虽有增
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is the major sites of cold-adaptive thermogenesis in small mammals, and uncoupling protein(UCP) in inner membrane of BAT mitochondria is the key molecule regulating and limiting thermogenesis. Thus, BAT is very important for small rodents inhabiting the North with obviously seasonal changes of climates. In this study, two species of wild rodents, one hibernator, Daurian ground squirrel (Spermophilus dauricus) and the other nonhibernator, Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), inhabiting northern China have been selected, and their cold-induced thermogenesis and UCP expression of BAT have been investigated. In addition, because thyroid hormones are important factors in the regulation of basal and adaptive thermogenesis, cold-induced changes in the activity of thyroid and the metabolism of thyroid hormones in peripheral tissue have also been studied. On basis of the above, regulatory mechanism of BAT function has been probed in Daurian ground squirrel during periodical hibernation and arousal.The main results and conclusions are outlined as following:1. In Daurian ground squirrel during acute and chronic cold exposure, the process of cold-induced variations in mitochondrial GTP-binding capacity, i.e., the thermogenic activity, UCP mRNA content and T_4 5'-deiodinase in BAT is very similar to that in Mongolian gerbil during cold acclimation. These results indicated the consistency of regulatory mechanism of cold-induced thermogenesis in BAT of the two species, including both the recruitment of BAT and the upregulation of UCP, during which the activation of T_4 5'-deiodinase was an important regulatory factor.2. The basal GTP-binding capacity of BAT mitochondria is higher in Mongolian gerbil than that in nonhibernating laboratory rodents kept in the same or similar warm environmental temperature, indicating higher thermogenic activity of BAT which was the physiological basis of higher capacity of NST in Mongolian gerbil. It may be an adaptive strategy of Mongolian gerbil to large oscillation of daily temperature in its habitats.3. The basal GTP-binding capacity to BAT mitochondria in euthermic Daurian ground squirrel is about 2-fold that in Mongolian gerbil, indicating higher thermogenic activity of BAT in the former. It may reflect the characteristics of hibernation of Daurian ground squirrel.4. The transcriptional forms of UCP mRNA are different between Daurian ground squirrel and Mongolian gerbil, with two species of about 1 9Kb and 1.5 Kb in the former and only one of about 1 5Kb in the latter.5. In Daurian ground squirrel during periodical bouts of hibernation, UCP mRNA
content was elevated significantly during hibernation, but the GTP-binding capacity to BAT mitochondria did not change compared with that of nonhibernating controls kept at warm temperature. When hibernating squirrels were aroused, the UCP mRNA remained the elevated level as during hibernation, but the GTP-binding capacity to BAT mitochondria increased compared with that of nonhibernating controls or hibernating ones Changes in T4 5'-deiodinase activity of BAT were similar to the variations of the UCP mRNA level, i.e., it was higher in hibernating and arousing animals than that in nonhibernating controls. These results suggest that UCP mRNA was upregulated even during hibernation, and that, similar to Mongolian gerbil and Daurian ground squirrel during cold exposure, the activation of T4 5'-deiodinase in BAT may also be an important factor for the upregulation of UCP mRNA content needed for synthesis of sufficient UCP to acquire the thermogenic capacity for arousal from hibernation. However, the factors regulating the activity of T4 5'-deiodinase may not be the same during different physiological status.6. In euthermic Daurian ground squirrel during acute and chronic cold exposure in summer, the changes in serum T3 and T4 concentrations and T4 5'-deiodinase activities of BAT and liver were similar to those in Mongolian gerbil, indicating that the cold-induced regulations of thyroid function and metabolism of thyroid hormones may be consistent in Daurian ground squirrel with Mongolian gerbil. The thyroid activity and the metabolism of thyroid hormones in peripheral tissues may be stimulated by different pathways. It led to increased T4 utilization and elevated T3 concentrations in serum and local tissues, which may take part in the regulation of basal metabolic rate and nonshivering thermogenesis.7. There are lower basal serum T3 concentration and less basal T4 5'-deiodinase activity of BAT and liver, both of which increased much more during cold exposure in Mongolian gerbil than in Daurian ground squirrel. It explained why Mongolian gerbil has a high heat and cold tolerance and can well adapt to its habitats with large oscillation of environmental temperature.8. In Daurian ground squirrel during hibernation and arousal in winter, the concentrations of serum T3 and T4 were significantly elevated, but serum T3/T4 unchanged compared with euthermic controls, which may result from either decreased the turnover of thyroid hormones or the increased thyroid activity. In euthermic Daurian squirrels kept in warm room in winter, the serum T3 and T4 concentrations were significantly higher than those in summer, suggesting that there were seasonal variations of the thyroid function or the level of thyroid hormones, and that the thyroid activity did not decrease at least prior to hibernation.
引文
蔡理全 低温诱导长爪沙鼠(Meriones unguiculatus)适应性产热的建立过程,硕士论文,1997.
范志勤、廖崇惠 温度对达乌尔黄鼠冬眠的影响,生态学报,2:362,374;1982.
金宗镰、蔡益鹏 季节、环境温度与黄鼠冬眠的关系,生态学报,7:185-191;1987。
李庆芬、黄晨西、孙儒泳、蔡兵 长爪沙鼠产后发育中线粒体产能,兽类学报,11:42-47:1991。
李庆芬、黄晨西、刘小团 光周期和温度对布氏田鼠产热的影响,动物学报,41:362—369:1995.
李庆芬、李宁、孙儒泳 布氏田鼠对低温的适应性产热,兽类学报,14:286-293.1994.
宋晓崴、曾缙祥 黄鼠(Citellus dauricus)基础代谢率、静止代谢率、化学热调节强度的季节性变化的研究,兽类学报,11:48-55,1991.
孙金生、曾缙祥 刺猬冬眠过程中褐色脂肪和非颤抖性产热的研究,兽类学报,14:147-153,1994.
王德华、王祖望 小哺乳动物在高寒环境中的适应对策Ⅰ:高原鼠兔和根田鼠褐色脂肪组织(BAT)重量及显微结构的季节性变化,兽类学报,9:176-185,1989.
王德华、王祖望 小哺乳动物在高寒环境中的适应对策Ⅱ:高原鼠兔和根田鼠非颤抖性产热的季节性变化,兽类学报,10:40-53,1990.
王政昆 我国热带亚热带小型兽类适应性产热及对策的比较研究,博士论文,1996
张淑珍、李庆芬、黄晨西 非冬眠达乌尔黄鼠对低温的适应性产热,兽类学报,17(1):67-72,1996a.
张淑珍、李庆芬、黄晨西 达乌尔黄鼠产热的季节性变化,兽类学报,16:211-216:1996b.
Adli, H., Bazin, R., Vassy, R , Perret, G Y. Effects of triiodothyronine administration on the adenylyl cyclase system in brown adipose tissue of rat. Am. J. Physiol. 273: E247-253. 1997.
Bauman, T. R., Anderson, R. R. Thyroid activity of the ground squirrel (Citellus tridecemlineatus). Endocrinol. 97: 385-391, 1970.
Bianco, AC, Sheng, X.;Silva, J.E. Optimal response of key enzymes and uncoupling protein to cold in brown adipose tissue depends on local T3 gennerated. Am. J. Physiol 253: E255-263, 1987
Bianco, AC;Sheng, X.;Silva, J.E. Triiodothyroxine amplifies the concurrency of norepinephrine stimulation of uncoupling protein gene transcription by a mechanism not requiring protein synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 18168-18175;1988
Bianco, A. C, Kieffer, J. D.;Silva, J. E. Adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate and thyroid hormone control of uncoupling protein messenger ribonucleic acid in freshly dispersed brown adipose tissue. Endocrinol. 130: 2625-2633;1992.
Billington, C. J.;Briggs, J. E.;Harker, S.;Grace, M.;Levine, A. S. Neuropeptide Y in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: a center coordinating energy metabolism. Am. J Physiol. 266: R1765-R1770, 1994.
Bokowiecki, L.;Himms-hagen, J. Decreased half-life of some mitochondrial proteins in skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue of cold-acclimated rats. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 49: 1015-1018, 1971
Bouillaud, F.;Raimbault, S., Ricquier, D. The gene for rat uncoupling protein: complete sequence, structure of primary transcript and evolutionary relationship between exons. Biochem. Biophysi. Res. Com. 157: 783-792, 1988.
Boss, O.;Samec, S.;Dullo, A.;Seydoux, J., Muzzin, P;Giacobino, J-P. Tissue-dependent upregulation of rat uncoupling protein-2 expression in response to fasting or cold. FEBS letters 412: 111-114, 1997.
Brand, M.D. The contribution of the leak of proton across the mitochondrial inner membrane to standard metabolic rate. J. Theor. Biol. 145: 267-286, 1990.
Brander, F.;Keith, J. S.;Trayhurn P. A 27-mer oligonucleotide probe for the detection and measurement of the mRNA for uncoupling protein in brown adipose tissue of different species. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 104B: 125-131, 1993.
Bronnikov, G., Houstek, J;Nedergaard, J. β -adrenergic, cAMP -mediated stimulation of proliferation of brown fat cells in primary culture: mediation via β1 but not via β3 adrenoceptors. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 2006-2013, 1992.
Bukowiecki, Proliferation and differentiation of brown adipocytes from interstitial cell during cold acclimation. Am J. Physiol. 250: C880-C887, 1986
Cannon, B , Lindberg, U. Mitochondria from brown adipose tissue: isolation and properties. Methods. Enzymol. 55: 65-78, 1979.
Cannon, B;Bengtsson, T.;Bronnikov, G;Svoboda, P.;Zhao, J.;Nedergaard, J. Nonshivering thermogenesisin a hibernator, the golden hamster: mediation exclusively through beta3-adrenergic receptors which are desenstitised due to cold acclimation. In: Geiser, F.;Hulber, A. I;Nicol, S. C, eds. Adaptation to cold University of new England Press, Armidale, Pp:271-279,1996.
Cassard, A. M.;Bouillaud, F., Mattei, M. G.;Hentz, E.;Raimbault, S., Thomas, M., Ricquier, D. Human uncoupling protein gene: structure, comparison with rat gene, and assignment to the long arm of chromosome 4. J. cell Biochem. 43: 255-264, 1990
Cassard-Doulcier, A. M.;Gelly, C;Fox, N.;Schrementi, J.;Raimbault, S., Klaus, S.;Forest, C;Bouillaud, F;Ricquier, D. tissue-specific and β -adrenergic regulation of mitochondrial uncoupling protein gene: control by cis-acting element in 5'-flanking region Mol. Endocrinol. 7: 497-506, 1993.
Cassard-Doulcier, A. M.;Larose, M.;Matamala, J. C;Champigny, O.;Bouillaud, F.;Ricquier, D. In vitro interactions between nuclear proteins and uncoupling protein gene promoter reveal several putative transactivating factors including Ets-1, etinoid X receptor, thyroid hormone receptor, and a CACCC box-binding protein. J. Biol. Chem. 269:24335-24342, 1994.
Cassis, L. A. Role of angiotensin II in brown adipose thermogenesis during cold acclimation. Am. J. Physiol. 265: E860-E865, 1993.
Casteilla, L.;Champigny, O.;Bouillaud, F.;Robelin, J.;Ricquier,D. Sequential changes in the expression of mitochondrial protein mRNA during the development of brown adipose tissue in bovine and ovine species: sudden occurrence of UCP mRNA during embryogenesis and its disappearance after birth. Biochem. J. 257:665-671, 1989.
Chaudhry, C,;Granneman, J. G. Development change in adenylyl cyclase and GTP binding proteins in brown fat. Am J. Physiol. 261: R403-R411,1991
Chaudhry, C,;Granneman, J. G. Effect of hypothyroidism on adenylylcyclase activity and subtype gene expression in brown adipose tissue. Am. J. Physiol. 273: R762-R767, 1997.
