科学隐喻的元理论研究
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摘要
在隐喻的多学科研究广泛兴起的基础上,对于科学隐喻进行专门研究的要求也自然而又必然地成为科学哲学的一个新兴研究领域。隐喻分析的方法正在卓有成效地移植到科学哲学的研究中,成为一种有前途的研究范式。本论文以隐喻研究的一般理论尤其是语言哲学和科学哲学的相关成果为基本依据,试图在隐喻理论与科学隐喻之间建立一种稳定而理性的连接,着重突出并强调科学隐喻的本质、结构、特征、功能及其意义。
     本论文包括绪论、五个系统性论述、结束语、附录及后记。
     绪论部分对科学隐喻的渊源,即一般隐喻及其研究史作出了梳理,为科学隐喻问题的提出准备必要的铺垫工作:探讨了一般隐喻的意义问题,从内涵和外延两方面对隐喻的基本含义进行了描述,同时引证经典工具书和哲学著作中所给出的正式定义并给出了必要的分析和评价;对于隐喻研究的简要历史进行了较为细致的梳理,意在揭示隐喻研究历史的内在逻辑线索,展现人类对于隐喻认知和反思不断深化的过程。在此基础上,引入了本论文所要集中探讨的主题科学隐喻:描述了科学隐喻在历史上被遮蔽的原因及其凸显的历史条件,介绍了科学隐喻研究在二十世纪的滥觞及其兴盛。
     第一章为“科学隐喻的本质”,首先考察了科学隐喻的实存性问题,对于数学隐喻、物理学隐喻、化学隐喻以及生物学隐喻的一些典型案例进行了介绍和分析,证明科学隐喻在科学理论的陈述中是非常普遍地、深刻地存在着的;其次,从科学隐喻的产生、内涵、运作机制等方面对科学隐喻的本质进行了较为全面的阐述,指出科学隐喻本质上是科学共同体所运用的一种理性、对话性的特殊的认识论与方法论工具;最后,较为详细地比较分析了科学隐喻与科学类比、科学模型之间的区别与联系,指出后两者实际上都具有隐喻性。
     第二章为“科学隐喻的结构”。科学隐喻的结构主要体现在以下三个层面:从语言学层面来看,科学隐喻呈现为一种科学语言形态;从概念认知层面来看,科学隐喻呈现为一种科学概念形态;从思维运作层面来看,科学隐喻呈现为一种独特的科学思维和推理形态。科学隐喻的整体结构的意义在于这三个方面的统一。其中,处于概念认知层面的概念隐喻是隐喻语言和隐喻思维的中介:隐喻思维透过隐喻概念构成隐喻语言的内核,隐喻语言则通过其所表征的概念隐喻的组合体现一定的隐喻思维的意向性与特征,它们之间是一种互为表里的关系,理解科学隐喻的结构必须要从这三个层面上综合地加以把握。本章首先分析描述了科学隐喻的语言学结构,指出科学隐喻是以语形构造为基本载体、语义映射为本质、语用选择为生成方式的语境统一体;其次,从概念隐喻和根隐喻两个层次对于科学隐喻的概念认知结构进行了说明;最后,从人类所固有的涉身推理模式和社会文化建制的影响两方面阐述了科学隐喻的思维运作结构。
     第三章为“科学隐喻的特征”。首先,从科学隐喻构造的分类学逻辑、本质的可能世界语义学逻辑、真值的模糊逻辑以及推理的不明推论逻辑等方面对于科学隐喻的逻辑特征进行了初步的探索;其次,从开放性、益折性和辨证性的角度对于科学隐喻的指称特征进行了描画;最后,归纳了科学隐喻在科学理论中所表现出的整体性基本特征:在科学理论的构造方面,科学隐喻具有鲜明的意向性特征;在科学理论的解释方面,科学隐喻具有强烈的语境化特征;在科学理论的发展方面,科学隐喻具有显著的动力学特征。
     第四章为“科学隐喻的功能”。科学隐喻的功能是由其特殊的本质、结构和特征所决定的。从科学隐喻运作的整体性角度来看,科学隐喻在科学实践活动中所具有的独特功能主要涵盖了科学认识论和方法论的方面:在认识论方面,科学隐喻发挥着认知启示、认知经济、认知构造以及认知范型的作用;在方法论方面,科学隐喻的功能主要体现在科学理论发明、科学理论表征、科学理论解释以及科学理论交流等环节。科学隐喻这些不同方面的功能在绝大多数情况下是相互重迭的,本质上也是内在地统一的。
     第五章为“科学隐喻的意义”。一方面,科学隐喻研究的勃兴有其内在的历史逻辑,它与科学修辞学转向具有极为密切的相关性,体现出重要的修辞学意义;另一方面,科学隐喻合法性地位的确立与巩固也有其哲学理论背景的推动,这种推动建立在对于科学隐喻、科学语言与科学思维内在统一性认识的基础之上,与后现代主义科学观的基本理念相契合,与后现代科学哲学发展的趋势相一致,同时,科学隐喻研究的深入对当代科学实在论的进展也将起到有益的启迪作用。
     结束语对论文中所提出的主要观点进行了概括总结,强调科学隐喻研究对于当代科学哲学进一步向纵深发展所具有的重要意义,指出隐喻分析应当也能够成为未来科学哲学研究的一种新范式。
     附录为“科学隐喻与科学哲学”,记载了作者对英国科学哲学家玛丽·海西教授所作的一次关于科学隐喻与科学哲学的访谈。后记为致谢部分。
On the basis of far-ranging rise of multi-discipline studies on metaphor, naturally and necessarily, a special study of scientific metaphor has become a new research area in philosophy of science. The method of metaphor analysis is transplanting into philosophy of science and forming a kind of promising research paradigm. According to the theories of metaphor in philosophy of language and philosophy of science, this dissertation try to establish a steady and rational bridge between general metaphor theory and scientific metaphor. These are in order to emphesize the essence, structure, features, fuctions and significance of scientific metaphor.
     This dissertation consists of introduction, five systematic argumentations, conclusion, appendix and postscript.
