基于DSP数字控制双向全桥DC/DC变换器的研制
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摘要
双向DC/DC变换器(Bi-directional DC/DC Converter, BDC)是典型的“一机两用”设备,可实现能量的双向传输,所以在需要能量双向流动的场合,双向DC/DC变换器的应用可大幅度减轻系统的体积、重量和成本,有着重要的研究价值。本文主要研究适用于中到大功率场合的数字控制隔离型双向全桥DC/DC变换器。
本文首先介绍双向DC/DC变换器的概念、应用场合以及研究现状,并在此基础上分析了研究较多的电压-电流型双向全桥DC/DC变换器的优缺点,进而引出了电压-电压型双向全桥DC/DC变换器。该变换器的高压侧和低压侧都为电压型全桥结构,降压模式时,高压侧开关管有驱动信号,低压侧开关管驱动信号封锁,仅用功率开关管的体二极管整流；升压模式时,其工作原理与降压模式相反。因此,升/降压工作模式原理与单向全桥DC/DC变换器类似。同时还分析了主电路中高频变压器偏磁问题并给出了解决方案。其次本文在对电压-电压型双向全桥DC/DC变换器工作原理分析的基础上,设计了主电路、驱动电路、采样电路以及保护电路等,并详细介绍了电路中主要元器件参数的选取方法,变压器等磁性元件的设计流程,并利用OrCAD10.5/PSpice软件对整个主电路方案进行了仿真验证。本文还详细介绍了基于DSP TMS320F2812数字控制电路的设计过程,并且提出了一种基于DSP全比较模式的数字移相直接生成方法,该方法通过编程方式就可以实现移相波形的产生及死区的灵活设置,并设计了合理的数字控制器。
最后制成了一台额定功率1KW的样机,进行了实验验证。实验结果表明了上述方案、分析、设计的正确性。
Bi-directional DC/DC converter (BDC) is such a typical device as "two functions in one device", with which energy can transfer in either direction. So, using BDC can reduce the size, the weight and the cost of power system, and it is worth while to research. The thesis mainly concentrated on the research of the digital controlled, isolated bi-directional full-bridge DC/ DC converter which can be used in high power applications.
First, the conception, applications and research of the bi-directional DC/DC converter are presented. And on this basis, advantages and disadvantages of the voltage-current bi-directional full-bridge DC/DC converters are studied and analyzed. Then the voltage-voltage bi-directional full-bridge DC/DC converter is brought in. The high side and low side of voltage-voltage bi-directional full-bridge DC/DC converter are all voltage full-bridge structure. In buck mode, high side switch in possession of driving signal, and switch drive signal of low-pressure side is blocked, which has only body diode of switch to be used as rectifier. In boost mode, the situation is just reversed. So, the buck and boost mode of the voltage-voltage bi-directional full-bridge DC/DC converter are similar to a single full-bridge DC/DC converter. The magnetic bias problem of high-frequency transformer is analyzed and the solution is given. At the same time, the main circuit, the driving circuit, the sampling circuit, the protecting circuits and the auxiliary power supply circuits are designed based on the analysis of operation principle on voltage-voltage mode bi-directional full-bridge DC/DC converters, and the way of calculating and selecting the component parameters and the design flow of magnetic components such as transformer are also presented. In addition, the simulation of the main circuit is carried out by the OrCAD10.5/PSpice software. In this paper, because the digital control method which is based on DSP TMS320F2812 is adopted, so, a direct digital phase-shift method based on DSP full comparison is put forward, and by the way of programming, the phase-shift waveform can obtain and the dead-time can be set.
Finally, a prototype with ration power 1kW is made. The experimental result shows that the scheme, analysis and the design are correct.