Chen, H. L.;Romsos, D. R. Type II glucocorticoid receptors in the CNS regulate metabolism in ob/ob mice independent of protein synthesis. Am. J. Physiol. 266. E427-E432, 1994.
Chomczynski, P.;Sacchi, N. Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocynate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Anal. Biochem. 162:156-159, 1987
Chopra, I. J. A study of extrathyroidal conversionof thyroxine (T4) to 3,3 5-triiodothyronine (T3) in vitro. Endocrinol. 101: 453-463, 1977.
Clark, M. G;Colquhoun. E. Q.;Rattigan, S.;Dora, K. A.;Eldershaw, T. P.D. Hall J. L. Ye, J-M. Vascular and endocrine control of muscle metabolism. Am J Physiol 268: E797-E812, 1995.
Demeneix, B. A.;Henderson, N. E. Serum T4 and T3 in active and torpid ground squirrels, Spermophilus richardsoni. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 35: 77-85, 1978a.
Demeneix, B. A., Henderson, N. E. Thyroxine metabolism in active and torpid ground squirrels, Spermophilus richardsoni. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 35: 86-92, 1978b.
Desautels, M.;Zaror-Behrens, G.;Himms-Hagen J. Increased puirne nucleotide binding, altered polypeptide composition and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue mitochondria of cold acclimated rats. Can. J. Biochem. 56:378-383, 1978.
Desautels, M.;Dulos, R. A. Effects of cold acclimation in dystrophic hamster: reduction of heart necrosis. Am. J. Physiol. 250: R167-174, 1986.
Desautels, M.;Dulos, R. A. Is adrenergic innerration essential for maintenance of UCP in Hamster BAT mitochondria? Am. J. Physiol. 254 :R1035-1042, 1988.
Desautels, M.;Dulos,R A Role of neural input in photoperiod-induced changes in hamster brown adipose tissue. Can Physiol. Parmacol. 68:677-681, 1990.
Desautels, M.;Dulos, R. A. Norepinephrine dose not stimulate protein and UCP synthesis in brown adipocytes of golden Syrian hamsters. An J. Physiol. 265: R103-110, 1993
Desautels, B., Bhaumick, B., Ram, J. I. Comparison of trophic effects of norepinephrine, insulin, and IGF-1 in mouse brown adipocytes. Am. J. Physiol. 270: R1287-R1295, 1996
Edelman, I. S., Ismail-Beigi, F. Thyroid thermogenesis and active sodium transport. Rec. Progr. Horm. Res. 30, 235-254, 1974.
Eldershaw, T. P. D.;Ye, J.;Clark, M. G.;Colquhoun, E. Q. Vascoconstrictor-induce thermogenic switching in endotherm and ectotherm muscle. In: Geiser, F.;Hulber, A. J.;Nicol, S. C, eds. Adaptation to cold. University of new England Press, Armidale;Pp 311-317, 1996.
Egawa, M, Yoshimatsu, H.;Bray, G. A. Neuropeptide Y supresses sympathetic activity to interscapular brown adipose tissue in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 260: R328-R334, 1991.
Enerback, S.;Jacobsson, A.;Simpson, E. M.;Guerra, C;Yamashita, H,Harper, M-E. Mice lacking mitochondrial uncoupling protein are cold-sensitive but not obese Nature 387: 90-94, 1997.
Feist, D.;Florant, G.;Greenwood, M.R.C.;Feist, C. Regulation of energy store in arctic ground squirrels: Brown fat thermogenic capacity, lipoprotein lipase and pancreatic hormones during fat deposition. In: Living in the cold: Physiological and biochemical adaptation. Pp281-285, 1986.
Forest, C , Doglio, A.;Ricquier, D.;Ailhaud, G. A preadipocyte clonal line from mouse brown adipose tissue. Exp. Cell Res. 168: 218-232, 1987.
Foster, D. O, In: Brown adipose tissue, eds. BY Trayhurn, P. and D G Nicholls Edwaed Arnold, london, p31-51;1986.
Fregley, M. J.;Cook, K. M.;Otis, A. B. Effect of hypothyrodism on tolerance of rats to heat. Am. J. Physiol. 204: 1039-1044, 1963.
Geiser, F.;Hulber, A. I;Nicol, S. C, eds. Adaptation to cold. University of new England Press, Armidale;1996.
Gimeno, R. E.;Dembski, M.;Weng, X;Deng, N.;Shyjan, A. W., Gimeno, C, Iris, F.;Ellis, S. J.;Woolf, E. A.;Tartaglia, L. A. Cloning and characterization of an uncoupling protein homolog: a potential molecular mediator of human thermogenesis. Diabetes 46: 900-906, 1997.
Giralt, M.;Martin, I;Iglesias, R., Vinas, O., Villarroga,F., Mampel, J Ontogeny and perinatal modulation of gene expression in rat brown adipose tissue: unaltered iodothyronine 5-deiodinase activity is necessary for the response to environmental temperature at birth. Eur. J. Biochem. 193:297-302, 1990.
Giraudo, S. Q.;Kotz, C. M.;Grace, M. K.;Levine, A.S.;Billington, C. J. Rat hypothalamic NPY mRNA and brown fat uncoupling protein mRNA after high-carbohydrate or high-fat diets. Am. J. Physiol. 266: R1578-R1583, 1994.
Gong, D. W.;He, Y. F.;Karas, M.;Reitman, M. Uncoupling protein-3 is a mediator of thermogenesis regulated by thyroid hormone, β3-adrenergic agonists, and leptin. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 24129-24132, 1997.
Goubern, M.;Chapey, M-F;Senault, C;Laury, M-C;Yazbeck, I;Miroux, B;Ricquier, D., Portet, R. Effect of sympathetic de-activation in mitochondria of brown adipose tissue. Biochem. Biophysi. Acta 1107: 159-164, 1992.
Granneman, J. G.;haverstick D. M.;Chaudhry, A. Relationship between Gsα messenger
ribonucleic acid splice variants and the molecular forms for Gsα protein in rat brown adipose tissue. Endocrinol. 127: 1596-1601, 1990
Granneman, J. G. Expression of adenylyl cyclase subtypes in brown adipose tissue: neural regulation of type III. Endocrinol. 136: 2007-2012, 1995.
Gribskov, C. L.;Henningfield M. F.;Swick, A. G., Swick, R. W. Evidence for unmasking of rat brown-adipose-tissue mitochondrial GDP-binding sites in response to acute cold exposure. Biochem. J. 233: 743-744, 1986.
Hamilton, J. M.;Mason, P.W.;McElroy, J.F.;Wade, G.N. Dissociation of sympathetic and thermogenic activity in brown fat of Syrian hamsters. Am. J. Physiol. 250:R389-R395, 1986.
Hayward, J. S.;Nonshivering thermogenesis in hibernating mammals. In: Jansky, L. eds. Nonshivering thermogenesis, Pp119-137, 1971.
Heaton, G. M, Wagenvoord, R. J., Kemp, A.;Nicholl, D. G. Brown adipose tissue mitochondria: Photoaffinity labeling of the regulatory site of the dissipation. Eur. J. Biochem. 82: 515-521, 1978.
Heldmaier, G. Relationship between non-shivering thermogenesis and body size In: Nonshivering thermogenesis, edited by Jansky, L. Prague. Academia;Pp 73-80, 1971.
Heldmaier, G., Klaus, S., Wiesinger, H, Friedrich, U, and Wenzel, M. cold acclimation and thermogenesis, In: Living in the cold, eds. by Malan, A. and Canguilhem, B , Pp347-358;1989.
Heldmaier, G.;Buchberger, A. Source of heat during nonshivering thermogenesis in Djungarian hamster: A dominant role of brown adipose tissue during cold acclimation. J. Comp. Physiol. 156B: 237-242, 1985.
Heldmaier, G;Bockler, H.;Buchberger, A.;Lych, G.R.;Puchalski, W.;Stenlechner,S., Wuesinger, H. Seasonal acclimation and thermogenesis. In: Circulation, respiration and metabolism, eds. by R. Gilles. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. P490-501, 1985.
Himms-Hagen, J. Cold- versus diet-induced thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue: difference strategies in different species. In: living in the cold, eds. by Heller, H.C., X.J. Elsevier, and L.C.H. Wang,, New York: Elsevier. Pp 93-100, 1986.
Himms-Hagen, J. Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis: role in the thermoregulation, energy regulation and obesity. In: Schonbaum, E.;Lomax, P. eds. Thermoregulation physiology and biochemistry. New York: Pergamon Press;Pp327-414, 1990.
Himms-Hagen, I, Begin-Heick, N, Kates, A.-L.;Triandafillou, J.;Ghorbani, M;
Kucharczyk, S. Regulation of brown adipose tissue function in cold-adapted animals: lack of β3-adrenoceptors in brown adipose tissue of cold-adapted guinea pigs In: Cary, C , Florant, G. L., Wunder, B. A.;Horwitz, B. eds. Life in the cold. Boulder: Westview Press, Pp331-345, 1993.
Himms-Hagen, J.;Triandafillou, J.;Begin-Heick, N.;Ghorbani, M;Kates, A-L Apparent lack of β3-adrenoceptors and of insulin regulation of glucose transport in brown adipose tissue of guinea pigs. Am. J. Physiol. 268: R98-R104, 1995
Hope, P.J.;Pyle, D., Daniels, C. B , Chapman, I.;Horwitz, M;Morley, J. E.;Tryhurn, P., Kumaratilake, J.;Wittert, G. Identification of brown fat and mechanisms for energy balance in the marsupial, Sminthopsis crassicaudata. Am. J. Physiol. 273: R161-R167, 1997.
Horwitz, B.A.;Hamilton, J.S.;Kott, K.S. GDP-binding to hamster brown fat mitochondria is reduced during hibernation. Am. J. Physiol. 249:R689-693;1985.
Horwitz, B.A. Biochemical mechanism and control of cold-induced celluar thermogenesis, In: Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology IV, Wang, L.C. H. eds. Spring Verlag, Pp: 83-116, 1989.
Horwitz, B. A.;Hamilton, J. S. Plasma membrane proton transport and hamster brown adipocyte thermogenesis. In: Carey, C;Florant, G. L.;Wunder, B. A.;Horwitz, B. eds. Life in the cold, Boulder: Westview Press, Pp 216-224, 1993.
Hsieh, A. C. L.;Carlson, L. D. Role of the sympathetic nervous system in the control of chemical regulation of heat production. Am. J. Physiol. 190: 247-251, 1957.
Huang, S.G.;Klingenberg, M. Nature of the marsking of nucleotide-binding sites in brown adipose tissue mitochondria: involvement of endogenous adenosine triphosphate. Eur. J. Biochem. 229: 718-725;1995
Hulbert, A. J.;Hudson, J. W. Thyroid function in a hibernator, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus. Am J. Physiol 230: 1211-1216, 1976.
Jacobsson, A.;Stadler, U.;Glotzer, M. Z., Kozak, L. P. Mitochondrial uncoupling protein from mouse brown fat: molecular cloning, genetic mapping, and mRNA expression. J. Biol. Chem, 260: 16250-16254, 1985.
Jacobsson, A.;Muhleisen, M.;Cannon, B.;Nerdergaard, J. The uncoupling protein thermogenin during acclimation: indications of pretraslational control. Am. J. Physiol 267: R999-R1007;1994
Jansky, L. Humoral thermogensis and its role in maintaining energy balance. Physiol. Rev. 75:247-259, 1995.
Jansky, L.;Hart, J. S. Participation of skeletal muscle and kidney during non-shivering thermogenesis in cold acclimated rat. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol 41: 953-964, 1963
Kaplan, M.;Utiger, R. D. Iodothyronine metabolism in liver and kidney homogenates from hyperthyroid and hypothyroid rats. Endocrinology 103.156-161, 1978.
Kelly, L.;Bielajew, C. Short-term stimulation-induced decreases in brown fat temperature. Brain Res. 715: 172-179, 1996.