     The introduction is about the resources and sources of scientific metaphor, in order to provide a necessary preporation work for putting forward the research of scientific metaphor. At the beginning, this part deals with the concept and meaning of general metaphor, describes the basic signification of metaphor from perspectives of connotation and extension, analyses and evaluates the formal definitions proposed by some typical and classical dictionary, encyclopedia and philosophical works. Then a brief survey about history of metaphor research is given. Based on these, depicting the reason of its being veiled and historical conditions of emergeing, the arthor introduces the main point of this dissertation: scientific metaphor.
     Chapter One is named "The Essence of Scientific Metaphor". Firstly, this chapter examines the actual existence of scientific metaphor, introduces some typical examples of mathematical, physical, chemical and biological metaphors. Secondly, from the perspectives of generation, connotation and working mechanism, the essence of scientific metaphor is elaborated. After that, an analysis on the relationships between scientific metaphor and scientific analogy, scientific metaphor and scientific model are also presented.
     "The Structure of Scientific Metaphor", Chapter Two, depicts the linguistic structure of scientific metaphor, points out that scientific metaphor is a contextual union: the syntagmatic construction as its basic carrier, semantic projection as essence and pragmatic choice as creation mode. Then, in terms of conceptual metaphor and root metaphor, this part shows the conceptually cognitive structure of scientific metaphor. At last, the arthor argues that the thinking operation structure of scientific metaphor is deeply influenced by embodied thinking mode of human being and social, cultural institutions.
     Chapter Three is "The Features of Scientific Metaphor". At first, this chapter does a preliminary research on referential features of scientific metaphor from the following angles: the taxonomic logic of formation, possible worlds semantics logic of essence, fuzzy logic of truth-value, and abduction logic of inference. In the next place, the openness, indirectness and dialectics features manifested in reference of scientific metaphor are portrayed. At last, the author points out that scientific metaphor manifests vivid intentionality, contexualization and dynamics features in construction, interpretation and development of scientific theory respectively.
     Chapter Four is called "The Functions of Scientific Metaphor." This part argues that the functions of scientific metaphor are determined by its special essence, structure and characteristics: in the level of epistemology, scientific metaphor can paly the roles of cognitive suggestion, economy, constitution and mode; in the level of methodology, its function is incarnated in invention, representation, explaination and communication of scientific theories. All of these functions is united internally.
