铁基磁性颗粒的制备及微波吸收特性研究
摘要
为了解决日益严重的电磁波污染问题,电磁波的屏蔽和吸收材料已经成为人们广泛关注的研究方向。现有的电磁波吸收材料有三种吸收机制:介电损耗、传导损耗和磁损耗。其中磁损耗材料因其具有复数损耗磁导率而被广泛的研究。在磁损耗材料中,磁性金属和合金由于在高频下具有较高的磁导率,因而成为较理想的电磁波吸收材料。
人们已经对于Fe-CO、Fe-Ni、Fe-Si等系列软磁合金进行了广泛的研究,但是目前针对Fe-Zr合金的电磁波吸收性质的研究并不是很多。本文用机械合金化方法制备Fe-Zr合金,并对球磨参数等条件对其微波吸收特性的影响进行研究。同时,针对低密度电磁波吸收剂的广泛需求,本文探索了改进的共沉淀法制备铁氧体与碳纳米管复合微波吸收材料。主要结论如下:
机械合金化法制备的Fe_(90)Zr_(10)合金具有较高的饱和磁化强度和较低的矫顽力。于磨法制备的Fe_(90)Zr_(10)合金为不规则的球状颗粒形貌,其与石蜡的复合物具有较好的微波吸收特性,通过改变球磨参数和厚度能够在4.5 GHz到17.6 GHz达到小于-20 dB(大于99%的能量吸收)的吸收强度。加入NaCl作为过程控制剂之后,合金的颗粒形貌为片状,其微波吸收特性有所增强,通过改变球磨参数和厚度能够在2.8 GHz到15.9 GHz达到小于-20 dB的吸收强度。铁锆合金/石蜡复合物的微波吸收机制主要为磁损耗。通过改进的共沉淀制备工艺,成功制备出铁氧体磁性材料包覆的多壁碳纳米管材料。此类新型复合材料的成功制备将会对寻找和制备轻型微波吸收剂提供实验依据。
In recent years,considerable experimental investigations have been focused on the effective microwave absorption materials in order to solve the expended electromagnetic interference problems.Three microwave absorption mechanisms were found in the materials:dielectric loss,conduction loss and magnetic loss. Magnetic loss materials have been investigated broadly for their high complex permeability.Magnetic metals and alloys are ideal electromagnetic wave absorber materials because of higher complex permeability at high frequency.
Metal Fe has higher saturation magnetization and lower coercive force,and iron alloys also attract much attention in the field of microwave absorption materials. Many research work have been done on Fe-Co,Fe-Ni and Fe-Si alloy,etc.However, only few reports about microwave absorption properties of Fe-Zr alloy were reported until now.We prepared Fe-Zr alloy by mechanical alloying method and studied the microwave absorption properties.Meanwhile,in order to find low density microwave absorb materials,we also explored the fabrication method to obtain ferrite/carbon nanotubes composites using improved co-precipitation method.The main results are: Fe_(90)Zr_(10) alloy prepared by MA has high saturation magnetization and low coercive force.It exhibits irregular spherical particle after dry milling,and has good microwave absorption properties.The microwave absorption of Fe_(90)Zr_(10) alloy/paraffin composite is less than -20 dB(more than 99%energy were absorbed) at frequency range from 4.5 to 17.6 GHz by changing ball-mill parameters and thickness. If NaCl was used as process control agent,Fe_(90)Zr_(10) alloy shows flake morphology, and better microwave absorption properties can be obtained.It is possible to get absorption intensity less than -20 dB at frequency range from 2.8 to 15.9 GHz by changing ball-mill parameters and thickness.The microwave absorption mechanism of the composite is ferromagnetic loss.Multiwalled carbon nanotubes have been coated with cobalt ferrite and nickel zinc ferrite by an improved co-precipitation method.The MWCNTs coated with different ferrites could be used as a new low density microwave absorber.