Kenan, Y.;Levinson, M.;Pines, M., Naim, M. Adenylyl cyclase inhibitory pathway is differentially modified in rat white and brown fat high-energy diets. Am J. Physiol. 272 E1043-E1049, 1997.
Klaus, S.;Raimbault, S.;Bouillaud, F.;Ricquier, D.;Gessner, M, Jurgens, K. Sequence of the brown adipose tissue specific uncoupling protein UCP from the Etruscan shrew (Suncus etruscus). Adaptation to the cold.
Klaus, S.;Cassard-Doulcier, A.M.;Ricquier, D. Development of Phodopus sungorus brown preadipocyte in primary cell culture: effects of an atypical β-adrenergic agonist, insulin and triiodothyronine in differentiation, mitochondrial development and expression of uncoupling protein. J. Cell. Biol. 115:1783-1790, 1991.
Klaus, S.;Choy, L.;Champigny, O.;et al. Characterization of the novel brown adipocyte cell line 1B: adrenergic pathways involved in regulation of uncoupling protein gene expression. J Cell Sci. 107: 313-319, 1994.
Klingenberg, M. Mechanism and evolution of the uncoupling protein of brown adipose tissue . Trends. Biochem. Sci. 15: 108-112, 1990.
Kopecky, J.;Sigurdson. L., Park, I. R. A.;Himms-Hagen, J. Thyroxine 5 deiodinase in hamster and rat brown adipose tissue: effect of cold and diet. Am. J. Physiol. 251: E8-E13, 1986.
Kotz, C. M.;Grace, M. K.;Briggs, J. E., Billington, C. J.;Levine, AS. Naltrexone induced arcuate nucleus neuropeptide Y gene expression in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 271:R289-R294, 1996.
Kozak, U. C;Kopecky, J.;Teisinger, J.;Enerback, S., Boyer, B;Kozak, L. P. An upstream enhancer regulating brown-fat-specific expression of the mitochondrial uncoupling protein gene. Mol. Cell Biol. 14: 59 7, 1994.
Kurosawa, M. Reflex changes in thermogenesis in interscapular adipose tissue in response to thermal stimulation of the skin via sympathetic efferent nerves in anesthetized rats. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 33: 15-24,1991.
Kvapil, P.;Novotny, J.;Ransans, L. A. Prolonged exposure of hamster to cold changes the levels of G proteins in brown adipose tissue plasma membrane. Life Sci. 57: 311-318, 1995
Larrouy, D.;Laharrague, P.;Carrera, G;Viguerie-Bascands, N , Levi-Meyrueis, C, Fleury, C.;Pecqueur, C;Nibbelink, M.;Andre, M.;Casteilla, L., Ricquier, D. Kupffer cells are a dominant site of uncoupling protein 2 expression in rat liver. Biochem. Biophysi. Res. Com. 235: 760-764, 1997.
Lee, S. C;Hamiloton, J. S.;Trammell, T.;Horwitz, B. A.;Pappone, P.A. Adrenergic modulation of intracellular pH in isolated brown fat cells from hamster and rat. Am. J Physiol. 267: C439-C356, 1994
Leonard, J . L.;Mellen, S. A.;Larsen, P. R. Thyroxine 5 deiodinase in brown adipose tissue. Endocrinol. 112: 1153-1155;1983
Lianides, S. P.;Beyer, R. E. Thyroid function and oxidative phosphorylation in cold exposed rats. Nature, 188: 1196-1197, 1960.
Lin, C.S. and Klingenberg, M. Isolation of the uncoupling protein from brown adipose tissue mitochondia. FEBS Letters 113: 299-303, 1980.
Lin, C.S. and Klingenberg, M. Characteristics of the isolated purine nucleotide binding protein from brown fat mitochondria. Biochemistry, 21: 2950-2956, 1982.
Liu, X. T.;Li, Q. F.;Huang, C X.;Sun, R. Y. Effects of thyroid status on cold-adaptive thermogenesis in Brandt's vole, Microtus brnadti. Physiol. Zool. 70(3): 352-361, 1997
Lock, R.M.;Rial, E.;Scott, I. D. Fatty acids as acute regulators of the proton conduction of hanster brown fat nitochondria. Eur. J. Biochem., 129: 373-380;1982
Lowry, O. H.;Rosebrough, N. J.;Farr, A. L.;Randall, R. J. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193: 265-275;1951
Luebbert, S.J., McGregor, L.E. and Roberts J.C. Temperature acclimation in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguicalutus). changes in metabolic rate and the response to norepinephrine. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 63A: 169-175, 1979.
Macfarlane, F.;Trayhurn, P. Oligonucleotide probe for the cross-species measurement of the mRNA for uncoupling protein in brown adipose tissue. Biohem Soc. Trans. 18: 1261, 1990.
Manchado, C;Yubero, P.;Vinas, O;Iglesias, R.;Villarroya, F.;Mampel, T.;Giral, M. CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins α and β in brown adipose tissue: evidence for a tissue specific pattern of expression during development. Biochem. J. 302:695-700, 1994.
Marette, A.;Tulp, O. L.;Bukowiecki, L. J. Mechanism linking insulin resistance to defective thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue of obese diabetic SHR/N-cp rats. Int. J. Obes. 15: 823-831, 1991.
Martins, R.;Atgier, C, Gineste, L;Nibbelink, M.;Ambid,L.,Ricquier, D. Increased GDP-binding and thermogenic activity in brown adipose tissue mitochondria during arousal of hibernating garden dormouse(Elimys quercinus L.). Comp Biochem Physiol. 98A:311 -316, 1991.
McElroy, J. F.;Wade, G.N. Short photoperiod stimulates brown adipose tissue growth and thermogenesis but not norpinephrine turnover in Syrian hamster. Physiol Behav. 37:307-311, 1985.
McElroy, J.F., Mason, P.W.;Hamilton, J.M.;Wade, G.N. Effects of diet and photoperiod on NE turnover and GDP-binding in Siberian hamster brown adipose tissue. Am. J. Physiol. 250:R383-388, 1986.
McManus, J.J. and Mele, J.A. Temperature regulation and Bioenergetics of the Mongolian gerbil(Meriones unguicalutus). Am. Midi. Nat. 87: 272-282, 1969.
Mele, J. A. Temperature regulation and bioenergetics of the Mongolian gerbil Meriones unguiculatus. Am. Midi. Nat. 87: 272-282, 1972.
Meyers, D. S.;Skwish, S.;Dickinson, E. J., Kienzle, B;Arbeeny, C. M. β3-adrenergic receptor-mediated lipolysis and oxygen consumption in brown adipocytes from Cynomolgus monkeys. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82: 395-401, 1997.
Milner, R.E.;Wang, L. C. H.;Tranhurn, P. Brown fat thermogenesis during hibernation and arousal in Richardson's ground squirrel. Am. J. physiol. 256: R42-48, 1989.
Mohell, N.;Connolly, E.;Nedergaard, J. Distinction between mechanisms underlying α1- and β-adrenergic respiratory stimulation in brown fat cells. Am. J. Physiol. 253: C301-C308, 1987.
Moriscot, A.;Rabelo, R.;Bianco, A. C. Corticosterone inhibits uncoupling protein gene expression in brown adipose tissue. Am. J.Physiol. 265: E81-E87, 1993.
Mory, G.;Ricquier, D.;Pesquies, P.;Hemon, P. Effects of hypothyroidism on the brown adipose tissue of adult rats: comparison with the effects of adaptation to cold. J. Endocrinol. 91: 515-524, 1981.
Munck, A.;Guyre, P. M.;Holbrook, N. J. Physilogical functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological action. Endocrinol. Rev. 5: 25-44, 1984
Murazumi, K.;Yahata,T.;Kuroshima, A Effects of cold and immobilization stress on noradrenaline turnover in brown adipose tissue of rats. Jpn. J. Physiol 37: 601-607, 1987
Nedergaard, I;Cannon, B. Preferential utilization of brown adipose tissue lipids during arousal from hibernation in hamsters. Am J. Physiol. 247: R506-R512, 1984
Nedergaard, J.;Biswas, H, Bronnikov, G.;Jacobsson, A, et. al. α1-adrenergic receptors in brown adipose tissue during cold acclimation and hibernation: density and functional significance. In. Geiser, F;Hulbert, A. J. and Nicol, S. C eds. Adaptation to the cold. Tenth international hibernation symposium. University of New England Press, Armidale, Pp 281-291, 1996.
Neger-Salvayer, A.;Hirtz, C;Carrera, G;Cazenave, R.;Troly, M.;Salvayer, R., Penicaud, L.;Casteilia, L. A role for uncoupling protein-2 as a regulator of mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide generation. FASEB J 11: 809-815, 1997.
Nicholls, D, G. The influence of respiration and ATP hydrolysis on the proton-electrochemical gradient across the inner membrane of rat-liver mitochondria as determined by ion distribution. Eur. I Biochem. 50:305-315, 1974.
Nicholls, D. G. Hamster brown-adipose-tissue mitochondria. Purine nucleotide control of ion conductance of inner membrane, the nature of nucleotide-binding site. Eur. J. Biochem 62: 223-228;1976
Nicholls, D.G. and Locke, R.M. thermogenic mechanism in brown fat. Physiol. Rev , 64: 1-64, 1984
Nicol, S.C. Oxygen consumption and nitrogen metabolism in the potoroo, Potorous tridactylus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 55C:33-37, 1978.
Nicol, F;Lefranc, H, Arthur, J. R.;Trayhurn, P. Characterization and postnatal development of 5'-deiodinase activity in goat perirenal fat. Am. J. Physiol. 267: R144- R149, 1994
Nizielski, S. E.;Billington, C. I;Levine, A. S. Brown fat GDP-binding and circulating metabolites during hibernation and arousal. Am. J. Physiol. 257: R536-R541, 1989.
Nizielski, S.E.;Billington, C.I;Levine, A.S. Induction of brown fat uncoupling protein by cold exposure is season-dependent in a hibernator, the 13-lined ground squirrel (Abstract). FASEB J. 4: A380, 1990.
Nizielski, S. E.;Billington, C. I;Levine;A. S. BAT thermogenic activity and capacity are reduced during lactation in ground squirrels. Am. J. Physiol. 264: R16-R21, 1993
Nizielski, S. E.;Billington, C. I;Levine, A. Cold-induced alterations in uncoupling protein and its mRNA are seasonally dependent in ground squirrels. Am. J Physiol. 269:
86 R357-R364, 1995.
Nobes, C. D.;Brown, G. C;Olive, P. N.;Brand, M. D. Non-ohmic proton conductance of the mitochondrial inner membrane in hepatocytes. J. Biol. Chem 1990.
Obregon, M J.;Calvo, R.;Hernandez, A;Rey, F. E;Escobar, G. M Regulation of uncoupling protein messenger ribonucleic acid and 5'-deiodinase activity by thyroid hormones in fetal brown adipose tissue. Endocrinol. 137(11): 4721-4729;1996
Oppert, J-M;Volh, M. C;Changnon, M., Dionne, F. T.;Cassard-Doulcier, A-M, Ricquier, D;Perusse, L.;Bouchard, C. DNA polymorphism in the uncoupling protein (UCP) gene and human body fat. Int. J. Obes. 18: 526-531, 1994.
Otsen, M.;Bieman, M. D.;Zutphen, L. F. M. Linkage of the gene for uncoupling protein to esterase-1, 2 and haptoglobin in the rat. J. Heredity 84: 149-151, 1993.
Park, I. R, A.;Mount, D. B.;Himms-Hagen, J. Role of T3 in thermogenic and trophic responses of brown adipose tissue to cold. Am. J. Physol. 257: E81-87;1989
Porter, K. R.;Brand, M. D. Body mass dependence of H+ leak in mitochondria and its relevance to metabolic rate. Nature 362: 628-630,1993.