     "The Significance of Scientific Metaphor" is Chapter Five. On the one hand, the rising of scientific metaphor has its own historical logic. That is to say, by representing abundant rhetorical meaning, it has consanguineous relevancy with the rhetorical turn. On the other hand, scientific metaphor suggests a postmodern vision of science, embodied the progress of postmodern philosophy of science. And the development of study on scientific metaphor inspires profitably the headway of contemporary scientific realism.
     Summaring the main ideas presented in this dissertation, the conclusion part emphasizes that the study of scientific metaphor has very important significance for philosophy of science. In the end, the arthor points out that metaphor analysis should and must be a new paradigm in philosophy of science research.
     The appendix is "Scientific Metaphor and Philosophy of Science". It is an interview by arthor with British philosopher of science, professor Mary Hesse, at Cambridge University about the topic "scientific metaphor and philosophy ofscience".
     The postscript is an acknowledgement part.
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    ② Eileen Cornell Way, Knowledge Representation and Metaphor, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991, 161.
    ① 转引自李醒民《隐喻:科学概念变革的助产士》.《自然辩证法通讯》2004年第1期.
    ① Roger S. Jones, Physics as Metaphor, University of Minnesota Press, t982, 51.
    ① Daniela M. Bailer-Jones, Models, Metaphors and Analogies, in E Machamer et al. eds., The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Science, Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 2002, 114.
    ② 翁贝尔托·埃科.《符号学与语言哲学》.王天清译.天津:百花文艺出版社.2006.194.
    ③ Eileen Cornell Way, Knowledge Representation and Metaphor, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991, 162.
    ① Daniela M. Bailer-Jones, Scientific Models as Metaphors, in F. Hallyn ed., Metaphor and Analogy in the Sciences, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000, 181.
    ② Monroe C.Beardsley, Metaphor, in P. Edwards ed., The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Vol. 5, Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc and The Free Press, 1972, 287.
    ③ Simon Blackburn, Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 1996, 246-247.
    ① Theodore L. Brown, Making Truth: Metaphor in Science, University of Illinois Press, 2003, 25.
    ② Janet Martin Soskice and Rom Harre, Metaphor in Science, in Z. Radman ed., From a Metaphorical Point of View, Walter de Gruyter and Co., 1995, 302.
    ① 托马斯·库恩.《科学革命的结构》.金吾伦、胡新和译.北京:北京大学出版社.2003.165.
    ② Theodore L. Brown, Making Truth: Metaphor in Science, University of Illinois Press, 2003, 26.
    ③ 保罗·利科.《作为认知、想像及情感的隐喻过程》.曾誉铭译.《江海学刊》2005年第1期.
    ① 李醒民.《隐喻:科学概念变革的助产士》.《自然辩证法通讯》2004年第1期.
    ① 郭贵春.《科学实在论的方法论辩护》.北京:科学出版社.2004.176.
    ① I.A. Richards, The Philosophy of Rhetoric, Oxford University Press, 1936, 119.
    ② Paul Ricoeur, The Rule of Metaphor, trans, by R. Czerny et al., Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., 2003, 7.
    ① Eric Charles Steinhart, The Logic of Metaphor, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001, 31-32.
    ① 李幼蒸.《理论符号学导论》.北京:中国社会科学出版社.1993.343.
    ② 布莱克.《隐喻》.涂纪亮编《当代美国哲学论著选译》第三辑.北京:商务印书馆.1991.92.
    ① 李幼蒸.《理论符号学导论》.北京:中国社会科学出版社.1993.356-357.
    ① A. Ortony ed., Metaphor and Thought, Cambridge University Press, 1979, 29.
    ② 布莱克.《隐喻》.涂纪亮编《当代美国哲学论著选译》第三辑.北京:商务印书馆.1991.105.
    ① Daniel Rothbart, The Semantics of Metaphor and the Structure of Science, Philosophy of Science, 1984 (51).
    ① Daniel Rothbart, Explaining the Growth of Scientific Knowledge, The Edwin Mellen Press, 1997, 29-36
    ② 郭贵春.《科学修辞学的本质特征》.《哲学研究》2000年第2期.