本文首先介绍双向DC/DC变换器的概念、应用场合以及研究现状,并在此基础上分析了研究较多的电压-电流型双向全桥DC/DC变换器的优缺点,进而引出了电压-电压型双向全桥DC/DC变换器。该变换器的高压侧和低压侧都为电压型全桥结构,降压模式时,高压侧开关管有驱动信号,低压侧开关管驱动信号封锁,仅用功率开关管的体二极管整流；升压模式时,其工作原理与降压模式相反。因此,升/降压工作模式原理与单向全桥DC/DC变换器类似。同时还分析了主电路中高频变压器偏磁问题并给出了解决方案。其次本文在对电压-电压型双向全桥DC/DC变换器工作原理分析的基础上,设计了主电路、驱动电路、采样电路以及保护电路等,并详细介绍了电路中主要元器件参数的选取方法,变压器等磁性元件的设计流程,并利用OrCAD10.5/PSpice软件对整个主电路方案进行了仿真验证。本文还详细介绍了基于DSP TMS320F2812数字控制电路的设计过程,并且提出了一种基于DSP全比较模式的数字移相直接生成方法,该方法通过编程方式就可以实现移相波形的产生及死区的灵活设置,并设计了合理的数字控制器。
最后制成了一台额定功率1KW的样机,进行了实验验证。实验结果表明了上述方案、分析、设计的正确性。
Bi-directional DC/DC converter (BDC) is such a typical device as "two functions in one device", with which energy can transfer in either direction. So, using BDC can reduce the size, the weight and the cost of power system, and it is worth while to research. The thesis mainly concentrated on the research of the digital controlled, isolated bi-directional full-bridge DC/ DC converter which can be used in high power applications.
First, the conception, applications and research of the bi-directional DC/DC converter are presented. And on this basis, advantages and disadvantages of the voltage-current bi-directional full-bridge DC/DC converters are studied and analyzed. Then the voltage-voltage bi-directional full-bridge DC/DC converter is brought in. The high side and low side of voltage-voltage bi-directional full-bridge DC/DC converter are all voltage full-bridge structure. In buck mode, high side switch in possession of driving signal, and switch drive signal of low-pressure side is blocked, which has only body diode of switch to be used as rectifier. In boost mode, the situation is just reversed. So, the buck and boost mode of the voltage-voltage bi-directional full-bridge DC/DC converter are similar to a single full-bridge DC/DC converter. The magnetic bias problem of high-frequency transformer is analyzed and the solution is given. At the same time, the main circuit, the driving circuit, the sampling circuit, the protecting circuits and the auxiliary power supply circuits are designed based on the analysis of operation principle on voltage-voltage mode bi-directional full-bridge DC/DC converters, and the way of calculating and selecting the component parameters and the design flow of magnetic components such as transformer are also presented. In addition, the simulation of the main circuit is carried out by the OrCAD10.5/PSpice software. In this paper, because the digital control method which is based on DSP TMS320F2812 is adopted, so, a direct digital phase-shift method based on DSP full comparison is put forward, and by the way of programming, the phase-shift waveform can obtain and the dead-time can be set.
Finally, a prototype with ration power 1kW is made. The experimental result shows that the scheme, analysis and the design are correct.
引文
[1]严仰光.双向直流变换器[M].南京：江苏科学技术出版社,2004
[2]E Rodriguez, H Visairo, J Arau. A High Efficiency DC-UPS with PFC[C]. IEEE PESC00 Galway Ireland,2000:1439-1444
[3]李成章.现代UPS电源及电路图集[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2001：2-3
[4]陈清泉,孙逢春,祝嘉光.现代电动汽车技术[M].北京：北京理工大学出版社,2002
[5]F Caricchi, F Crescimbini, G Noia, D Pirolo. Experimental study of a bidirectional DC/DC converter for the DC Link voltage control and the regenerative braking in PM motor devoted to electrical vehicles [C]. Proc.of EC,1998:381-386
[6]F.Caricchi, F.Crescimbini, A.Di Napoli.20 kW water-cooled prototype of a buck-boost bidirectional DC/DC converter topology for electrical vehicle motor drives [C]. Proc.of APEC,1995:887-892
[7]K T Chau, T W Ching, C.C.Chan. Constant-frequency multi-resonant converter-fed do motor drives [C]. Proc.of IECON,1996:78-83
[8]K T Chau, T W Ching, C.C.Chan. Bidirectional soft-switching converter-fed do motor drives [C]. Proc.of PESC,1998:416-422
[9]H.L.Chan, K.W E.Cheng, D.Sutanto. A novel square-wave converter with bidirectional power flow [C]. Proc.of PEDS,1999:966-971
[10]Xinxiang Yan, A.Seckold, D.Patterson. Development of a zero-voltage-transition bidirectional DC/DC converter for a brushless DC machine EV propulsion system [C]. Proc of PESC,2002: 1661-1666
[11]X.Yan, D.Patterson. Improvement of drive range acceleration and deceleration performance in an electric vehicle propulsion system [C]. Proc of PESC,1999:638-643
[12]Mustansir H.Kheraluwala, Randal W.Gascoigne. Performance characterization of a high-power dual active bridge dc-to-dc converter [J]. IEEE Trans.on Industry Applications,1992, IA-28(6): 1294-1301
[13]M.K Kazimierczuk, D.Q.Vuong, B.T.Nguyen, J.A.Weimer. Topologies of bi-directional PWM DC/DC power converters [C]. Proc of NAECON,1993:435-441
[14]T.F.Wu, C.H.Chang, Z.R.Liu, T.H.Yu. Single-stage converters for photovoltaic powered lighting systems with MPPT and charging features [C]. Proc of APEC,1998:1149-1155.