Puigserver, P.;Herron, D.;Gianotti, M.;Palou, A., Cannon, B., Nedergaard, J. Induction and degradation of the uncoupling protein in-vitro and in-vivo. Evidence for a rapidly degradable pool. Biochem. J.284: 393-398, 1992.
Raasmaja, A.;Mohell, N.;Nedergaard, J. Increased alphai-adrenergic receptor density in brown adipose tissue of cold-acclimated rats and hamsters. Eur. J. Parmac. 106: 489-498, 1984.
Rabelo, R.;Schifman, A.;Rubio, A;Sheng, X.;Silva, J. E. Delineation of thyroid hormone-responsive sequences within a critical enhancer in the rat uncoupling protein gene. Endocrinol. 136: 1003-1013, 1995.
Rabelo, R.;Reyes, C, Schifman, A., Silva, J. E. Interaction among receptors, thyroid hormone response elements, and ligands in the regulation of the rat uncoupling protein gene expression by thyroid hormone. Endocrinol. 137: 3478-3487, 1996.
Rafael, J.;Fesser, W., Nicholls, D.G. Cold adaptation in Guinea pig at level of isolated brown adipocyte. Am J. Physiol. 250 :C228-235, 1986.
Refinetti, R. The body temperature rhythm of the thirteen-lined ground squirrel, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus. Physiol. Zool. 69: 270-275,1996.
Rehnmark, S.;Bianco, A. C;Kieffer, J. D.;Silva, J. E. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms in uncoupling protein mRNA response to cold. Am. J.
Physiol 262: E58-E67, 1992
Reichling, S.;Ridley, R. G , Patel, H. V.;Harley, C B , Freeman, K. B. Loss of brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein mRNA on deacclimation of cold-exposure rats. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 142: 696-701, 1987.
Rial, E., Nicholls, D. G. The mitochondrial uncoupling protein from guinea-pig brown adipose tissue: synchronous increase in structural and functional parameters during cold- adaptation. Biochem. J. 222: 685-693,1984.
Ricquier, D., Bouillaud, L., Casteilla, L.;Cassard, A. M;Raimbault, S., Klaus, S., Champigny, O.;Hentz, E. The uncoupling protein of brown adipose tissue: physiological and molecular aspects. UCLA Symp. Mol. Cell. Biol. New Ser. 132: 107-116, 1990.
Ridley, R. G.;Patel, H. V.;Gerber, G E., Morton, R. C, Freeman, K. B. Complete nucleotide and derived amino acid sequence of cDNA encoding the mitochondrial uncoupling protein of rat brown adipose tissue: lack of a mitochondrial targeting presequence. Nucleic Acids Res. 14(10): 4025-4035, 1986.
Robinson, P. F. Metabolism of the gerbil, Meriones unguicalutus. Science, N.Y. 130: 502-503, 1959.
Rohlfs, E. M., Daniel, K. W., Premont, R. T.;Kozak, L. P. regulation of the uncoupling protein gene (Ucp) by β1, β2, and β3-adrenergic receptor subtypes in immortalized brown adipose cell lines. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 10723-10732, 1995.
Rolfe, D. F. S., Brown, G. C. Cellular energy utilization and molecular origin of standard metabolic rate in mammals. Physiol. Rev. 77: 731-758, 1997.
Ross, S. R.;Choy, L., Graves, R. A.;Fox, N.;Solevjeva, V.;Klaus, S.;Ricquier, D;Speigelman, B. M. Hibernoma formation in transgenic mice and isolation of a brown adipocyte cell line expressing the uncoupling protein gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 7561-7565, 1992.
Rubio, A.;Raasmaja, A., Maia, A. L.;Kim, K-R. Effects of thyroid hormone on norepinephrine signaling in brown adipose tissue. I : β1 and β2-adrenergic receptors and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate generation. Endocrinol. 136: 3267-3276, 1995a.
Rubio, A.;Raasmaja, A.;Silva, J. E. Thyroid hormone and norepinephrine signaling in brown adipose tissue. Ⅱ: Differential effects of thyroid hormone on β3-adrenergic receptors in brown and white adipose tissue. Endocrinol. 136: 3277-3284, 1995b.
Scammell, J. G.;Shiverick, K. T.;Fregly, M. J. In vitro hepatic deiodination of L-thyroxine to 3,5,3'-triiothyronine in cold-acclimated rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 49: 386-389, 1980.
Scammell, J. G.;Barney, C. C, Fregly, M. J Proposed mechanism for increased thyroxine deiodination in cold-acclimated rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 51:1157-1161, 1981.
Scarpace, P. I: Matheny, M.;Pollock, B. H.;Turner, N. Leptin increases uncoupling protein expression and energy expenditure Am. J.Physiol 273: E226-E230, 1997
Shenoy, U., Cassis, L. Characterization of renin activity in brown adipose tissue. Am. J. Physiol. 272: C989-C999, 1997.
Sigudson, S. L. and Hinns-Hagen J. Role of hyperthyroidisn in increased thermogenesis in the cold-acclimated Syrian hamster, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmac. 66: 826-829, 1988.
Sillence, M. N.;Moore, N. G.;Pegg, G. G.;Lindsay, D. B. Ligand binding properties of putative β3-adrenoceptors compared in brown adipose tissue and in skeletal muscle membranes. Br. J. Pharmacol. 109:1157-1163, 1993.
Silva, J. E.;Larsen, P.R. Adrenergic activation of triiodothyronine production in brown adipose tissue . Nature 305:712-713;1983
Silva, J. E.;Larsen, P. R. Potential of brown adipose tissue type II thyroxine 5'- deiodinase as a local and systemic source of triiodothyronine in rats. J. Clin. Invest. 76: 2296-2305;1985.
Silva, J. E., Larsen, P. R. Hormonal regulation of iodothyronine 5 deiodinase in rat brown adipose tissue. Am. J. Physiol. 251: E639-643;1986
Solanes, G.;Vidal-Puig, A.;Grujic, D., Flier, J. S.;Lowell, B. B. The human uncoupling protein-3 gene: Genomic structure, chromsomal localization, and genetic basis for short and long form transcripts. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 25433-25436, 1997.
Soppela, P.;Nieminen, M;Saarela, S., Hissa, R. The influence of ambient temperature on metabolism and body temperature of new born and growing reindeer calves (Rangifer tarandus).Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 83A: 371-186, 1986.
Soppela, P.;Nieminen, M.;Saarela, S.;Keith, J.S.;Morrison, J.N.;Macfarlance, F.;Trayhurn, P. Brown fat specific mitochondrial uncoupling protein in adipose tissue of new born reindeer. Am. J.Physiol. 260: R1229-1234, 1991.
Steen,J. T.;Vincent, M. A.;Clark, M. G. Resting muscle thermogenesis: novel mechanism. Pp 305-310 In. Adaptation to the cold. 1996
Steffen, J.M. and Roberts, J.C. Temperature acclimation in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguicalutus): biochemical and organ weight changes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 58B: 237-242, 1977.
Strack, A. M, Bradbury, M. J , Dallman, M. F. Corticosterone decreases nonshivenng thermogenesis and increases lipid storage in brown adipose tissue. Am. J. Physiol. 268;R183-R191, 1995.
Sundin, U.;Cannon, B. GDP-binding to the brown fat mitochondria of developing and cold-adapted rats. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 65B: 463-471,1980.
Sundin, U. GDP binding to rat brown fat mitochondria: effects of thyroxine at different ambient temperatures. Am. J. Physiol. 241: C134-C139, 1981.
Susulic, V. S.;Frederich, R. C , Lawitts, I;Tozzo, E.;Kahn, B. B.;Harper, M-E, Himms-Hagen, J.;Flier, J. S., Lowell, B. B. Targeted disruption of the β3-adrenergiv receptor gene. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 29483-29492, 1995.
Swick, A., Swick, R. Rapid changes in the number of GDP-binding sites on brown adipose tissue mitochondria. Am. J. Physiol. 251:E192-195, 1986.
Tashima, L. S. The effects of cold exposure and hibernation on the thyroidal activity of Mescricetus auratus. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 5:267-277, 1965.
Thornhill, J. A. and Halvorson I. Electrical stimulation of the posterior and ventromidial hypothalamic nuclei causes specific activation of shivering and nonshivering thermogenesis. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 72: 89-96, 1994.
Tomasi, T. E.;Horwitz, B. Thyroid function and cold acclimation in hamster, Mesocricetus auratus. Am. J. Physiol. 252: E260-E267, 1987.
Tomasi, T. E. Utilization rates of thyroid hormones in mammals. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 100A: 503-516, 1991.
Tomasi, T. E.;Mitchell, D. A. Temperature and photopreriod effects on thyroid function and metabolism in Cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 113A: 267-274, 1996a.
Tomasi, T. E.;Stribling, A. M. Thyroid function in 13-line ground squirrel. In: Geiser, F.;Hulber, A. J.;Nicol, S. C, eds. Adaptation to cold. University of new England press, Armidale;Pp 263-269, 1996b.
Trayhurn, P. and Douglas, J.B. Fatty acid synthesis in brownadipose tissue of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguicalutus). influence of acclimation temperature on synthesis in brown adipose tissue and liver in relation to whole-body synthesis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 78B: 601-607, 1984.
Trayhurn, P.;Ashwell, M.;Jennings, G., Richard, D.;Stirling, D. M. Effect of warm or
cold exposure on GDP binding and uncoupling protein in rat brown fat. Am J. Physiol 252: E237-E243, 1987a.
Trayhura, P.;Wusteman, M.C. Apparent dissociation between sympathetic activity and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis during pregnancy and lactation in golden hamster. Can. J. Physiol Parmacol. 65:2396-2399, 1987b.
Trayhurn, P., Milner, R. E. A commentary on the interpretation of in vitro biochemical measures of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Can. J. Physill. Pharmacol 67: 811-819, 1989
Trayhurn, P. Species distribution of brown adipose tissue characterization of adipose tissues from uncoupling protein and its mRNA. In: Life in the cold eds. by Carey, C, Florant, G.;Wunder, B. A.;Horwitz, B. Pp361-368, 1993.
Trayhurn, P.;Duncan, J. S. Rapid chemiluminescent detection of the mRNA for uncoupling protein in brown adipose tissue by Northern hybridization with a 32-mer oligonucletide end-labeled with digoxigenin. Int. J. Obes. 18: 449-452, 1994.
Triandafillou, J.;Hellenbrand, W.;Himms-Hagen.J. Trophic response of hamster brown adipose tissue: Role of norepinephrine and pineal gland. Am. J. Physiol. 247: E793-799, 1984.
Unelius, L.;Bronnikov, G.;Mohell, N.;Nedergaard, J. Physiological desensitization of β 3-adrenergic responses in brown fat cell: involvement of a postreceptor process. Am. J. Physiol. 265: C1340-C1348, 1993.
Valverde, A. M.;Teruel, T.;Lorenzo, M., Benito, M. Involvement of Raf-1 kinase and protein kinase C ζ in insulin-like growth factor I -induced brown adipocyte mitogenic signaling cascades: inhibition by cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate. Endocrinol. 137: 3832-3841, 1996.
van Hardeveld, C;Zuidwijk, M. J. Studies on the origin of altered thyroid hormone levels in the blood of rats during cold exposure. I Effect of iodine intake and food consumption. Acta Endocrinol. 91: 473-483, 1979a.
van Hardeveld, C.;Zuidwijk, M. J.;Kassenaar, A. A.H.Studies on the origin of altered thyroid hormone levels in the blood of rats during cold exposure. Ⅱ. Effect of propranol and chemical sympathectomy. Acta Endocrinol. 91: 484-492, 1979b.
Vidal-Puig, A.;Solanes, G., Grujic, D.;Flier, J. S.;Lowell, B. B. UCP3: an uncoupling protein homologue expressed preferentially and abundantly in skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue. Biochem. Biophysi. Res. Com. 235: 79-82, 1997.