    ① Roger S. Jones, Physics as Metaphor, University of Minnesota Press, 1982, 4.
    ② John Searle, Metaphor, in A. P. Martinich ed., The Philosophy of Language, Oxford University Press, 1985, 417.
    ① 翁贝尔托·埃科.《符号学与语言哲学》.王天清译.天津:百花文艺出版社.2006.227.
    ② 遗传学术语,指把脱氧核糖核酸的一个片断转移到同一个或另外的染色体、质体或细胞的一个新位置上。
    ③ Hanua Pulaczewska, Aspects of Metaphor in Physics, Max Niemsyer Verlag Gmblt, Tubingen, 1999, 61-62.
    ① Hanua Pulaczewska, Aspects of Metaphor in Physics, Max Niemsyer Verlag Gmblt, Tubingen, 1999, 63.
    ① Hanua Pulaczewska, Aspects of Metaphor in Physics, Max Niemsyer Verlag Grnblt, Tubingen, 1999, 59.
    ① David Rummelhart, Some Problems with the Notion of Literal Meaning, in A. Ortony ed., Metaphor and Thought, 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press, 1993, 71.
    ① Jean-Pierre Koenig ed., Discourse and Cognition Bridging the Gap, CSLI Publications, 1998, 222-225.
    ② Rafael Nunez, Conceptual Metaphor and the Embodied Mind, in F. Hallyn ed., Metaphor and Analogy in the Sciences, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.
    ① 对于这一概念,不同的哲学家给予了不同的命名:恩斯特·卡西尔(Ernst Cassirer)将其称为“根源隐喻”(radical metaphor),史蒂芬·派珀(Stephen C.Pepper)将其称为“根隐喻”,威尔伯·厄班(Wilbur M.Urban)将其称为“基本隐喻”(fundamental metaphor),唐纳德·肖恩(Donald A.Schon)将其称为“核心隐喻”(central metaphor),阿尔伯特·曼拉比(Albert Mehrabian)比将其称为“工具隐喻”(tool metaphor),厄尔·迈克康马克(Earl R.MacCormac)将其称为“基础隐喻”(basic metaphor),赞德拉夫科·拉德曼(Zdravko Radman)将其称之为“关键隐喻”(key metaphor)。
    ② Hanua Pulaczewska, Aspects of Metaphor in Physics, Tubingen: Max Niemsyer Verlag Gmblt, 1999, 59-60.
    ① Roger S. Jones, Physics as Metaphor, University of Minnesota Press, 1982, 78-79.
    ② Ibid., 141.
    ① Stephen Pepper, Metaphor in Philosophy, The Journal of Mind and Behavior, vol. 3, nos. 3 and 4, 1982.
    ② Stephen Pepper, Concept andQuality: A World Hypothesis, Open Court, 1967, 3.
    ① Stephen Pepper, Metaphor in Philosophy, The Journal of Mind and Behavior, vol. 3, nos. 3 and 4, 1982.
    ② Hanua Pulaczewska, Aspects of Metaphor in Physics, Max Niemsyer Verlag Gmblt, Tubingen, 1999, 77.
    ① 魏屹东.《语法隐喻及其对认知科学的意义》.《科学技术与辩证法》2006年第2期.
    ② Theodore L. Brown, Making Truth: Metaphor in Science, University of Illinois Press, 2003, 196.
    ③ Ibid., 195.
    ① 柯尔.《物理与头脑相遇的地方》.丘宏义译.长春出版社、贝塔斯曼亚洲出版公司.2003.13.
    ② 夏佩尔.《理由与求知》.褚平、周文彰译.上海:上海译文出版社.2001.154.
    ③ Lucretius, On Nature, trans. By R. M. Greer, New York: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1965, 45.
    ① Theodore L. Brown, Making Truth: Metaphor in Science, University of Illinois Press, 2003, 146.
    ② Frontiers in Cell Biology." Quality Control, Science, 1999(286).
    ① 保罗·利科.《作为认知、想像和情感的隐喻过程》.曾誉铭译.《江海学刊》2005年第1期.