人们已经对于Fe-CO、Fe-Ni、Fe-Si等系列软磁合金进行了广泛的研究,但是目前针对Fe-Zr合金的电磁波吸收性质的研究并不是很多。本文用机械合金化方法制备Fe-Zr合金,并对球磨参数等条件对其微波吸收特性的影响进行研究。同时,针对低密度电磁波吸收剂的广泛需求,本文探索了改进的共沉淀法制备铁氧体与碳纳米管复合微波吸收材料。主要结论如下:
机械合金化法制备的Fe_(90)Zr_(10)合金具有较高的饱和磁化强度和较低的矫顽力。于磨法制备的Fe_(90)Zr_(10)合金为不规则的球状颗粒形貌,其与石蜡的复合物具有较好的微波吸收特性,通过改变球磨参数和厚度能够在4.5 GHz到17.6 GHz达到小于-20 dB(大于99%的能量吸收)的吸收强度。加入NaCl作为过程控制剂之后,合金的颗粒形貌为片状,其微波吸收特性有所增强,通过改变球磨参数和厚度能够在2.8 GHz到15.9 GHz达到小于-20 dB的吸收强度。铁锆合金/石蜡复合物的微波吸收机制主要为磁损耗。通过改进的共沉淀制备工艺,成功制备出铁氧体磁性材料包覆的多壁碳纳米管材料。此类新型复合材料的成功制备将会对寻找和制备轻型微波吸收剂提供实验依据。
In recent years,considerable experimental investigations have been focused on the effective microwave absorption materials in order to solve the expended electromagnetic interference problems.Three microwave absorption mechanisms were found in the materials:dielectric loss,conduction loss and magnetic loss. Magnetic loss materials have been investigated broadly for their high complex permeability.Magnetic metals and alloys are ideal electromagnetic wave absorber materials because of higher complex permeability at high frequency.
Metal Fe has higher saturation magnetization and lower coercive force,and iron alloys also attract much attention in the field of microwave absorption materials. Many research work have been done on Fe-Co,Fe-Ni and Fe-Si alloy,etc.However, only few reports about microwave absorption properties of Fe-Zr alloy were reported until now.We prepared Fe-Zr alloy by mechanical alloying method and studied the microwave absorption properties.Meanwhile,in order to find low density microwave absorb materials,we also explored the fabrication method to obtain ferrite/carbon nanotubes composites using improved co-precipitation method.The main results are: Fe_(90)Zr_(10) alloy prepared by MA has high saturation magnetization and low coercive force.It exhibits irregular spherical particle after dry milling,and has good microwave absorption properties.The microwave absorption of Fe_(90)Zr_(10) alloy/paraffin composite is less than -20 dB(more than 99%energy were absorbed) at frequency range from 4.5 to 17.6 GHz by changing ball-mill parameters and thickness. If NaCl was used as process control agent,Fe_(90)Zr_(10) alloy shows flake morphology, and better microwave absorption properties can be obtained.It is possible to get absorption intensity less than -20 dB at frequency range from 2.8 to 15.9 GHz by changing ball-mill parameters and thickness.The microwave absorption mechanism of the composite is ferromagnetic loss.Multiwalled carbon nanotubes have been coated with cobalt ferrite and nickel zinc ferrite by an improved co-precipitation method.The MWCNTs coated with different ferrites could be used as a new low density microwave absorber.