Walker, H. C, Romsos, D. R. Similar effects of NPY on energy metabolism and on
plasma insulin in adrenalectomized ob/ob and lean mice. Am. J. Physiol. 264: E226-E230, 1994.
Walston, J.;Lowe, A., Silver, K., Yang, Y. F., Bodkin, N. L., Hansen, B. C;Shuldiner, A R. The β 3-adrenergic receptors in the obesity and diabetes prone rhesus monkey is very similar to human and contains arginine at codon 64. Gene 188: 207-213, 1997.
Wang, Q.;Bing, C.;Ai-Barazanji, K.;Mossakowaska, D. E.;Wang, X. M;McBay, D. L., Neville, W. A.;Taddayon, M;Pickavance, L.;Dryden, S.;Thomas, M. E. A.;Mchale, M. T.;Gloyer, I. S., Wilson, S.;Buckingham,R.;Arch, J. R. S.;Trayhurn, P.;William, G. Interactions between leptin and hypothalanmic neuropeptide Y neurons in the control of food intake and energy homeostasis in the rat. Diabetes 46: 335-341, 1997.
Wu, S. Y. Thyrotropin-mediated induction of thyroidal iodothyronine monodeiodinases in the dog. Endocrinol. 112: 417-424, 1983.
Yamashita, H,;Kizaki, T.;Ookawara, T.;Sato, Y.;Yamanoto, M.;Ohira,Y.;Ohno, H. Is insulin-like growth factor I involved in brown adipose tissue enlargement? 55: 141-148, 1994.
Yousef, M. K.;Johnson, H. D. Thyroid activity in desert rodents: a mechanism for lowered metabolic rate. Am. J. Physiol. 229(2): 427-431,1975.
Yuber, P.;Manchado, C;Cassard-Doulcier, A-M.;Mampel, T.;Vinas, O.;Iglesias, R;Giralt, M;Villarroya, F. CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins α and β are transcriptional activators of brown fat uncoupling gene promoter. Biochem Biophys. Res. Com. 198: 653-659, 1994.
Zhang, Y;Proenca, R.;Maffei, M;Barone, M;Leopold, L.;Friedman,J Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 372: 425-432, 1994.
Zhao, J.;Unelius, L.;Bengtsson, T.;Cannon, B.;Nedergaard, J. Coexisting β -adrenoceptor subtypes: significance for thermogenic process in brown fat cells. Am. J. Physiol. 267: C969-C979, 1994.
范志勤、廖崇惠 温度对达乌尔黄鼠冬眠的影响,生态学报,2:362,374;1982.
金宗镰、蔡益鹏 季节、环境温度与黄鼠冬眠的关系,生态学报,7:185-191;1987。
李庆芬、黄晨西、孙儒泳、蔡兵 长爪沙鼠产后发育中线粒体产能,兽类学报,11:42-47:1991。
李庆芬、黄晨西、刘小团 光周期和温度对布氏田鼠产热的影响,动物学报,41:362—369:1995.
李庆芬、李宁、孙儒泳 布氏田鼠对低温的适应性产热,兽类学报,14:286-293.1994.
宋晓崴、曾缙祥 黄鼠(Citellus dauricus)基础代谢率、静止代谢率、化学热调节强度的季节性变化的研究,兽类学报,11:48-55,1991.
孙金生、曾缙祥 刺猬冬眠过程中褐色脂肪和非颤抖性产热的研究,兽类学报,14:147-153,1994.
王德华、王祖望 小哺乳动物在高寒环境中的适应对策Ⅰ:高原鼠兔和根田鼠褐色脂肪组织(BAT)重量及显微结构的季节性变化,兽类学报,9:176-185,1989.
王德华、王祖望 小哺乳动物在高寒环境中的适应对策Ⅱ:高原鼠兔和根田鼠非颤抖性产热的季节性变化,兽类学报,10:40-53,1990.
王政昆 我国热带亚热带小型兽类适应性产热及对策的比较研究,博士论文,1996
张淑珍、李庆芬、黄晨西 非冬眠达乌尔黄鼠对低温的适应性产热,兽类学报,17(1):67-72,1996a.
张淑珍、李庆芬、黄晨西 达乌尔黄鼠产热的季节性变化,兽类学报,16:211-216:1996b.
Adli, H., Bazin, R., Vassy, R , Perret, G Y. Effects of triiodothyronine administration on the adenylyl cyclase system in brown adipose tissue of rat. Am. J. Physiol. 273: E247-253. 1997.
Bauman, T. R., Anderson, R. R. Thyroid activity of the ground squirrel (Citellus tridecemlineatus). Endocrinol. 97: 385-391, 1970.
Bianco, AC, Sheng, X.;Silva, J.E. Optimal response of key enzymes and uncoupling protein to cold in brown adipose tissue depends on local T3 gennerated. Am. J. Physiol 253: E255-263, 1987
Bianco, AC;Sheng, X.;Silva, J.E. Triiodothyroxine amplifies the concurrency of norepinephrine stimulation of uncoupling protein gene transcription by a mechanism not requiring protein synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 18168-18175;1988
Bianco, A. C, Kieffer, J. D.;Silva, J. E. Adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate and thyroid hormone control of uncoupling protein messenger ribonucleic acid in freshly dispersed brown adipose tissue. Endocrinol. 130: 2625-2633;1992.
Billington, C. J.;Briggs, J. E.;Harker, S.;Grace, M.;Levine, A. S. Neuropeptide Y in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: a center coordinating energy metabolism. Am. J Physiol. 266: R1765-R1770, 1994.
Bokowiecki, L.;Himms-hagen, J. Decreased half-life of some mitochondrial proteins in skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue of cold-acclimated rats. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 49: 1015-1018, 1971
Bouillaud, F.;Raimbault, S., Ricquier, D. The gene for rat uncoupling protein: complete sequence, structure of primary transcript and evolutionary relationship between exons. Biochem. Biophysi. Res. Com. 157: 783-792, 1988.
Boss, O.;Samec, S.;Dullo, A.;Seydoux, J., Muzzin, P;Giacobino, J-P. Tissue-dependent upregulation of rat uncoupling protein-2 expression in response to fasting or cold. FEBS letters 412: 111-114, 1997.
Brand, M.D. The contribution of the leak of proton across the mitochondrial inner membrane to standard metabolic rate. J. Theor. Biol. 145: 267-286, 1990.
Brander, F.;Keith, J. S.;Trayhurn P. A 27-mer oligonucleotide probe for the detection and measurement of the mRNA for uncoupling protein in brown adipose tissue of different species. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 104B: 125-131, 1993.
Bronnikov, G., Houstek, J;Nedergaard, J. β -adrenergic, cAMP -mediated stimulation of proliferation of brown fat cells in primary culture: mediation via β1 but not via β3 adrenoceptors. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 2006-2013, 1992.
Bukowiecki, Proliferation and differentiation of brown adipocytes from interstitial cell during cold acclimation. Am J. Physiol. 250: C880-C887, 1986
Cannon, B , Lindberg, U. Mitochondria from brown adipose tissue: isolation and properties. Methods. Enzymol. 55: 65-78, 1979.
Cannon, B;Bengtsson, T.;Bronnikov, G;Svoboda, P.;Zhao, J.;Nedergaard, J. Nonshivering thermogenesisin a hibernator, the golden hamster: mediation exclusively through beta3-adrenergic receptors which are desenstitised due to cold acclimation. In: Geiser, F.;Hulber, A. I;Nicol, S. C, eds. Adaptation to cold University of new England Press, Armidale, Pp:271-279,1996.
Cassard, A. M.;Bouillaud, F., Mattei, M. G.;Hentz, E.;Raimbault, S., Thomas, M., Ricquier, D. Human uncoupling protein gene: structure, comparison with rat gene, and assignment to the long arm of chromosome 4. J. cell Biochem. 43: 255-264, 1990
Cassard-Doulcier, A. M.;Gelly, C;Fox, N.;Schrementi, J.;Raimbault, S., Klaus, S.;Forest, C;Bouillaud, F;Ricquier, D. tissue-specific and β -adrenergic regulation of mitochondrial uncoupling protein gene: control by cis-acting element in 5'-flanking region Mol. Endocrinol. 7: 497-506, 1993.
Cassard-Doulcier, A. M.;Larose, M.;Matamala, J. C;Champigny, O.;Bouillaud, F.;Ricquier, D. In vitro interactions between nuclear proteins and uncoupling protein gene promoter reveal several putative transactivating factors including Ets-1, etinoid X receptor, thyroid hormone receptor, and a CACCC box-binding protein. J. Biol. Chem. 269:24335-24342, 1994.
Cassis, L. A. Role of angiotensin II in brown adipose thermogenesis during cold acclimation. Am. J. Physiol. 265: E860-E865, 1993.
Casteilla, L.;Champigny, O.;Bouillaud, F.;Robelin, J.;Ricquier,D. Sequential changes in the expression of mitochondrial protein mRNA during the development of brown adipose tissue in bovine and ovine species: sudden occurrence of UCP mRNA during embryogenesis and its disappearance after birth. Biochem. J. 257:665-671, 1989.
Chaudhry, C,;Granneman, J. G. Development change in adenylyl cyclase and GTP binding proteins in brown fat. Am J. Physiol. 261: R403-R411,1991
Chaudhry, C,;Granneman, J. G. Effect of hypothyroidism on adenylylcyclase activity and subtype gene expression in brown adipose tissue. Am. J. Physiol. 273: R762-R767, 1997.
Chen, H. L.;Romsos, D. R. Type II glucocorticoid receptors in the CNS regulate metabolism in ob/ob mice independent of protein synthesis. Am. J. Physiol. 266. E427-E432, 1994.
Chomczynski, P.;Sacchi, N. Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocynate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Anal. Biochem. 162:156-159, 1987
Chopra, I. J. A study of extrathyroidal conversionof thyroxine (T4) to 3,3 5-triiodothyronine (T3) in vitro. Endocrinol. 101: 453-463, 1977.
Clark, M. G;Colquhoun. E. Q.;Rattigan, S.;Dora, K. A.;Eldershaw, T. P.D. Hall J. L. Ye, J-M. Vascular and endocrine control of muscle metabolism. Am J Physiol 268: E797-E812, 1995.
Demeneix, B. A.;Henderson, N. E. Serum T4 and T3 in active and torpid ground squirrels, Spermophilus richardsoni. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 35: 77-85, 1978a.
Demeneix, B. A., Henderson, N. E. Thyroxine metabolism in active and torpid ground squirrels, Spermophilus richardsoni. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 35: 86-92, 1978b.
Desautels, M.;Zaror-Behrens, G.;Himms-Hagen J. Increased puirne nucleotide binding, altered polypeptide composition and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue mitochondria of cold acclimated rats. Can. J. Biochem. 56:378-383, 1978.
Desautels, M.;Dulos, R. A. Effects of cold acclimation in dystrophic hamster: reduction of heart necrosis. Am. J. Physiol. 250: R167-174, 1986.
Desautels, M.;Dulos, R. A. Is adrenergic innerration essential for maintenance of UCP in Hamster BAT mitochondria? Am. J. Physiol. 254 :R1035-1042, 1988.
Desautels, M.;Dulos,R A Role of neural input in photoperiod-induced changes in hamster brown adipose tissue. Can Physiol. Parmacol. 68:677-681, 1990.
Desautels, M.;Dulos, R. A. Norepinephrine dose not stimulate protein and UCP synthesis in brown adipocytes of golden Syrian hamsters. An J. Physiol. 265: R103-110, 1993
Desautels, B., Bhaumick, B., Ram, J. I. Comparison of trophic effects of norepinephrine, insulin, and IGF-1 in mouse brown adipocytes. Am. J. Physiol. 270: R1287-R1295, 1996
Edelman, I. S., Ismail-Beigi, F. Thyroid thermogenesis and active sodium transport. Rec. Progr. Horm. Res. 30, 235-254, 1974.