[15]P. Espinosa, D. Sable, F. C. Lee.etc. A four-module zero-voltage-switched bidirectional battery charger/discharger [C]. Proc of the Virginia Power Electronics Conference VPEC,1994:237-244
[16]Henry Shu-hung Chung, Adrian loinovici, Wai-Leung Cheung. Generalized Structure of Bi-Directional Switched-Capacitor DC/DC Converters [J]. IEEE Transactions on circuits and systems-I:fundamental theory and applications,2003,50(6):743-753
[17]Reimann T, Szeponik S.. A novel control principle of bi-directional DC-DC power conversion
[C]. Proc of PESC,1997, (2):978-984
[18]吕征宇,陈国柱,钱照明,汪桶生.电力电子中的数字化控制技术[J].机电工程,2001,18：1-4
[19]许道飞.基于DSP的在线式UPS数字化控制技术[D].浙江：浙江大学,2003
[20]熊乐进.基于DSP的单芯片数字控制UPS电源[D].浙江：浙江大学,2002
[21]阮新波,严仰光.脉宽调制DC/DC全桥变换器的软开关技术[M].北京：科学出版社,1999
[22]杭丽君,姚文熙,吕征宇.增量式数字PI环在双向DC/DC变换器中的应用[J].电力电子技术,2004
[23]张方华.双向DC/DC变换器的研究[D].南京：南京航空航天大学,2004
[24]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计(修订版)[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2004
[25]洪峰.数字控制移相全桥软开关变换器[D].南京：南京航空航天大学,2004
[26]阮新波,严仰光.直流开关电源的软开关技术[M].北京：科学出版社,2000
[27]刘和平,严利平,张学峰等.TMS320LF240xDSP结构原理及应用[M].北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2002
[28]苏奎峰,吕强,耿庆峰.TMS320F2812原理与开发[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2005
[29]张亮.基于FreeScale DSP控制器的移相全桥直直变换器[D].南京航空航天大学硕士论文,2005
[30]许海平,温旭辉,孔力.全数字化双向DC/DC变换器的分析和设计[J].电力电子技术,2003,37(6)：13-16
[31]李志,林磊,邹云屏.移相全桥DC/DC软开关变换器的全数字化实现[J].航电技术,2007
[32]张先谋.移相全桥软开关DC/DC变换器的研究[D].中国科学院硕士学位论文,2002
[33]刘胜利.现代高频开关电源实用技术[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2001
[34]万山明.TMS320F281xDSP原理及应用实例[M].北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2007
[35]Kunrong Wang, Fred C Lee, Jason Lai. OPERATION PRINCIPLES OF BI-DIRECTIONAL FULL-BRIDGE DC/DC CONVERTER WITH UNIFIED SOFT-SWITCHING SCHEME AND SOFTSTARTINGCAPABILITY [C]. IEEE,2000:111-118
[36]Angel V Peterchev, Seth R Sanders. Quantization Resolution and Limit Cycling in Digitally Controlled PWM Converters [J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS,2003,18(1):301-308
[37]龚春,英刘,煌肖岚.几种MOSFET驱动电路的研究[J].电源技术应用,2001
[38]赖寿宏.微型机算计控制技术[M].机械工业出版社,2001
[39]陈长江,姜幼卿.逆变电源缓冲电路与隔直电容的参数计算[J].武汉船舶职业技术学院学报,2005
[40]Lizhi Zhu. A novel soft-commutating isolated boost full-bridge ZVS-PWM dc-dc converter for bidirectional high power applications [J]. IEEE Trans.on PE,2006,21(2):422-429
[41]邓凡李.基于PSpice的电力电子电路仿真研究[D].合肥：合肥工业大学,2006
[42]刘凤君.现代高频开关电源技术及应用[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2007
[43]阮新波,严仰光.全桥变换器的控制策略[J].电气自动化,2000