    ① 加达默尔.《真理与方法:哲学诠释学的基本特征》.洪汉鼎译.上海:上海译文出版社.2004.556-557.
    ② John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic, Longmans, 1970, 28-29.
    ③ Nelson Goodman, Languages of Art, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1976, 71.
    ① 汪堂家.《隐喻诠释学:修辞学与哲学的联姻》.《哲学研究》2004年第9期.
    ② Paul Ricoeur, The Rule of Metaphor, trans, by R. Czemy et al., Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., 2003, 21.
    ③ Ibid.
    ① W-H-Newton-Smith ed., A Companion to the Philosophy of Science, Blackwell Publishers Inc., 2000, 281
    ① W-H-Newton-Smith ed., A Companion to the Philosophy of Science, Blackwell Publishers Inc., 2000, 281.
    ① E. C. Way, Knowledge Representation and Metaphor, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991, 187.
    ① Lewis, D., On the Plurality of Worlds, Blackwell Publishers Inc, 1986, 234.
    ② Steinhart, E. C., The Logic Of Metaphor, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001, 4
    ① Steinhart, E. C., The Logic of Metaphor, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001, 221.
    ② Eric Charles Steinhart, The Logic of Metaphor, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001, 3.
    ③ 王浩.《哥德尔》.康宏逵译.上海:上海世纪出版集团、上海译文出版社.2002.203.
    ① Indurkhya, Metaphor and Cognition, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992, 78.
    ① Mary Hesse, Revolutions and Reconstructions in the Philosophy of Science, The Harvester Press, 1980, 121.
    ① L. Magnani et al eds., Logical and Computational Aspects of Model-Based Reasoning, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002, 35.
    ② A. Goatly, The Language of Metaphors, Routledge, 1997, 108.
    ① Francesco Orilia, Metaphor and Truth-maker, Journal of Philosophical Research, Volume ⅹⅹⅵ, 2001, 120-121.
    ② Andrew Ortony ed., Metaphor and Thought, Cambridge University Press, 1993, 493.
    ① A. Ortony ed, Metaphor and Thought, Cambridge University Press, 1993, 483.
    ② 郭贵春.《语境与后现代科学哲学的发展》.北京:科学出版社.2002.31-32.
    ③ Paul Ricoeur, The Rule of Metaphor, trans. Robert Czerny et al., Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., 2003, 261.
    ① 塞尔.《心灵、语言与社会》.梅文译.上海:上海译文出版社.2001.88.
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    ② John Searle, Metaphor, In A.P.Martinich ed., The Philosophy of Language, Oxford University Press, 1985, 417
    ① John Searle, Metaphor, In A.P.Martinich ed., The Philosophy of Language, Oxford University Press, 1985, 419.
    ① Eleonora Montuschi, What is Wrong with Talking of Metaphors in Science, in Zdravko Radman ed., From a Metaphorical Point of View, New York: Waiter de Gruyter, 1995, 321-322.
    ② 保罗·利科.《活的隐喻》.汪堂家译.上海:上海译文出版社.2004.134.
    ① 郭贵春.《科学隐喻的方法论意义》.《中国社会科学》2004年第2期.
    ① Patti D. Nogales, Metaphorically Speaking, CSLI Publications, 1999, 216.
    ② John Searle, Metaphor, In A. P. Martinich ed., The Philosophy of Language, Oxford University Press, 1985, 420.
    ① Eileen Cornell Way, Knowledge Representation and Metaphor, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991, 242.
    ② Donald Davidson, What Metaphors Mean, in A.P.Martinich ed., The Philosophy of Language, Oxford University Press, 1985, 440.
    ① 陈嘉映.《日常概念与科学概念》.《江苏社会科学》2006年第1期.
    ② 翁贝尔托·埃科.《符号学与语言哲学》.王天清译.天津:百花文艺出版社.2006.197.
    ③ Theodore L. Brown, Making Truth: Metaphor in Science, University of Illinois Press, 2003, 26.
    ① Earl R. Mac Cormac, A Cognitive Theory of Metaphor, The MIT Press, 1985, 41-42.
    ① Earl R. Mac Cormac, A Cognitive Theory of Metaphor, The MIT Press, 1985, 157.