Eldershaw, T. P. D.;Ye, J.;Clark, M. G.;Colquhoun, E. Q. Vascoconstrictor-induce thermogenic switching in endotherm and ectotherm muscle. In: Geiser, F.;Hulber, A. J.;Nicol, S. C, eds. Adaptation to cold. University of new England Press, Armidale;Pp 311-317, 1996.
Egawa, M, Yoshimatsu, H.;Bray, G. A. Neuropeptide Y supresses sympathetic activity to interscapular brown adipose tissue in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 260: R328-R334, 1991.
Enerback, S.;Jacobsson, A.;Simpson, E. M.;Guerra, C;Yamashita, H,Harper, M-E. Mice lacking mitochondrial uncoupling protein are cold-sensitive but not obese Nature 387: 90-94, 1997.
Feist, D.;Florant, G.;Greenwood, M.R.C.;Feist, C. Regulation of energy store in arctic ground squirrels: Brown fat thermogenic capacity, lipoprotein lipase and pancreatic hormones during fat deposition. In: Living in the cold: Physiological and biochemical adaptation. Pp281-285, 1986.
Forest, C , Doglio, A.;Ricquier, D.;Ailhaud, G. A preadipocyte clonal line from mouse brown adipose tissue. Exp. Cell Res. 168: 218-232, 1987.
Foster, D. O, In: Brown adipose tissue, eds. BY Trayhurn, P. and D G Nicholls Edwaed Arnold, london, p31-51;1986.
Fregley, M. J.;Cook, K. M.;Otis, A. B. Effect of hypothyrodism on tolerance of rats to heat. Am. J. Physiol. 204: 1039-1044, 1963.
Geiser, F.;Hulber, A. I;Nicol, S. C, eds. Adaptation to cold. University of new England Press, Armidale;1996.
Gimeno, R. E.;Dembski, M.;Weng, X;Deng, N.;Shyjan, A. W., Gimeno, C, Iris, F.;Ellis, S. J.;Woolf, E. A.;Tartaglia, L. A. Cloning and characterization of an uncoupling protein homolog: a potential molecular mediator of human thermogenesis. Diabetes 46: 900-906, 1997.
Giralt, M.;Martin, I;Iglesias, R., Vinas, O., Villarroga,F., Mampel, J Ontogeny and perinatal modulation of gene expression in rat brown adipose tissue: unaltered iodothyronine 5-deiodinase activity is necessary for the response to environmental temperature at birth. Eur. J. Biochem. 193:297-302, 1990.
Giraudo, S. Q.;Kotz, C. M.;Grace, M. K.;Levine, A.S.;Billington, C. J. Rat hypothalamic NPY mRNA and brown fat uncoupling protein mRNA after high-carbohydrate or high-fat diets. Am. J. Physiol. 266: R1578-R1583, 1994.
Gong, D. W.;He, Y. F.;Karas, M.;Reitman, M. Uncoupling protein-3 is a mediator of thermogenesis regulated by thyroid hormone, β3-adrenergic agonists, and leptin. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 24129-24132, 1997.
Goubern, M.;Chapey, M-F;Senault, C;Laury, M-C;Yazbeck, I;Miroux, B;Ricquier, D., Portet, R. Effect of sympathetic de-activation in mitochondria of brown adipose tissue. Biochem. Biophysi. Acta 1107: 159-164, 1992.
Granneman, J. G.;haverstick D. M.;Chaudhry, A. Relationship between Gsα messenger
ribonucleic acid splice variants and the molecular forms for Gsα protein in rat brown adipose tissue. Endocrinol. 127: 1596-1601, 1990
Granneman, J. G. Expression of adenylyl cyclase subtypes in brown adipose tissue: neural regulation of type III. Endocrinol. 136: 2007-2012, 1995.
Gribskov, C. L.;Henningfield M. F.;Swick, A. G., Swick, R. W. Evidence for unmasking of rat brown-adipose-tissue mitochondrial GDP-binding sites in response to acute cold exposure. Biochem. J. 233: 743-744, 1986.
Hamilton, J. M.;Mason, P.W.;McElroy, J.F.;Wade, G.N. Dissociation of sympathetic and thermogenic activity in brown fat of Syrian hamsters. Am. J. Physiol. 250:R389-R395, 1986.
Hayward, J. S.;Nonshivering thermogenesis in hibernating mammals. In: Jansky, L. eds. Nonshivering thermogenesis, Pp119-137, 1971.
Heaton, G. M, Wagenvoord, R. J., Kemp, A.;Nicholl, D. G. Brown adipose tissue mitochondria: Photoaffinity labeling of the regulatory site of the dissipation. Eur. J. Biochem. 82: 515-521, 1978.
Heldmaier, G. Relationship between non-shivering thermogenesis and body size In: Nonshivering thermogenesis, edited by Jansky, L. Prague. Academia;Pp 73-80, 1971.
Heldmaier, G., Klaus, S., Wiesinger, H, Friedrich, U, and Wenzel, M. cold acclimation and thermogenesis, In: Living in the cold, eds. by Malan, A. and Canguilhem, B , Pp347-358;1989.
Heldmaier, G.;Buchberger, A. Source of heat during nonshivering thermogenesis in Djungarian hamster: A dominant role of brown adipose tissue during cold acclimation. J. Comp. Physiol. 156B: 237-242, 1985.
Heldmaier, G;Bockler, H.;Buchberger, A.;Lych, G.R.;Puchalski, W.;Stenlechner,S., Wuesinger, H. Seasonal acclimation and thermogenesis. In: Circulation, respiration and metabolism, eds. by R. Gilles. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. P490-501, 1985.
Himms-Hagen, J. Cold- versus diet-induced thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue: difference strategies in different species. In: living in the cold, eds. by Heller, H.C., X.J. Elsevier, and L.C.H. Wang,, New York: Elsevier. Pp 93-100, 1986.
Himms-Hagen, J. Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis: role in the thermoregulation, energy regulation and obesity. In: Schonbaum, E.;Lomax, P. eds. Thermoregulation physiology and biochemistry. New York: Pergamon Press;Pp327-414, 1990.
Himms-Hagen, I, Begin-Heick, N, Kates, A.-L.;Triandafillou, J.;Ghorbani, M;
Kucharczyk, S. Regulation of brown adipose tissue function in cold-adapted animals: lack of β3-adrenoceptors in brown adipose tissue of cold-adapted guinea pigs In: Cary, C , Florant, G. L., Wunder, B. A.;Horwitz, B. eds. Life in the cold. Boulder: Westview Press, Pp331-345, 1993.
Himms-Hagen, J.;Triandafillou, J.;Begin-Heick, N.;Ghorbani, M;Kates, A-L Apparent lack of β3-adrenoceptors and of insulin regulation of glucose transport in brown adipose tissue of guinea pigs. Am. J. Physiol. 268: R98-R104, 1995
Hope, P.J.;Pyle, D., Daniels, C. B , Chapman, I.;Horwitz, M;Morley, J. E.;Tryhurn, P., Kumaratilake, J.;Wittert, G. Identification of brown fat and mechanisms for energy balance in the marsupial, Sminthopsis crassicaudata. Am. J. Physiol. 273: R161-R167, 1997.
Horwitz, B.A.;Hamilton, J.S.;Kott, K.S. GDP-binding to hamster brown fat mitochondria is reduced during hibernation. Am. J. Physiol. 249:R689-693;1985.
Horwitz, B.A. Biochemical mechanism and control of cold-induced celluar thermogenesis, In: Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology IV, Wang, L.C. H. eds. Spring Verlag, Pp: 83-116, 1989.
Horwitz, B. A.;Hamilton, J. S. Plasma membrane proton transport and hamster brown adipocyte thermogenesis. In: Carey, C;Florant, G. L.;Wunder, B. A.;Horwitz, B. eds. Life in the cold, Boulder: Westview Press, Pp 216-224, 1993.
Hsieh, A. C. L.;Carlson, L. D. Role of the sympathetic nervous system in the control of chemical regulation of heat production. Am. J. Physiol. 190: 247-251, 1957.
Huang, S.G.;Klingenberg, M. Nature of the marsking of nucleotide-binding sites in brown adipose tissue mitochondria: involvement of endogenous adenosine triphosphate. Eur. J. Biochem. 229: 718-725;1995
Hulbert, A. J.;Hudson, J. W. Thyroid function in a hibernator, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus. Am J. Physiol 230: 1211-1216, 1976.
Jacobsson, A.;Stadler, U.;Glotzer, M. Z., Kozak, L. P. Mitochondrial uncoupling protein from mouse brown fat: molecular cloning, genetic mapping, and mRNA expression. J. Biol. Chem, 260: 16250-16254, 1985.
Jacobsson, A.;Muhleisen, M.;Cannon, B.;Nerdergaard, J. The uncoupling protein thermogenin during acclimation: indications of pretraslational control. Am. J. Physiol 267: R999-R1007;1994
Jansky, L. Humoral thermogensis and its role in maintaining energy balance. Physiol. Rev. 75:247-259, 1995.
Jansky, L.;Hart, J. S. Participation of skeletal muscle and kidney during non-shivering thermogenesis in cold acclimated rat. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol 41: 953-964, 1963
Kaplan, M.;Utiger, R. D. Iodothyronine metabolism in liver and kidney homogenates from hyperthyroid and hypothyroid rats. Endocrinology 103.156-161, 1978.
Kelly, L.;Bielajew, C. Short-term stimulation-induced decreases in brown fat temperature. Brain Res. 715: 172-179, 1996.
Kenan, Y.;Levinson, M.;Pines, M., Naim, M. Adenylyl cyclase inhibitory pathway is differentially modified in rat white and brown fat high-energy diets. Am J. Physiol. 272 E1043-E1049, 1997.
Klaus, S.;Raimbault, S.;Bouillaud, F.;Ricquier, D.;Gessner, M, Jurgens, K. Sequence of the brown adipose tissue specific uncoupling protein UCP from the Etruscan shrew (Suncus etruscus). Adaptation to the cold.
Klaus, S.;Cassard-Doulcier, A.M.;Ricquier, D. Development of Phodopus sungorus brown preadipocyte in primary cell culture: effects of an atypical β-adrenergic agonist, insulin and triiodothyronine in differentiation, mitochondrial development and expression of uncoupling protein. J. Cell. Biol. 115:1783-1790, 1991.
Klaus, S.;Choy, L.;Champigny, O.;et al. Characterization of the novel brown adipocyte cell line 1B: adrenergic pathways involved in regulation of uncoupling protein gene expression. J Cell Sci. 107: 313-319, 1994.
Klingenberg, M. Mechanism and evolution of the uncoupling protein of brown adipose tissue . Trends. Biochem. Sci. 15: 108-112, 1990.
Kopecky, J.;Sigurdson. L., Park, I. R. A.;Himms-Hagen, J. Thyroxine 5 deiodinase in hamster and rat brown adipose tissue: effect of cold and diet. Am. J. Physiol. 251: E8-E13, 1986.
Kotz, C. M.;Grace, M. K.;Briggs, J. E., Billington, C. J.;Levine, AS. Naltrexone induced arcuate nucleus neuropeptide Y gene expression in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 271:R289-R294, 1996.
Kozak, U. C;Kopecky, J.;Teisinger, J.;Enerback, S., Boyer, B;Kozak, L. P. An upstream enhancer regulating brown-fat-specific expression of the mitochondrial uncoupling protein gene. Mol. Cell Biol. 14: 59 7, 1994.
Kurosawa, M. Reflex changes in thermogenesis in interscapular adipose tissue in response to thermal stimulation of the skin via sympathetic efferent nerves in anesthetized rats. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 33: 15-24,1991.
