自传体记忆神经机制的经颅磁刺激（TMS）研究
摘要
自传体记忆(autobiographical memory)是个人生活事件的记忆,是某些行为基线(人物,地点,时间,自我,情绪等)的摘要式记录。近年来,自传体记忆的的研究不只停留在行为研究,神经心理学和脑成像对其的研究也取得了极大的进展,使我们对自传体记忆的本质有了更深的理解。一般认为自我属性、时间属性和情绪性是自传体记忆过程中的三个重要的因素。但迄今为止关于自传体记忆的这三个重要因素的神经机制的探讨尚存在很多的争议。对于自我因素大部分观点认为自传体记忆与右侧半球有关,也有很少的研究发现左侧半球也有激活。大量的情绪研究试图通过脑成像探索不同情绪体验的神经机制,但是由于各种原因,存在着不同的结果,有研究表明消极情绪在右侧半球,而积极情绪在整个大脑都有广泛的激活;而另外一些研究却认为消极情绪在左侧半球。自传体记忆时间属性的神经机制也存在两种争议:一种观点认为,与语义记忆一样,通过记忆巩固,自传体记忆是逐渐的独立于内侧颞叶;另外一种观点认为,自传体记忆不服从于一般记忆的巩固,并且随着时间的变化依赖于内侧颞叶。
本研究通过线索提取和自由回忆收集详细的自传体记忆的材料,然后整理成比较符合自传体记忆特征的句子。增加他人事件、公共事件作为实验的控制组,与自传体记忆进行比较。为了防止注意分散,在实验设计中增加了不合逻辑的句子作为被试的任务。在行为实验的基础上,使用经颅磁刺激(TMS)抑制前额叶区域的功能活动观察行为变化情况。行为实验有3个自变量:句子类型(自我,他人,公共事件),情感(积极/消极)和时间(远事/近事)。TMS实验除了前面的三个变量,还增加了两个变量:刺激的位置(左侧和右侧背外侧前额叶)和有无刺激(即TMS与NO TMS)。
实验结果表明:自传体记忆存在明显的自我参照效应;自传体记忆相对与非自传体和公共事件更多的是与右侧前额叶的活动存在因果关系;前额叶在自传体记忆和非自传体记忆的情绪性记忆的过程中有重要作用,自传体记忆的积极事件的记忆主要与右侧前额叶的活动有关,左侧和右侧前额叶非自传体记忆的消极事件中有重要作用。
Autobiographical memory is a personal memory of life events, and some of the baseline (figure, location, time, self, emotional, etc) of the summary record. In recent years, autobiographical memory study not only remain in the behavior research, neuropsychological and brain imaging studies have also made tremendous progress, We know more about the essence of autobiographical.
Generally considered self, time and emotional is the three important factors of autobiographical memory. The neural mechanisms of Autobiographical memory on the self ,emotional and time factors have a lot of controversies. The most research have found that self-factors have relations with the right hemisphere, and very few researchs have found that the left hemisphere activation. A lot of researchers wanted to explore tne neural mechanisms of emotions by fMRL, ERP, CT and so on, but for a variety of reasons, there are different results, some research shows that negative sentiments in the right hemisphere, positive emotions have a wide range of the entire brain activation; Other researchs shows that negative feelings is located in the left hemisphere. The neural mechanisms of the time factor exist two controversies:On the one hand ,semantic memory, through the consolidation of memory, autobiographical memory is gradually independent of the medial temporal lobe; On the other hand,utobiographical memory disobeys in the consolidation of memories, and as time-dependent changes in the medial temporal lobe.
This research collected detailed autobiographical memory material by extractiing clues or free recall,and then these materials were organized into more in line with the characteristics of autobiographical memory sentence.To compare autobiographical memory,this research increased others, public events as the experimental control group.In order to prevent scattering attention .On the basis of behavior experiments, this research used transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS) to inhibit the function activities of prefrontal regional, and observed behaviour change. There are three variables in behavior experiments:the type of sentence (self, others, public events), emotional (positive / negative) and time (recent events / remote events).Besides the three variables, TMS experiment also an increase of two variables :stimulate position (left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), and whether stimulation (TMS with NO TMS).
The experimental results show that: autobiographical memory has obvious self-reference effect; Compared to non-autobiographical and more public events,autobiographical memory have more activities in the right prefrontal cortex.It means the right prefrontal cortex and autobiographical memory have a causal relationship.The prefrontal cortex plays plays an important role in emotional memory of autobiographical memory and non-autobiographical memory. The positive events of autobiographical memory are connected with the right prefrontal cortex . For the negative events of non-autobiographical memory, right and left prefrontal cortex play an important role.
本研究通过线索提取和自由回忆收集详细的自传体记忆的材料,然后整理成比较符合自传体记忆特征的句子。增加他人事件、公共事件作为实验的控制组,与自传体记忆进行比较。为了防止注意分散,在实验设计中增加了不合逻辑的句子作为被试的任务。在行为实验的基础上,使用经颅磁刺激(TMS)抑制前额叶区域的功能活动观察行为变化情况。行为实验有3个自变量:句子类型(自我,他人,公共事件),情感(积极/消极)和时间(远事/近事)。TMS实验除了前面的三个变量,还增加了两个变量:刺激的位置(左侧和右侧背外侧前额叶)和有无刺激(即TMS与NO TMS)。
实验结果表明:自传体记忆存在明显的自我参照效应;自传体记忆相对与非自传体和公共事件更多的是与右侧前额叶的活动存在因果关系;前额叶在自传体记忆和非自传体记忆的情绪性记忆的过程中有重要作用,自传体记忆的积极事件的记忆主要与右侧前额叶的活动有关,左侧和右侧前额叶非自传体记忆的消极事件中有重要作用。
Autobiographical memory is a personal memory of life events, and some of the baseline (figure, location, time, self, emotional, etc) of the summary record. In recent years, autobiographical memory study not only remain in the behavior research, neuropsychological and brain imaging studies have also made tremendous progress, We know more about the essence of autobiographical.
