相移加PWM复合控制双向DC-DC变换器拓扑的综合方法
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摘要
高功率密度双向DC-DC功率变换器能够高效率、灵活地实现对电能双向流动的控制，将广泛地应用在电动汽车、航天供电系统、新能源再生能源发电等系统中。但是双向DC-DC功率变换器要在电动汽车、航天等许多应用场合获得实际应用仍面临三大问题，即双向DC-DC功率变换器的功率密度、电磁兼容性和成本问题。软开关技术是解决功率密度和电磁兼容性的关键技术。相移控制双向DC-DC功率变换器因具有功率器件电压，电流应力小，定频工作和无须增加辅助器件即可实现功率器件的零电压开关条件等优点而受到关注。研究表明，当相移控制双向DC-DC功率变换器的输入电压或输出电压偏离标称电压时，相移控制将在双向DC-DC变换器中造成严重的环流，导致通态损耗的迅速增加和软开关条件的破坏。而在电动汽车、航天等能量管理系统中，无论是双向DC-DC功率变换器输入还是输出的电压变化范围都是很大的，相移控制双向DC-DC功率变换器的应用遇到了严重的限制。
PWM控制双向DC-DC功率变换器具有对输入和输出电压大范围变化适应性强的优势；相移控制具有无须辅助开关即可实现双向DC-DC功率变换器零电压开关能力的优势。本文综合PWM控制双向DC-DC变换器和相移控制双向DC-DC变换器的优势，探讨将脉宽调制与相移控制相结合的具有高功率密度、高效率和高电磁兼容性的双向DC-DC功率变换器拓扑及应用技术。文中介绍了相移加PWM复合控制技术的实质，并从电路拓扑理论出发，推导出相移与PWM复合控制双向功率变换器拓扑族，最后以一个具体电路为实例阐述了相移与PWM复合控制双向DC-DC变换器的工作原理，给出了控制电路的设计方法，对变换器的损耗构成进行了详尽的分析，给出了各部分损耗的数学模型，最后给出了实验结果。
Bidirectional DC-DC converters can easily control the transfer of power between two DC sources, and will be widely used in applications such as electric vehicles, aerospace power systems, and new power generation system which utilize clean energy. However, there exit three key problems in their applications, which are power density, EMC, and cost. Soft switching is one of key technology to solve these problems. Phase-shift bidirectional DC-DC converter is attractive since it operated with fixed frequency, has small voltage and current stress and can realize ZVS without auxiliary switches. However, it has high current stresses and narrow ZVS range when the amplitude of input voltage is not matched with that of output voltage. Both the range of input voltage and that of output voltage are very wide in applications such as electric vehicles and aerospace power systems.
PWM plus phase-shift bidirectional DC-DC converter features reduced current stress, conduction losses, switching losses of semiconductors and wide ZVS range. Actually, PWM plus phase-shift control can be extended to a family of bidirectional DC-DC converters. In this thesis, a technique to synthesize bidirectional DC-DC converter topologies is presented. Operation principle, design of control circuit, loss analysis and experimental results of one PWM plus phase-shift bidirectional DC-DC converter are provided.
PWM控制双向DC-DC功率变换器具有对输入和输出电压大范围变化适应性强的优势；相移控制具有无须辅助开关即可实现双向DC-DC功率变换器零电压开关能力的优势。本文综合PWM控制双向DC-DC变换器和相移控制双向DC-DC变换器的优势，探讨将脉宽调制与相移控制相结合的具有高功率密度、高效率和高电磁兼容性的双向DC-DC功率变换器拓扑及应用技术。文中介绍了相移加PWM复合控制技术的实质，并从电路拓扑理论出发，推导出相移与PWM复合控制双向功率变换器拓扑族，最后以一个具体电路为实例阐述了相移与PWM复合控制双向DC-DC变换器的工作原理，给出了控制电路的设计方法，对变换器的损耗构成进行了详尽的分析，给出了各部分损耗的数学模型，最后给出了实验结果。
Bidirectional DC-DC converters can easily control the transfer of power between two DC sources, and will be widely used in applications such as electric vehicles, aerospace power systems, and new power generation system which utilize clean energy. However, there exit three key problems in their applications, which are power density, EMC, and cost. Soft switching is one of key technology to solve these problems. Phase-shift bidirectional DC-DC converter is attractive since it operated with fixed frequency, has small voltage and current stress and can realize ZVS without auxiliary switches. However, it has high current stresses and narrow ZVS range when the amplitude of input voltage is not matched with that of output voltage. Both the range of input voltage and that of output voltage are very wide in applications such as electric vehicles and aerospace power systems.
PWM plus phase-shift bidirectional DC-DC converter features reduced current stress, conduction losses, switching losses of semiconductors and wide ZVS range. Actually, PWM plus phase-shift control can be extended to a family of bidirectional DC-DC converters. In this thesis, a technique to synthesize bidirectional DC-DC converter topologies is presented. Operation principle, design of control circuit, loss analysis and experimental results of one PWM plus phase-shift bidirectional DC-DC converter are provided.
引文
[1] H. Chung, S. Y. R. Hui, and K. K. Tse, "Reduction of power converter EMI emission using soft-switching technique," IEEE Trans. Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 40, no. 3, pp.282-287, August 1998.
[2] Manu Jain, Praveen K. Jain, and Matteo Daniele, "Analysis of a bi-directional DC-DC converter topology for low power application," Proc. of CCECE'97. pp.548-551.
[3] Gang Chen, Yim-Shu Lee, Dehong Xu, and Yousheng Wang, "A novel soft-switching and low-conduction-loss bidirectional DC-DC converter," Proc. of IPEMC 2000, pp. 1166-1171.