Kvapil, P.;Novotny, J.;Ransans, L. A. Prolonged exposure of hamster to cold changes the levels of G proteins in brown adipose tissue plasma membrane. Life Sci. 57: 311-318, 1995
Larrouy, D.;Laharrague, P.;Carrera, G;Viguerie-Bascands, N , Levi-Meyrueis, C, Fleury, C.;Pecqueur, C;Nibbelink, M.;Andre, M.;Casteilla, L., Ricquier, D. Kupffer cells are a dominant site of uncoupling protein 2 expression in rat liver. Biochem. Biophysi. Res. Com. 235: 760-764, 1997.
Lee, S. C;Hamiloton, J. S.;Trammell, T.;Horwitz, B. A.;Pappone, P.A. Adrenergic modulation of intracellular pH in isolated brown fat cells from hamster and rat. Am. J Physiol. 267: C439-C356, 1994
Leonard, J . L.;Mellen, S. A.;Larsen, P. R. Thyroxine 5 deiodinase in brown adipose tissue. Endocrinol. 112: 1153-1155;1983
Lianides, S. P.;Beyer, R. E. Thyroid function and oxidative phosphorylation in cold exposed rats. Nature, 188: 1196-1197, 1960.
Lin, C.S. and Klingenberg, M. Isolation of the uncoupling protein from brown adipose tissue mitochondia. FEBS Letters 113: 299-303, 1980.
Lin, C.S. and Klingenberg, M. Characteristics of the isolated purine nucleotide binding protein from brown fat mitochondria. Biochemistry, 21: 2950-2956, 1982.
Liu, X. T.;Li, Q. F.;Huang, C X.;Sun, R. Y. Effects of thyroid status on cold-adaptive thermogenesis in Brandt's vole, Microtus brnadti. Physiol. Zool. 70(3): 352-361, 1997
Lock, R.M.;Rial, E.;Scott, I. D. Fatty acids as acute regulators of the proton conduction of hanster brown fat nitochondria. Eur. J. Biochem., 129: 373-380;1982
Lowry, O. H.;Rosebrough, N. J.;Farr, A. L.;Randall, R. J. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193: 265-275;1951
Luebbert, S.J., McGregor, L.E. and Roberts J.C. Temperature acclimation in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguicalutus). changes in metabolic rate and the response to norepinephrine. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 63A: 169-175, 1979.
Macfarlane, F.;Trayhurn, P. Oligonucleotide probe for the cross-species measurement of the mRNA for uncoupling protein in brown adipose tissue. Biohem Soc. Trans. 18: 1261, 1990.
Manchado, C;Yubero, P.;Vinas, O;Iglesias, R.;Villarroya, F.;Mampel, T.;Giral, M. CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins α and β in brown adipose tissue: evidence for a tissue specific pattern of expression during development. Biochem. J. 302:695-700, 1994.
Marette, A.;Tulp, O. L.;Bukowiecki, L. J. Mechanism linking insulin resistance to defective thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue of obese diabetic SHR/N-cp rats. Int. J. Obes. 15: 823-831, 1991.
Martins, R.;Atgier, C, Gineste, L;Nibbelink, M.;Ambid,L.,Ricquier, D. Increased GDP-binding and thermogenic activity in brown adipose tissue mitochondria during arousal of hibernating garden dormouse(Elimys quercinus L.). Comp Biochem Physiol. 98A:311 -316, 1991.
McElroy, J. F.;Wade, G.N. Short photoperiod stimulates brown adipose tissue growth and thermogenesis but not norpinephrine turnover in Syrian hamster. Physiol Behav. 37:307-311, 1985.
McElroy, J.F., Mason, P.W.;Hamilton, J.M.;Wade, G.N. Effects of diet and photoperiod on NE turnover and GDP-binding in Siberian hamster brown adipose tissue. Am. J. Physiol. 250:R383-388, 1986.
McManus, J.J. and Mele, J.A. Temperature regulation and Bioenergetics of the Mongolian gerbil(Meriones unguicalutus). Am. Midi. Nat. 87: 272-282, 1969.
Mele, J. A. Temperature regulation and bioenergetics of the Mongolian gerbil Meriones unguiculatus. Am. Midi. Nat. 87: 272-282, 1972.
Meyers, D. S.;Skwish, S.;Dickinson, E. J., Kienzle, B;Arbeeny, C. M. β3-adrenergic receptor-mediated lipolysis and oxygen consumption in brown adipocytes from Cynomolgus monkeys. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82: 395-401, 1997.
Milner, R.E.;Wang, L. C. H.;Tranhurn, P. Brown fat thermogenesis during hibernation and arousal in Richardson's ground squirrel. Am. J. physiol. 256: R42-48, 1989.
Mohell, N.;Connolly, E.;Nedergaard, J. Distinction between mechanisms underlying α1- and β-adrenergic respiratory stimulation in brown fat cells. Am. J. Physiol. 253: C301-C308, 1987.
Moriscot, A.;Rabelo, R.;Bianco, A. C. Corticosterone inhibits uncoupling protein gene expression in brown adipose tissue. Am. J.Physiol. 265: E81-E87, 1993.
Mory, G.;Ricquier, D.;Pesquies, P.;Hemon, P. Effects of hypothyroidism on the brown adipose tissue of adult rats: comparison with the effects of adaptation to cold. J. Endocrinol. 91: 515-524, 1981.
Munck, A.;Guyre, P. M.;Holbrook, N. J. Physilogical functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological action. Endocrinol. Rev. 5: 25-44, 1984
Murazumi, K.;Yahata,T.;Kuroshima, A Effects of cold and immobilization stress on noradrenaline turnover in brown adipose tissue of rats. Jpn. J. Physiol 37: 601-607, 1987
Nedergaard, I;Cannon, B. Preferential utilization of brown adipose tissue lipids during arousal from hibernation in hamsters. Am J. Physiol. 247: R506-R512, 1984
Nedergaard, J.;Biswas, H, Bronnikov, G.;Jacobsson, A, et. al. α1-adrenergic receptors in brown adipose tissue during cold acclimation and hibernation: density and functional significance. In. Geiser, F;Hulbert, A. J. and Nicol, S. C eds. Adaptation to the cold. Tenth international hibernation symposium. University of New England Press, Armidale, Pp 281-291, 1996.
Neger-Salvayer, A.;Hirtz, C;Carrera, G;Cazenave, R.;Troly, M.;Salvayer, R., Penicaud, L.;Casteilia, L. A role for uncoupling protein-2 as a regulator of mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide generation. FASEB J 11: 809-815, 1997.
Nicholls, D, G. The influence of respiration and ATP hydrolysis on the proton-electrochemical gradient across the inner membrane of rat-liver mitochondria as determined by ion distribution. Eur. I Biochem. 50:305-315, 1974.
Nicholls, D. G. Hamster brown-adipose-tissue mitochondria. Purine nucleotide control of ion conductance of inner membrane, the nature of nucleotide-binding site. Eur. J. Biochem 62: 223-228;1976
Nicholls, D.G. and Locke, R.M. thermogenic mechanism in brown fat. Physiol. Rev , 64: 1-64, 1984
Nicol, S.C. Oxygen consumption and nitrogen metabolism in the potoroo, Potorous tridactylus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 55C:33-37, 1978.
Nicol, F;Lefranc, H, Arthur, J. R.;Trayhurn, P. Characterization and postnatal development of 5'-deiodinase activity in goat perirenal fat. Am. J. Physiol. 267: R144- R149, 1994
Nizielski, S. E.;Billington, C. I;Levine, A. S. Brown fat GDP-binding and circulating metabolites during hibernation and arousal. Am. J. Physiol. 257: R536-R541, 1989.
Nizielski, S.E.;Billington, C.I;Levine, A.S. Induction of brown fat uncoupling protein by cold exposure is season-dependent in a hibernator, the 13-lined ground squirrel (Abstract). FASEB J. 4: A380, 1990.
Nizielski, S. E.;Billington, C. I;Levine;A. S. BAT thermogenic activity and capacity are reduced during lactation in ground squirrels. Am. J. Physiol. 264: R16-R21, 1993
Nizielski, S. E.;Billington, C. I;Levine, A. Cold-induced alterations in uncoupling protein and its mRNA are seasonally dependent in ground squirrels. Am. J Physiol. 269:
86 R357-R364, 1995.
Nobes, C. D.;Brown, G. C;Olive, P. N.;Brand, M. D. Non-ohmic proton conductance of the mitochondrial inner membrane in hepatocytes. J. Biol. Chem 1990.
Obregon, M J.;Calvo, R.;Hernandez, A;Rey, F. E;Escobar, G. M Regulation of uncoupling protein messenger ribonucleic acid and 5'-deiodinase activity by thyroid hormones in fetal brown adipose tissue. Endocrinol. 137(11): 4721-4729;1996
Oppert, J-M;Volh, M. C;Changnon, M., Dionne, F. T.;Cassard-Doulcier, A-M, Ricquier, D;Perusse, L.;Bouchard, C. DNA polymorphism in the uncoupling protein (UCP) gene and human body fat. Int. J. Obes. 18: 526-531, 1994.
Otsen, M.;Bieman, M. D.;Zutphen, L. F. M. Linkage of the gene for uncoupling protein to esterase-1, 2 and haptoglobin in the rat. J. Heredity 84: 149-151, 1993.
Park, I. R, A.;Mount, D. B.;Himms-Hagen, J. Role of T3 in thermogenic and trophic responses of brown adipose tissue to cold. Am. J. Physol. 257: E81-87;1989
Porter, K. R.;Brand, M. D. Body mass dependence of H+ leak in mitochondria and its relevance to metabolic rate. Nature 362: 628-630,1993.
Puigserver, P.;Herron, D.;Gianotti, M.;Palou, A., Cannon, B., Nedergaard, J. Induction and degradation of the uncoupling protein in-vitro and in-vivo. Evidence for a rapidly degradable pool. Biochem. J.284: 393-398, 1992.
Raasmaja, A.;Mohell, N.;Nedergaard, J. Increased alphai-adrenergic receptor density in brown adipose tissue of cold-acclimated rats and hamsters. Eur. J. Parmac. 106: 489-498, 1984.
Rabelo, R.;Schifman, A.;Rubio, A;Sheng, X.;Silva, J. E. Delineation of thyroid hormone-responsive sequences within a critical enhancer in the rat uncoupling protein gene. Endocrinol. 136: 1003-1013, 1995.
Rabelo, R.;Reyes, C, Schifman, A., Silva, J. E. Interaction among receptors, thyroid hormone response elements, and ligands in the regulation of the rat uncoupling protein gene expression by thyroid hormone. Endocrinol. 137: 3478-3487, 1996.
Rafael, J.;Fesser, W., Nicholls, D.G. Cold adaptation in Guinea pig at level of isolated brown adipocyte. Am J. Physiol. 250 :C228-235, 1986.
Refinetti, R. The body temperature rhythm of the thirteen-lined ground squirrel, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus. Physiol. Zool. 69: 270-275,1996.
Rehnmark, S.;Bianco, A. C;Kieffer, J. D.;Silva, J. E. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms in uncoupling protein mRNA response to cold. Am. J.
Physiol 262: E58-E67, 1992
Reichling, S.;Ridley, R. G , Patel, H. V.;Harley, C B , Freeman, K. B. Loss of brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein mRNA on deacclimation of cold-exposure rats. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 142: 696-701, 1987.
Rial, E., Nicholls, D. G. The mitochondrial uncoupling protein from guinea-pig brown adipose tissue: synchronous increase in structural and functional parameters during cold- adaptation. Biochem. J. 222: 685-693,1984.
Ricquier, D., Bouillaud, L., Casteilla, L.;Cassard, A. M;Raimbault, S., Klaus, S., Champigny, O.;Hentz, E. The uncoupling protein of brown adipose tissue: physiological and molecular aspects. UCLA Symp. Mol. Cell. Biol. New Ser. 132: 107-116, 1990.