Generally considered self, time and emotional is the three important factors of autobiographical memory. The neural mechanisms of Autobiographical memory on the self ,emotional and time factors have a lot of controversies. The most research have found that self-factors have relations with the right hemisphere, and very few researchs have found that the left hemisphere activation. A lot of researchers wanted to explore tne neural mechanisms of emotions by fMRL, ERP, CT and so on, but for a variety of reasons, there are different results, some research shows that negative sentiments in the right hemisphere, positive emotions have a wide range of the entire brain activation; Other researchs shows that negative feelings is located in the left hemisphere. The neural mechanisms of the time factor exist two controversies:On the one hand ,semantic memory, through the consolidation of memory, autobiographical memory is gradually independent of the medial temporal lobe; On the other hand,utobiographical memory disobeys in the consolidation of memories, and as time-dependent changes in the medial temporal lobe.
This research collected detailed autobiographical memory material by extractiing clues or free recall,and then these materials were organized into more in line with the characteristics of autobiographical memory sentence.To compare autobiographical memory,this research increased others, public events as the experimental control group.In order to prevent scattering attention .On the basis of behavior experiments, this research used transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS) to inhibit the function activities of prefrontal regional, and observed behaviour change. There are three variables in behavior experiments:the type of sentence (self, others, public events), emotional (positive / negative) and time (recent events / remote events).Besides the three variables, TMS experiment also an increase of two variables :stimulate position (left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), and whether stimulation (TMS with NO TMS).
The experimental results show that: autobiographical memory has obvious self-reference effect; Compared to non-autobiographical and more public events,autobiographical memory have more activities in the right prefrontal cortex.It means the right prefrontal cortex and autobiographical memory have a causal relationship.The prefrontal cortex plays plays an important role in emotional memory of autobiographical memory and non-autobiographical memory. The positive events of autobiographical memory are connected with the right prefrontal cortex . For the negative events of non-autobiographical memory, right and left prefrontal cortex play an important role.
引文
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Buchananl TW,Tranell D, Adolphs R.Memories for emotional autobiographical events following unilateral damage to medial temporal lobe.Brain,2006 129(1):115-127
Buchanan TW.Emotional autobiographical memories in amnesic patients with medial temporal lobe damage.J. Neurosci,2005,25:3151-3160.
Blumenfeld RS,Ranganath C.Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Promotes Long-Term Memory Formation through Its Role in Working Memory Organization. The Journal of Neuroscience, 2006,26: 916 - 925
Buchanan TW,Tranel D,Adolphs R.Emotional Autobiographical Memories in Amnesic Patients with Medial Temporal Lobe Damage. The Journal of Neuroscience,2005,25:3151 - 3160
Birch LS.Specificity of autobiographical memory in depressed older adults and its relationship with working memory and IQ.The British Journal Of Clinical Psychology / The British Psychological Society, 2007,46(2):175-186
Beike DR,Adams LP.; Wirth-Beaumont EI. Incomplete inhibition of emotion in specific autobiographical memories. Memory, 2007,15(4):375-389
Bayley PJ,Gold JJ,Hopkins RO,Squire LR, The Neuroanatomy of Remote Memory. Neuron, 2005,46(2):799-810
Boggio PS,Ferrucci R, Rigonatti SP, Covre P, Nitsche M.Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on working memory in patients with Parkinson's disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences,2006,249( 1):31-38
Cimino CR. Autobiographical memory: influence of right hemisphere damage on emotionality and specificity,.Brain Cogn. 1991,15:106-118.
Cappelletti M, Barth H, Fregni F, Spelke ES, Pascual-Leone A. rTMS over the intraparietal sulcus disrupts numerosity. processing. Exp Brain Res. 2007,179(4): 631-642
Cabeza R,St Jacques P. Functional neuroimaging of autobiographical memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2007,11(5):219-227
Cabeza R,St Jacques P. Functional neuroimaging of autobiographical memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2007,11(5):219-227
Cabeza R,Prince SE, Daselaar SM, Greenberg DL,Budde M. Brain Activity during Episodic Retrieval of Autobiographical and Laboratory Events: An fMRI Study using a Novel Photo Paradigm. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2004,16:1583-1594
Cabeza R,Locantore JK, Anderson ND.Lateralization of Prefrontal Activity during Episodic Memory Retrieval: Evidence for the Production-Monitoring Hypothesis. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,2003,15:249-259
Cynthia R. Cimino, Mieke Verfaellie, Dawn Bowers and Kenneth M. Heilman, Autobiographical memory: Influence of right hemisphere damage on emotionality and specificity, Brain and Cognition, Volume 15, Issue 1, January 1991, Pages 106-118
Crane C,Barnhofer T, Mark J.Williams G.Cue self-relevance affects autobiographical memory specificity in individuals with a history of major depression. Memory, 2007,15(3):312-323
Davis PJ.Gender Differences in Autobiographical Memory for Childhood Emotional Experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1999, 76(3): 498-510
Denkova E.Implicit emotion during recollection of past events: a nonverbal fMRI study.Brain Res. 2006,1078:143-150.
Dalgleish T; Brewin CR Autobiographical memory and emotional disorder: A special issue of Memory.Memory,2007, 15(3):225-226
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