    ② Sabine Maasen et al eds., Metaphors and the Dynamics of Knowledge, Taylor and Francis Group, 2000, 143.
    ① G. E. R. Lloyd, The Revolution of Wisdom, University of California Press, 1987, 208.
    ① Eleonora Montuschi, What is Wrong with Talking of Metaphors in Science, in Zdravko Radman ed., From a Metaphorical Point of View, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1995, 323.
    ① 昆廷·斯金纳.《霍布斯哲学思想中的理性和修辞》.王加丰、郑菘译.上海:华东师范大学出版社.2005.200.
    ② 同上.205.
    ③ Http://www.icas.nctu.edu.tw/research/dissertation/89/8741507.htm.
    ① Zdravko Radman, Metaphors: Figures of Mind, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997, 57-58.
    ① 米歇尔·福柯.《词与物》.莫伟民译.上海:三联书店.2001.127.
    ① F. Waismann, How I See Philosophy, in A. J. Ayer ed., Logical Positivism, New York: Free Press, 1959, 347-348.
    ② Hanua Pulaczewska, Aspects of Metaphor in Physics, Max Niemsyer Verlag Gmblt, Tubingen, 1999, 76-77.
    ① 郭贵春.《科学隐喻的方法论意义》.《中国社会科学》2004年第2期.
    ① Richard D. Johnson-Sheehan, Metaphor in the Rhetoric of Scientific Discourse, in John T. Battalio ed., Essays in the Study of Scientific Discourse, Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1998, 178.
    ② Michael Arbib and Mary Hesse, The Construction of Reality, Cambridge University Press, 1986, 156.
    ① Michael Arbib and Mary Hesse, The Construction of Reality, Cambridge University Press, 1986, 85-86.
    ① Eric R. Scerri, Philosophy of Chemistry, Journal of Chemical Education, 2000, Vol. 77, No. ⅩⅩ.
    ② 丹皮尔.《科学史——及其与哲学和宗教的关系》.南宁:广西师范大学出版社.2002.235.
    ① 汉伯里·布朗.《科学的智慧》.李醒民译.沈阳:辽宁教育出版社.1998年.144-145.
    ① Michael Arbib and Mary Hesse, The Construction of Reality, Cambridge University Press, 1986, 112.
    ① Mary Hesse, Revolutions and Reconstructions in the Philosophy of Science, The Harvester Press, 1980, 123.
    ② L. Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigation, trans by G. E. M. Anscombe, Basil Blackwell, 1953, 143-144.
    ③ L. Wittgenstein, Philosophische Bemerkungen, Basil Blackwell, 1964, 51.
    ① 哈利斯.《隐喻的多重用法》.汪堂家译.《江海学刊》2006年第2期.
    ① 郭贵春.《科学隐喻的方法论意义》.《中国社会科学》2004年第2期.
    ① Theodore L. Brown, Making Truth: Metaphor in Science, University of Illinois Press, 2003, 16.
    ① Donald Davidson, What Metaphors Mean, in A. P. Martinich ed., The Philosophy of Language, Oxford University Press, 1985, 443.
    ② Paul Ricoeur, The Rule of Metaphor, trans, by R. Czemy et al., Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., 2003, 26.
    ③ Donald Davidson, What Metaphors Mean, in A. P. Martinich ed., The Philosophy of Language, Oxford University Press, 1985, 443.
    ① Aristotle, Rhetoric, trans by W. R. Roberts, Random House, 1954, 1406b.
    ② 维柯.《新科学》.朱光潜译.北京:商务印书馆.1989.202.
    ③ 翁贝尔托·埃科.《符号学与语言哲学》.王天清译.天津:百花文艺出版社.2006.177.
    ① David E. Cooper, Metaphor, Basil Blackwell, 1986, 35.
    ② 罗兰·巴特.《符号学美学》.董学文等译.沈阳:辽宁人民出版社.1987.86.
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    ④ S. Peterfreund, Scientific Models in Optics: from Metaphor to Metonym and back, Journal of the History of Ideas, 1994 (55), 73.
    ① Hanna Pulaczewska, Aspects of Metaphor in Physics, Tubingen: Niemeyer, 1999, 210-211.