Ridley, R. G.;Patel, H. V.;Gerber, G E., Morton, R. C, Freeman, K. B. Complete nucleotide and derived amino acid sequence of cDNA encoding the mitochondrial uncoupling protein of rat brown adipose tissue: lack of a mitochondrial targeting presequence. Nucleic Acids Res. 14(10): 4025-4035, 1986.
Robinson, P. F. Metabolism of the gerbil, Meriones unguicalutus. Science, N.Y. 130: 502-503, 1959.
Rohlfs, E. M., Daniel, K. W., Premont, R. T.;Kozak, L. P. regulation of the uncoupling protein gene (Ucp) by β1, β2, and β3-adrenergic receptor subtypes in immortalized brown adipose cell lines. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 10723-10732, 1995.
Rolfe, D. F. S., Brown, G. C. Cellular energy utilization and molecular origin of standard metabolic rate in mammals. Physiol. Rev. 77: 731-758, 1997.
Ross, S. R.;Choy, L., Graves, R. A.;Fox, N.;Solevjeva, V.;Klaus, S.;Ricquier, D;Speigelman, B. M. Hibernoma formation in transgenic mice and isolation of a brown adipocyte cell line expressing the uncoupling protein gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 7561-7565, 1992.
Rubio, A.;Raasmaja, A., Maia, A. L.;Kim, K-R. Effects of thyroid hormone on norepinephrine signaling in brown adipose tissue. I : β1 and β2-adrenergic receptors and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate generation. Endocrinol. 136: 3267-3276, 1995a.
Rubio, A.;Raasmaja, A.;Silva, J. E. Thyroid hormone and norepinephrine signaling in brown adipose tissue. Ⅱ: Differential effects of thyroid hormone on β3-adrenergic receptors in brown and white adipose tissue. Endocrinol. 136: 3277-3284, 1995b.
Scammell, J. G.;Shiverick, K. T.;Fregly, M. J. In vitro hepatic deiodination of L-thyroxine to 3,5,3'-triiothyronine in cold-acclimated rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 49: 386-389, 1980.
Scammell, J. G.;Barney, C. C, Fregly, M. J Proposed mechanism for increased thyroxine deiodination in cold-acclimated rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 51:1157-1161, 1981.
Scarpace, P. I: Matheny, M.;Pollock, B. H.;Turner, N. Leptin increases uncoupling protein expression and energy expenditure Am. J.Physiol 273: E226-E230, 1997
Shenoy, U., Cassis, L. Characterization of renin activity in brown adipose tissue. Am. J. Physiol. 272: C989-C999, 1997.
Sigudson, S. L. and Hinns-Hagen J. Role of hyperthyroidisn in increased thermogenesis in the cold-acclimated Syrian hamster, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmac. 66: 826-829, 1988.
Sillence, M. N.;Moore, N. G.;Pegg, G. G.;Lindsay, D. B. Ligand binding properties of putative β3-adrenoceptors compared in brown adipose tissue and in skeletal muscle membranes. Br. J. Pharmacol. 109:1157-1163, 1993.
Silva, J. E.;Larsen, P.R. Adrenergic activation of triiodothyronine production in brown adipose tissue . Nature 305:712-713;1983
Silva, J. E.;Larsen, P. R. Potential of brown adipose tissue type II thyroxine 5'- deiodinase as a local and systemic source of triiodothyronine in rats. J. Clin. Invest. 76: 2296-2305;1985.
Silva, J. E., Larsen, P. R. Hormonal regulation of iodothyronine 5 deiodinase in rat brown adipose tissue. Am. J. Physiol. 251: E639-643;1986
Solanes, G.;Vidal-Puig, A.;Grujic, D., Flier, J. S.;Lowell, B. B. The human uncoupling protein-3 gene: Genomic structure, chromsomal localization, and genetic basis for short and long form transcripts. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 25433-25436, 1997.
Soppela, P.;Nieminen, M;Saarela, S., Hissa, R. The influence of ambient temperature on metabolism and body temperature of new born and growing reindeer calves (Rangifer tarandus).Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 83A: 371-186, 1986.
Soppela, P.;Nieminen, M.;Saarela, S.;Keith, J.S.;Morrison, J.N.;Macfarlance, F.;Trayhurn, P. Brown fat specific mitochondrial uncoupling protein in adipose tissue of new born reindeer. Am. J.Physiol. 260: R1229-1234, 1991.
Steen,J. T.;Vincent, M. A.;Clark, M. G. Resting muscle thermogenesis: novel mechanism. Pp 305-310 In. Adaptation to the cold. 1996
Steffen, J.M. and Roberts, J.C. Temperature acclimation in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguicalutus): biochemical and organ weight changes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 58B: 237-242, 1977.
Strack, A. M, Bradbury, M. J , Dallman, M. F. Corticosterone decreases nonshivenng thermogenesis and increases lipid storage in brown adipose tissue. Am. J. Physiol. 268;R183-R191, 1995.
Sundin, U.;Cannon, B. GDP-binding to the brown fat mitochondria of developing and cold-adapted rats. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 65B: 463-471,1980.
Sundin, U. GDP binding to rat brown fat mitochondria: effects of thyroxine at different ambient temperatures. Am. J. Physiol. 241: C134-C139, 1981.
Susulic, V. S.;Frederich, R. C , Lawitts, I;Tozzo, E.;Kahn, B. B.;Harper, M-E, Himms-Hagen, J.;Flier, J. S., Lowell, B. B. Targeted disruption of the β3-adrenergiv receptor gene. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 29483-29492, 1995.
Swick, A., Swick, R. Rapid changes in the number of GDP-binding sites on brown adipose tissue mitochondria. Am. J. Physiol. 251:E192-195, 1986.
Tashima, L. S. The effects of cold exposure and hibernation on the thyroidal activity of Mescricetus auratus. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 5:267-277, 1965.
Thornhill, J. A. and Halvorson I. Electrical stimulation of the posterior and ventromidial hypothalamic nuclei causes specific activation of shivering and nonshivering thermogenesis. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 72: 89-96, 1994.
Tomasi, T. E.;Horwitz, B. Thyroid function and cold acclimation in hamster, Mesocricetus auratus. Am. J. Physiol. 252: E260-E267, 1987.
Tomasi, T. E. Utilization rates of thyroid hormones in mammals. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 100A: 503-516, 1991.
Tomasi, T. E.;Mitchell, D. A. Temperature and photopreriod effects on thyroid function and metabolism in Cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 113A: 267-274, 1996a.
Tomasi, T. E.;Stribling, A. M. Thyroid function in 13-line ground squirrel. In: Geiser, F.;Hulber, A. J.;Nicol, S. C, eds. Adaptation to cold. University of new England press, Armidale;Pp 263-269, 1996b.
Trayhurn, P. and Douglas, J.B. Fatty acid synthesis in brownadipose tissue of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguicalutus). influence of acclimation temperature on synthesis in brown adipose tissue and liver in relation to whole-body synthesis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 78B: 601-607, 1984.
Trayhurn, P.;Ashwell, M.;Jennings, G., Richard, D.;Stirling, D. M. Effect of warm or
cold exposure on GDP binding and uncoupling protein in rat brown fat. Am J. Physiol 252: E237-E243, 1987a.
Trayhura, P.;Wusteman, M.C. Apparent dissociation between sympathetic activity and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis during pregnancy and lactation in golden hamster. Can. J. Physiol Parmacol. 65:2396-2399, 1987b.
Trayhurn, P., Milner, R. E. A commentary on the interpretation of in vitro biochemical measures of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Can. J. Physill. Pharmacol 67: 811-819, 1989
Trayhurn, P. Species distribution of brown adipose tissue characterization of adipose tissues from uncoupling protein and its mRNA. In: Life in the cold eds. by Carey, C, Florant, G.;Wunder, B. A.;Horwitz, B. Pp361-368, 1993.
Trayhurn, P.;Duncan, J. S. Rapid chemiluminescent detection of the mRNA for uncoupling protein in brown adipose tissue by Northern hybridization with a 32-mer oligonucletide end-labeled with digoxigenin. Int. J. Obes. 18: 449-452, 1994.
Triandafillou, J.;Hellenbrand, W.;Himms-Hagen.J. Trophic response of hamster brown adipose tissue: Role of norepinephrine and pineal gland. Am. J. Physiol. 247: E793-799, 1984.
Unelius, L.;Bronnikov, G.;Mohell, N.;Nedergaard, J. Physiological desensitization of β 3-adrenergic responses in brown fat cell: involvement of a postreceptor process. Am. J. Physiol. 265: C1340-C1348, 1993.
Valverde, A. M.;Teruel, T.;Lorenzo, M., Benito, M. Involvement of Raf-1 kinase and protein kinase C ζ in insulin-like growth factor I -induced brown adipocyte mitogenic signaling cascades: inhibition by cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate. Endocrinol. 137: 3832-3841, 1996.
van Hardeveld, C;Zuidwijk, M. J. Studies on the origin of altered thyroid hormone levels in the blood of rats during cold exposure. I Effect of iodine intake and food consumption. Acta Endocrinol. 91: 473-483, 1979a.
van Hardeveld, C.;Zuidwijk, M. J.;Kassenaar, A. A.H.Studies on the origin of altered thyroid hormone levels in the blood of rats during cold exposure. Ⅱ. Effect of propranol and chemical sympathectomy. Acta Endocrinol. 91: 484-492, 1979b.
Vidal-Puig, A.;Solanes, G., Grujic, D.;Flier, J. S.;Lowell, B. B. UCP3: an uncoupling protein homologue expressed preferentially and abundantly in skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue. Biochem. Biophysi. Res. Com. 235: 79-82, 1997.
Walker, H. C, Romsos, D. R. Similar effects of NPY on energy metabolism and on
plasma insulin in adrenalectomized ob/ob and lean mice. Am. J. Physiol. 264: E226-E230, 1994.
Walston, J.;Lowe, A., Silver, K., Yang, Y. F., Bodkin, N. L., Hansen, B. C;Shuldiner, A R. The β 3-adrenergic receptors in the obesity and diabetes prone rhesus monkey is very similar to human and contains arginine at codon 64. Gene 188: 207-213, 1997.
Wang, Q.;Bing, C.;Ai-Barazanji, K.;Mossakowaska, D. E.;Wang, X. M;McBay, D. L., Neville, W. A.;Taddayon, M;Pickavance, L.;Dryden, S.;Thomas, M. E. A.;Mchale, M. T.;Gloyer, I. S., Wilson, S.;Buckingham,R.;Arch, J. R. S.;Trayhurn, P.;William, G. Interactions between leptin and hypothalanmic neuropeptide Y neurons in the control of food intake and energy homeostasis in the rat. Diabetes 46: 335-341, 1997.
Wu, S. Y. Thyrotropin-mediated induction of thyroidal iodothyronine monodeiodinases in the dog. Endocrinol. 112: 417-424, 1983.
Yamashita, H,;Kizaki, T.;Ookawara, T.;Sato, Y.;Yamanoto, M.;Ohira,Y.;Ohno, H. Is insulin-like growth factor I involved in brown adipose tissue enlargement? 55: 141-148, 1994.
Yousef, M. K.;Johnson, H. D. Thyroid activity in desert rodents: a mechanism for lowered metabolic rate. Am. J. Physiol. 229(2): 427-431,1975.
Yuber, P.;Manchado, C;Cassard-Doulcier, A-M.;Mampel, T.;Vinas, O.;Iglesias, R;Giralt, M;Villarroya, F. CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins α and β are transcriptional activators of brown fat uncoupling gene promoter. Biochem Biophys. Res. Com. 198: 653-659, 1994.
Zhang, Y;Proenca, R.;Maffei, M;Barone, M;Leopold, L.;Friedman,J Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 372: 425-432, 1994.
Zhao, J.;Unelius, L.;Bengtsson, T.;Cannon, B.;Nedergaard, J. Coexisting β -adrenoceptor subtypes: significance for thermogenic process in brown fat cells. Am. J. Physiol. 267: C969-C979, 1994.