引文
[1]邢丽英,隐身材料,化学工业出版社,(2004)
[2]柳志忠,舰艇雷达隐身技术的发展,船舰电子工程,28,33(2008)
[3]Zhang Baoshan,Feng Yong,Xiong Jie,Yang Yi,and Lu Huaixian.Microwave-Absorbing Properties of De-Aggregated Flake-Shaped Carbonyl-Iron Particle Composites at 2-18 GHz.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,42,1778(2006)
[4]Deng L.J,Zhou P.H,Xie J.L,Zhang L.Characterization and microwave resonance in nanocrystalline FeCoNi flake composite.Journal of Applied Physics,101,103916(2007)
[5]Yang Yi,Zhang Baoshan,Xu Weidong.Microwave absorption studies of W-hexaferrite prepared by co-precipition/mechanical milling.Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,265,119(2003)
[6]Kwon H.J,Shin J.Y and Oh J.H.The microwave absorbing and resonance phenomana of Y-type hexagonal ferrite microwave absorbers.Journal of Applied Physics,75(10),6109(1994)
[7]Wang Jing,Zhang Hong,Bai Shuxin,Chen Ke,Zhang Changrui.Microwave absorbing properties of rare-earth elements substituted W-type barium ferrite.Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,312,310(2007)
[8]卢晓明,张弢,蒋正生,纳米晶FeB合金的微波磁性.南京师大学报(自然科学版),30,39(2007)
[9]张铁军,王敦辉,章建荣,都有为.机械合金化Fe-Si合金的微结构与磁性.物理学报,46,2250(1997)
[10]吴子秋,张海燕,曾国勋,陈易明,纳米晶Fe-Ni和Fe-Co粉的微波磁性能.航天材料工艺,4,40(2008)
[11]Deng L.W,Jiang J.J,Fan S.C,Z and Feng K.GHz microwave permeability of CoFeZr amorphous materials synthesized by two-stepmechanical alloying.Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,264,50(2003)
[12]Suryanarayana C.Mechanical alloying and milling progress in Materials Science,46,1(2001)
[13]朱心昆,林秋实,陈铁力,程抱昌,曹建春,机械合金化的研究及进展,粉末 冶金技术,17,291(1999)
[14]吴年强,李志章,机械合金化的机制,材料导报,11,20(1997)
[15]Liu Yongsheng,Zhang Jincang,Yu Liming,Jia Guangqiang,Jing Chao,Cao Shixun.Magnetic and frequency properties for nanocrystalline Fe-Ni alloys prepared by high-energy milling method.Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,285,138(2005)
[16]Nie Y,He H.H,Gong R.Z,Zhang X.C.The electromagnetic characteristics and design of mechanically alloyed Fe-Co particles for electromagnetic-wave absorber.Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,310,13(2007)
[17]Oleszak D,Grabias A,ekala M.P,'Swiderska-'Sroda A,Kulik T.Evolution of structure in austenitic steel powders during ball milling and subsequent sintering.Journal of Alloys and Compounds,434-435,340(2007)
[18]Zhou P.H,Deng L.J,Xie J.L,Liang D,Chen F.L,Zhao X.Q.Nanocrystalline structure and particle size effect on microwave permeability of FeNi powders prepared by mechanical alloying.Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,292,325(2005)
[19]Deng L.J.Zhou P.H.,Xie J.L,Zhang L.Characterization and microwave resonance in nanocrystalline FeCoNi flake composite.Journal of Applied Physics,101,103916(2007)
[20]Zhou Peiheng,Deng Longjiang,Xie Jianliang,Liang Difei,Chen Liang.A Study about Fe-Ni Mechanical Alloying Process by Dry and Wet Method.Journal of Electronic Science and Technology of China,3,164(2005)
[21]AHN I.S,KIM S.S,PARK M.W,LEE K.M.Phase characteristics of mechanically alloyed Al-10 wt.%Nb alloy.Journal of Materials Science Letters,19,2015(2000)
[22]范景莲,黄伯云,汪登龙,过程控制剂对机械合金化过程与粉末特征的影响,粉末冶金工业,12,7(2002)
[23]范润华,陈云,张景德,尹衍升,球磨合成Fe_3Al金属间化合物及其固相反应机理,功能材料,35,442(2004)