    ① Theodore L. Brown, Making Truth: Metaphor in Science, University of Illinois Press, 2003, 110.
    ② Jeanne Fahnestock, Rhetorical Figures in Science, Oxford University Press, 1999, 6.
    ③ 加达默尔.《真理与方法:哲学诠释学的基本特征》.洪汉鼎译,上海:上海译文出版社.2004.561.
    ① 郭贵春.《语境与后现代科学哲学的发展》.北京:科学出版社.2002.41-42.
    ② 郭贵春.《科学修辞学的本质特征》.《哲学研究》2000年第2期.
    ③ George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Metaphors We Live By, University of Chicago Press, 1980, 1.
    ① Zenon Pylyshyn, Metaphorical Imprecision and the Top-Down Research Strategy, in A. Ortony ed., Metaphor and Thought, Cambridge University Press, 1979, 433-434.
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    ① Paul Ricoeur, The Rule of Metaphor, trans by R. Czemy et al., Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., 2003, 18.
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    ① 甘阳.《从“理性的批判”到“文化的批判”》.《读书》 1987年第7期.
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    ③ W. V. Quine, Two Dogmas in Retrospect, Canadian Journal of Philosopy, 1991(21.3).
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    ② John Ziman, Real Science: What It Is and What R Means, Cambridge University Press, 2000, 149.
    ① 成素梅、郭贵春.《语境实在论》.《科学技术与辩证法》 2004年第3期.
    ② 郭贵春.《后现代科学哲学》.长沙:湖南教育出版社.1998.5.
    ① 郭贵春.《后现代科学哲学》.长沙:湖南教育出版社.1998.171.
    ① 理查德·罗蒂.《偶然、反讽与团结》.徐文瑞译.北京:商务印书馆.2003.33.
    ② Roger S. Jones, Physics as Metaphor, University of Minnesota Press, 1982, Preface, ix.
    ③ 陈亚军.《实用主义:从皮尔士到普特南》.长沙:湖南教育出版社.1999.261.
    ① Stanley A. Mulaik, The Metaphoric Origins of Objectivity, Subjectivity, and Consciousness in the Direct Perception of Reality, Philosophy of Science, 62 (1995), 283.
    ② Francesco Orilia, Metaphor and Truth-maker, Journal of Philosophical Research, Vol. ⅹⅹⅵ, 2001, 113.
    ③ Ibid., 121.
    ① 鲁品越.《量子力学与深层本体论》.《当代科技革命与哲学创新学术研讨会论文集》.浙江大学.2002.
    ② Richard Boyd, Metaphor and Theory Change, in A. Ortony ed., Metaphor and Thought, Cambridge University Press, 1993, 493.
    ① Mary Hesse et al eds., Metaphor and Knowledge, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993, 51.
    ② Ibid., 53-54.
    ① Mary Hesse et al eds., Metaphor and Knowledge, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993, 54.
    ① 保罗·利科.《活的隐喻》.汪堂家译.上海:上海译文出版社.2004.58.
    ② 同上.108.
    ① Gerard Simon, Analogies and Metaphors in Kepler, in F. Hallyn ed., Metaphor and Analogy in the Sciences, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000, 71.
    ① 理查德·罗蒂.《偶然、反讽与团结》.徐文瑞译.北京:商务印书馆.2003.12.
    ② 同上.27-28.
    ① Theodore L. Brown, Making Truth: Metaphor in Science, University of Illinois Press, 2003, Preface, 15.
    ② D. Fraser Harris, The Metaphor in Science, Science, N. S. Vol. ⅩⅩⅩⅥ, No. 992, 1912.
    ③ Susan Haack, Dry Truth and Real Knowledge, in J. Hintikka ed., Aspects of Metaphor, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994, 4.
    ① 布莱克.《隐喻》.涂纪亮编《当代美国哲学论著选译》第三辑.北京:商务印书馆.1991.105.
    ② 郭贵春.《语境研究纲领与科学哲学的发展》.《中国社会科学》 2006年第5期.
    ③ 郭贵春.《科学隐喻的方法论意义》.《中国社会科学》,2004年第2期.
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