[44]诸静.模糊控制原理与应用[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1998
[45]钱同惠,沈其聪,葛晓滨等译.模糊逻辑及其工程应用[M].北京：电子工业出版社,1999
[46]Sung-hoe Huh, Gwi-Tae Park. An adaptive fuzzy controller for power converters [J]. IEEE International Fuzzy Systems Conference Proceedings,1999,1(22):434-439
[47]Rubaai, A Chouikha, M F. Design and analysis of fuzzy controllers for DC-DC converters [J]. IEEE,2004,2(1):479-482
[48]Yuang-Shung Lee, Chii-Wen Jao. Fuzzy controlled lithium-ion battery equalization with state-of-charge estimator [J]. IEEE,2003,5(5):4431-4438
[2]E Rodriguez, H Visairo, J Arau. A High Efficiency DC-UPS with PFC[C]. IEEE PESC00 Galway Ireland,2000:1439-1444
[3]李成章.现代UPS电源及电路图集[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2001：2-3
[4]陈清泉,孙逢春,祝嘉光.现代电动汽车技术[M].北京：北京理工大学出版社,2002
[5]F Caricchi, F Crescimbini, G Noia, D Pirolo. Experimental study of a bidirectional DC/DC converter for the DC Link voltage control and the regenerative braking in PM motor devoted to electrical vehicles [C]. Proc.of EC,1998:381-386
[6]F.Caricchi, F.Crescimbini, A.Di Napoli.20 kW water-cooled prototype of a buck-boost bidirectional DC/DC converter topology for electrical vehicle motor drives [C]. Proc.of APEC,1995:887-892
[7]K T Chau, T W Ching, C.C.Chan. Constant-frequency multi-resonant converter-fed do motor drives [C]. Proc.of IECON,1996:78-83
[8]K T Chau, T W Ching, C.C.Chan. Bidirectional soft-switching converter-fed do motor drives [C]. Proc.of PESC,1998:416-422
[9]H.L.Chan, K.W E.Cheng, D.Sutanto. A novel square-wave converter with bidirectional power flow [C]. Proc.of PEDS,1999:966-971
[10]Xinxiang Yan, A.Seckold, D.Patterson. Development of a zero-voltage-transition bidirectional DC/DC converter for a brushless DC machine EV propulsion system [C]. Proc of PESC,2002: 1661-1666
[11]X.Yan, D.Patterson. Improvement of drive range acceleration and deceleration performance in an electric vehicle propulsion system [C]. Proc of PESC,1999:638-643
[12]Mustansir H.Kheraluwala, Randal W.Gascoigne. Performance characterization of a high-power dual active bridge dc-to-dc converter [J]. IEEE Trans.on Industry Applications,1992, IA-28(6): 1294-1301
[13]M.K Kazimierczuk, D.Q.Vuong, B.T.Nguyen, J.A.Weimer. Topologies of bi-directional PWM DC/DC power converters [C]. Proc of NAECON,1993:435-441
[14]T.F.Wu, C.H.Chang, Z.R.Liu, T.H.Yu. Single-stage converters for photovoltaic powered lighting systems with MPPT and charging features [C]. Proc of APEC,1998:1149-1155.