[24]刘晓,曹晶晶,云志,史美仁,机械合金化制备SbSn金属间化合物的研究材料科学与工艺,14,305(2006)
[25]Hugh Baker.ASM HANDBOOK VOL 3:Alloy Phase Diagrams
[26]苏昉,谢斌,沈宝根,薛天缘,纳米晶Fe_(1-x)Zr_x合金组分、晶化状况对磁性的影响.金属功能材料,4,149(1995)
[27]Hellstern E,Schultz L,Glass forming ability in meachanically alloyed Fe-Zr.Appl.Phys.Lett.,49,1163(1986)
[1]李树棠,晶体x射线衍射学基础,冶金工业出版社,(1990)
[2]张建中,杨传铮,晶体的射线衍射基础,南京大学出版社,(1992)
[3]张清敏,徐濮,扫描电子显微镜和X射线微区分析,(1988)
[4]周文生,磁性测量原理,电子工业出版社,(1988)
[5]廖绍彬,铁磁学(下册),科学出版社,(2000)
[6]宛德福,马兴隆,磁性物理学,电子工业出版社,(1999)
[7]邢丽英,隐身材料,化学工业出版社,(2004)
[1]Suryanarayana C.Mechanical alloying and milling.Progress in Materials Science,46,1(2001)
[2]Masahiro Itoh,Jiu Rong Liu,Takashi Horikawa,Ken-Ichi Machida.Electromagnetic wave absorption properties of nanocomposite powders derived from intermetallic compounds and amorphous carbon.Journal of Alloys and Compounds,408-412,1400(2006)
[3]Tatsuya Nakamura.Snoek's limit in high-frequenc.y permeability of polycrystalline Ni-Zn,Mg-Zn,and Ni-Zn-Cu spinel ferrites.Journal of Applied Physics,88,348(2000)
[4]Nie Y,He H.H,Gong R.Z,Zhang X.C.The electromagnetic characteristics and design of mechanically alloyed Fe-Co particles for electromagnetic-wave absorber. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,310,13(2007)
[5]Liu X.G,Geng D.Y,Meng H,Li B,Zhang Q,Kang D.J,Zhang Z.D.Electromagnetic-wave-absorption properties of wire-like structures self-assembled by FeCo nanocapsules.J.Phys.D:Appl.Phys.,41,175001(2008)
[6]Zhang Baoshan,Feng Yong,Xiong Jie,Yang Yi,Lu Huaixian.Microwave-Absorbing Properties of De-Aggregated Hake-Shaped Carbonyl-Iron Particle Composites at 2-18 GHz.IEEE Transactions on magnetics,42,1778(2006)
[7]Feng YongBao,Qiu Tai,Shen ChunYing,Li XiaoYun.Electromagnetic and Absorption Properties of Carbonyl Iron/Rubber Radar Absorbing Materials.IEEE Transactions on magnetics,42,363(2006)
[8]Li Jiangong,Huang Juanjuan,Qin Yong,Ma Fei.Magnetic and microwave properties of cobalt nanoplatelets.Materials Science and Engineering B,138,199(2007)
[9]范景莲,黄伯云,汪登龙,过程控制剂对机械合金化过程与粉末特征的影响,粉末冶金工业,12,7(2002)
[10]Olmedo L,Chateau G,Deleuze C,Forveille J.L.Microwave characterization and modelization of magnetic granular materials.Journal of Applied Physics,73(10),6992(1993)
[11]Rousselle D,Berthault A,Ather O,Bouchaud J.P.Effective medium at finite frequency:Theory and experiment.Journal of Applied Physics,73(5),475(1993)
[1]Yang Yi,Zhang Baoshan,Xu Weidong,Shi Yingbing,Zhou Ningsheng,Lu Huaixian.Microwave absorption studies of W-hexaferdte prepared by co-precipitation/mechanical milling.Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,265,119(2003)
[2]Li Jiangong,Huang Juanjuan,Qin Yong,Ma Fei.Magnetic and microwave properties of cobalt nanoplatelets.Materials Science and Engineering B,138,199(2007)
[3]Xue DeSheng,Li FaShen,Fan XiaoLong,Wen FuSheng.Bianisotropy Picture of Higher Permeability at Higher Frequencies.Chinese Physcs Letter,25,4120(2008)
[4]Zhang Baoshan,Feng Yong,Xiong Jie,Yang Yi,and Lu Huaixian.Microwave-Absorbing Properties of De-Aggregated Flake-Shaped Carbonyl-Iron Particle Composites at 2-18 GHz.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,42,1778(2006)
[5]Deng L.J,Zhou P.H,Xie J.L,Zhang L.Characterization and microwave resonance in nanocrystalline FeCoNi flake composite.Journal of Applied Physics,101,103916(2007)
[6]黄娟娟,兰州大学博士毕业论文,(2007)
[1]Fu Lei,Liu Zhimin,Liu Yunqi,Han Buxing,Wang Jiaqiu,Hu Pingan,Cao Lingchao.Daoben Zhu.Coating carbon nanotubes with rare earth oxide multiwalled nanotubes.Advanced Materials,16,350(2004)
[2]Feng Jin,Yan Liu,Christopher M.Day,Scott A.Little.Enhanced electron emission from functionalized carbon nanotubes with a barium strontium oxide coating produced by magnetron sputtering.Carbon,45,587(2007)
[3]Aminur Rahman G.M,Guldi Dirk M,Elena Zambon,Lucia Pasquato,Nikos Tagmatarchis,and Maurizio Prato.Dispersable Carbon Nanotube/Gold Nanohybrids:Evidence for Strong Electronic Interactions.Small,1,527(2005)
[4]Che R.C,Zhi C.Y,Liang C.Y,Zhou X.G..Fabrication and microwave absorption of carbon nanotubes/CoFe2O4 spinel nanocomposite.Applied Physics Letters,88,033105(2006)
[5]Han Mangui,Deng Longjiang.Doping effect of multiwall carbon nanotubes on the microwaveelectromagnetic properties of NiCoZn spinel ferrites.Applied Physics Letters,90,011108(2007)
[6]Jayakumar O.D,Salunke H.G,MKadam R,Manoj Mohapatra,Yaswant G,Kulshreshthal S.K.Magnetism in Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles prepared by a co-precipitation method.Nanotechnology,17,1278(2006)
[7]Lee,C.J.,Lyu,S.C.,K.im H.W.,Park C.Y.,and Yang C.W.Large-scale production of aligned carbon nanotubes by the vapor phase growth method,Chemical Physics Letters,359,109(2002)
[2]柳志忠,舰艇雷达隐身技术的发展,船舰电子工程,28,33(2008)
[3]Zhang Baoshan,Feng Yong,Xiong Jie,Yang Yi,and Lu Huaixian.Microwave-Absorbing Properties of De-Aggregated Flake-Shaped Carbonyl-Iron Particle Composites at 2-18 GHz.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,42,1778(2006)
[4]Deng L.J,Zhou P.H,Xie J.L,Zhang L.Characterization and microwave resonance in nanocrystalline FeCoNi flake composite.Journal of Applied Physics,101,103916(2007)
[5]Yang Yi,Zhang Baoshan,Xu Weidong.Microwave absorption studies of W-hexaferrite prepared by co-precipition/mechanical milling.Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,265,119(2003)
[6]Kwon H.J,Shin J.Y and Oh J.H.The microwave absorbing and resonance phenomana of Y-type hexagonal ferrite microwave absorbers.Journal of Applied Physics,75(10),6109(1994)
[7]Wang Jing,Zhang Hong,Bai Shuxin,Chen Ke,Zhang Changrui.Microwave absorbing properties of rare-earth elements substituted W-type barium ferrite.Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,312,310(2007)
[8]卢晓明,张弢,蒋正生,纳米晶FeB合金的微波磁性.南京师大学报(自然科学版),30,39(2007)
[9]张铁军,王敦辉,章建荣,都有为.机械合金化Fe-Si合金的微结构与磁性.物理学报,46,2250(1997)
[10]吴子秋,张海燕,曾国勋,陈易明,纳米晶Fe-Ni和Fe-Co粉的微波磁性能.航天材料工艺,4,40(2008)
[11]Deng L.W,Jiang J.J,Fan S.C,Z and Feng K.GHz microwave permeability of CoFeZr amorphous materials synthesized by two-stepmechanical alloying.Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,264,50(2003)
[12]Suryanarayana C.Mechanical alloying and milling progress in Materials Science,46,1(2001)
[13]朱心昆,林秋实,陈铁力,程抱昌,曹建春,机械合金化的研究及进展,粉末 冶金技术,17,291(1999)
[14]吴年强,李志章,机械合金化的机制,材料导报,11,20(1997)
[15]Liu Yongsheng,Zhang Jincang,Yu Liming,Jia Guangqiang,Jing Chao,Cao Shixun.Magnetic and frequency properties for nanocrystalline Fe-Ni alloys prepared by high-energy milling method.Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,285,138(2005)