[15]P. Espinosa, D. Sable, F. C. Lee.etc. A four-module zero-voltage-switched bidirectional battery charger/discharger [C]. Proc of the Virginia Power Electronics Conference VPEC,1994:237-244
[16]Henry Shu-hung Chung, Adrian loinovici, Wai-Leung Cheung. Generalized Structure of Bi-Directional Switched-Capacitor DC/DC Converters [J]. IEEE Transactions on circuits and systems-I:fundamental theory and applications,2003,50(6):743-753
[17]Reimann T, Szeponik S.. A novel control principle of bi-directional DC-DC power conversion
[C]. Proc of PESC,1997, (2):978-984
[18]吕征宇,陈国柱,钱照明,汪桶生.电力电子中的数字化控制技术[J].机电工程,2001,18：1-4
[19]许道飞.基于DSP的在线式UPS数字化控制技术[D].浙江：浙江大学,2003
[20]熊乐进.基于DSP的单芯片数字控制UPS电源[D].浙江：浙江大学,2002
[21]阮新波,严仰光.脉宽调制DC/DC全桥变换器的软开关技术[M].北京：科学出版社,1999
[22]杭丽君,姚文熙,吕征宇.增量式数字PI环在双向DC/DC变换器中的应用[J].电力电子技术,2004
[23]张方华.双向DC/DC变换器的研究[D].南京：南京航空航天大学,2004
[24]张占松,蔡宣三.开关电源的原理与设计(修订版)[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2004
[25]洪峰.数字控制移相全桥软开关变换器[D].南京：南京航空航天大学,2004
[26]阮新波,严仰光.直流开关电源的软开关技术[M].北京：科学出版社,2000
[27]刘和平,严利平,张学峰等.TMS320LF240xDSP结构原理及应用[M].北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2002
[28]苏奎峰,吕强,耿庆峰.TMS320F2812原理与开发[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2005
[29]张亮.基于FreeScale DSP控制器的移相全桥直直变换器[D].南京航空航天大学硕士论文,2005
[30]许海平,温旭辉,孔力.全数字化双向DC/DC变换器的分析和设计[J].电力电子技术,2003,37(6)：13-16
[31]李志,林磊,邹云屏.移相全桥DC/DC软开关变换器的全数字化实现[J].航电技术,2007
[32]张先谋.移相全桥软开关DC/DC变换器的研究[D].中国科学院硕士学位论文,2002
[33]刘胜利.现代高频开关电源实用技术[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2001
[34]万山明.TMS320F281xDSP原理及应用实例[M].北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,2007
[35]Kunrong Wang, Fred C Lee, Jason Lai. OPERATION PRINCIPLES OF BI-DIRECTIONAL FULL-BRIDGE DC/DC CONVERTER WITH UNIFIED SOFT-SWITCHING SCHEME AND SOFTSTARTINGCAPABILITY [C]. IEEE,2000:111-118
[36]Angel V Peterchev, Seth R Sanders. Quantization Resolution and Limit Cycling in Digitally Controlled PWM Converters [J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS,2003,18(1):301-308
[37]龚春,英刘,煌肖岚.几种MOSFET驱动电路的研究[J].电源技术应用,2001
[38]赖寿宏.微型机算计控制技术[M].机械工业出版社,2001
[39]陈长江,姜幼卿.逆变电源缓冲电路与隔直电容的参数计算[J].武汉船舶职业技术学院学报,2005
[40]Lizhi Zhu. A novel soft-commutating isolated boost full-bridge ZVS-PWM dc-dc converter for bidirectional high power applications [J]. IEEE Trans.on PE,2006,21(2):422-429
[41]邓凡李.基于PSpice的电力电子电路仿真研究[D].合肥：合肥工业大学,2006
[42]刘凤君.现代高频开关电源技术及应用[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2007
[43]阮新波,严仰光.全桥变换器的控制策略[J].电气自动化,2000
[44]诸静.模糊控制原理与应用[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1998
[45]钱同惠,沈其聪,葛晓滨等译.模糊逻辑及其工程应用[M].北京：电子工业出版社,1999
[46]Sung-hoe Huh, Gwi-Tae Park. An adaptive fuzzy controller for power converters [J]. IEEE International Fuzzy Systems Conference Proceedings,1999,1(22):434-439
[47]Rubaai, A Chouikha, M F. Design and analysis of fuzzy controllers for DC-DC converters [J]. IEEE,2004,2(1):479-482
[48]Yuang-Shung Lee, Chii-Wen Jao. Fuzzy controlled lithium-ion battery equalization with state-of-charge estimator [J]. IEEE,2003,5(5):4431-4438