[16]Nie Y,He H.H,Gong R.Z,Zhang X.C.The electromagnetic characteristics and design of mechanically alloyed Fe-Co particles for electromagnetic-wave absorber.Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,310,13(2007)
[17]Oleszak D,Grabias A,ekala M.P,'Swiderska-'Sroda A,Kulik T.Evolution of structure in austenitic steel powders during ball milling and subsequent sintering.Journal of Alloys and Compounds,434-435,340(2007)
[18]Zhou P.H,Deng L.J,Xie J.L,Liang D,Chen F.L,Zhao X.Q.Nanocrystalline structure and particle size effect on microwave permeability of FeNi powders prepared by mechanical alloying.Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,292,325(2005)
[19]Deng L.J.Zhou P.H.,Xie J.L,Zhang L.Characterization and microwave resonance in nanocrystalline FeCoNi flake composite.Journal of Applied Physics,101,103916(2007)
[20]Zhou Peiheng,Deng Longjiang,Xie Jianliang,Liang Difei,Chen Liang.A Study about Fe-Ni Mechanical Alloying Process by Dry and Wet Method.Journal of Electronic Science and Technology of China,3,164(2005)
[21]AHN I.S,KIM S.S,PARK M.W,LEE K.M.Phase characteristics of mechanically alloyed Al-10 wt.%Nb alloy.Journal of Materials Science Letters,19,2015(2000)
[22]范景莲,黄伯云,汪登龙,过程控制剂对机械合金化过程与粉末特征的影响,粉末冶金工业,12,7(2002)
[23]范润华,陈云,张景德,尹衍升,球磨合成Fe_3Al金属间化合物及其固相反应机理,功能材料,35,442(2004)
[24]刘晓,曹晶晶,云志,史美仁,机械合金化制备SbSn金属间化合物的研究材料科学与工艺,14,305(2006)
[25]Hugh Baker.ASM HANDBOOK VOL 3:Alloy Phase Diagrams
[26]苏昉,谢斌,沈宝根,薛天缘,纳米晶Fe_(1-x)Zr_x合金组分、晶化状况对磁性的影响.金属功能材料,4,149(1995)
[27]Hellstern E,Schultz L,Glass forming ability in meachanically alloyed Fe-Zr.Appl.Phys.Lett.,49,1163(1986)
[1]李树棠,晶体x射线衍射学基础,冶金工业出版社,(1990)
[2]张建中,杨传铮,晶体的射线衍射基础,南京大学出版社,(1992)
[3]张清敏,徐濮,扫描电子显微镜和X射线微区分析,(1988)
[4]周文生,磁性测量原理,电子工业出版社,(1988)
[5]廖绍彬,铁磁学(下册),科学出版社,(2000)
[6]宛德福,马兴隆,磁性物理学,电子工业出版社,(1999)
[7]邢丽英,隐身材料,化学工业出版社,(2004)
[1]Suryanarayana C.Mechanical alloying and milling.Progress in Materials Science,46,1(2001)
[2]Masahiro Itoh,Jiu Rong Liu,Takashi Horikawa,Ken-Ichi Machida.Electromagnetic wave absorption properties of nanocomposite powders derived from intermetallic compounds and amorphous carbon.Journal of Alloys and Compounds,408-412,1400(2006)
[3]Tatsuya Nakamura.Snoek's limit in high-frequenc.y permeability of polycrystalline Ni-Zn,Mg-Zn,and Ni-Zn-Cu spinel ferrites.Journal of Applied Physics,88,348(2000)
[4]Nie Y,He H.H,Gong R.Z,Zhang X.C.The electromagnetic characteristics and design of mechanically alloyed Fe-Co particles for electromagnetic-wave absorber. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,310,13(2007)
[5]Liu X.G,Geng D.Y,Meng H,Li B,Zhang Q,Kang D.J,Zhang Z.D.Electromagnetic-wave-absorption properties of wire-like structures self-assembled by FeCo nanocapsules.J.Phys.D:Appl.Phys.,41,175001(2008)
[6]Zhang Baoshan,Feng Yong,Xiong Jie,Yang Yi,Lu Huaixian.Microwave-Absorbing Properties of De-Aggregated Hake-Shaped Carbonyl-Iron Particle Composites at 2-18 GHz.IEEE Transactions on magnetics,42,1778(2006)
[7]Feng YongBao,Qiu Tai,Shen ChunYing,Li XiaoYun.Electromagnetic and Absorption Properties of Carbonyl Iron/Rubber Radar Absorbing Materials.IEEE Transactions on magnetics,42,363(2006)
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