[4] Kunrong Wang, Fred C. Lee, and Jason Lai, "Operation principles of bi-directional full-bridge DC/DC converter with unified soft-switching scheme and soft-starting capability," Proc. of APEC 2000, pp. 111-118.
[5] George K. Schoneman, "500-W zero-voltage-switched full-bridge two-quadrant power modulator," Proc. of APEC'93, pp.700-705.
[6] R. W. DeDoncker, D.M. Divan, and M. H. Kheraluwala, "Power conversion apparatus for dc/dc conversion using dual active bridges," U.S. Patent no. 5,027,264.
[7] Mustansir H. Kheraluwala and Randal W. Gascoigne, "Performance characterization of a high-power dual active bridge dc-to-dc converter," IEEE Trans. Industry Applications, vol. IA-28, no. 6, pp. 1294-1301, Nov./Dec. 1992.
[8] M.H. Kheraluwala and R.W. DeDoncker, "Analysis, design and experimental evaluation of a high-power high-frequency bi-directional DC/DC converter," Proc. of EPE'91, vol. 1, pp.568-573.
[9] H.G. Langer and H.-Ch. Skudelny, "DC to DC converters with bidirectional power flow and controllable voltage ratio," Proc. of EPE'89, pp. 1245-1250.
[10] H.L. Chan, K.W.E. Cheng, and D. Sutanto, "A novel square-wave converter with bidirectional power flow," Proc. of PEDS'99, July 1999, Hong Kong, pp.966-971.
[11] H.L. Chan, K.W.E. Cheng, and D. Sutanto, "Bidirectional phase-shifted DC-DC converter," IEEE Electronics Letters 1st April 1999 vol. 35 no. 7, pp. 523-524.
[12] Eun-Soo Kim, Kee-Yeon Joe, Hae-Young Choi, Yoon-Ho Kim, and Yong-Hyun Cho, "An improved soft switching bi-directional PSPWM FB dc/dc converter," Proc. of IECON'98, pp.740-743.
[13] T. Reimann, S. Szeponik, G. Berger, and J. Petzoldt, "A novel control principle of bi-directional dc-dc power conversion," Proc. of PESC'97, pp.978-984.
[14] K.T. Chau, T.W. Ching, and C.C. Chan, "Constant-frequency multi-resonant converter-fed dc motor drives," Proc. of IECON'96, pp. 78-83.
[15] K.T. Chau, T.W. Ching, and C.C. Chan, "Bidirectional soft-switching converter-fed dc motor drives," Proc. of PESC'98, pp. 416-422.
[16] F. Caricchi, F. Crescimbini, and A. Di Napoli, "20 kW water-cooled prototype of a buck-boost bidirectional DC-DC converter topology for electrical vehicle motor drives," Proc. of APEC'95. pp.887-892.
[17] F. Caricchi, F. Crescimbini, F. Giulii Capponi, and L. Solero, "Study of bi-directional
buck-boost converter topologies for application in electrical vehicle motor drives," Proc. of APEC'98. pp.287-293.
[18] Zenon R. Martinez and Biswajit Ray, "Bidirectional DC/DC power conversion using constant frequency multi-resonant topology," Proc. of APEC'94. pp.991-997.
[19] Biswajit Ray, "Bidirectional DC/DC power conversion using constant-frequency quasi-resonant topology," Proc. of ISCAS'93, pp. 2347-2350.
[20] Dan M. Sable, Fred C. Lee, and Bo H. Cho, "A zero-voltage-switching bidirectional battery charger/discharger for the NASA EOS satellite," Proc. of APEC'92. pp.614-620.
[21] G Stojci(?), D.M. Sable, B.H. Cho, and F.C. Lee, "A soft-switching bidirectional converter for the space station uninterruptible power supply," Proceedings of the Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, VPEC, 1993, pp. 1.267-1.272.
[22] K. Venkatesan, "Current mode controlled bidirectional flyback converter," Proc. of PESC'89. pp.835-842.
[23] P. Espinosa, D. Sable, F.C. Lee, and B.H. Cho, "A four-module zero-voltage-switched bidirectional battery charger/discharger," Proceedings of the Virginia Power Electronics Conference, VPEC, 1994, pp. 237-244.
[24] Luis Martine, Alberto Poveda, Joscp Font, and Joan Mai(?), "On the synthesis and control of bidirectional switching converters," Proc. of PESC'93, pp. 197-202.
[25] Felix A. HIMMELSTOSS, "Analysis and comparison of half-bridge bidirectional DC-DC converters," Proc. of PESC'94, pp. 922-928.
[26] Biswajit Ray, "Single-cycle resonant bidirectional DC/DC power conversion," Proc. of APEC'93. pp.44-50.
[27] C. P. Henze, H. C. Martin, and D. W. Parsley, "Zero-voltage switching in high frequency power," Proc. of APEC'88, pp. 33-40.
[28] Henry S. H. Chung, S. Y. R. Hui, K. M. Chart, and C. T. Chung, "A ZCS bi-directional flyback DC/DC converter using the leakage inductance of the coupled inductor," Proc. of APEC 2000, pp. 979-985.
[29] 单庆晓，潘孟春，“一种新型直流调速电路”，电力电子技术，1999年第3期，pp．38-39。
[30] 陈刚，“软开关双向DC-DC变换器的研究”，浙江大学博士学位论文，2001。
[31] 周仕祥，黄是鹏，“改进的降压型软开关PWM变换器”，电工技术学报，第12卷第4期，1997年8月，pp．62-64。
[32] 谢勇，赵修科，“零电压转换PWM变换器的研究”，电力电子技术，1995年第3期，pp．33-36。
[33] 朱彦，丁道宏，“一种零电压转换PWM直-直变换器的设计及优化”，电力电子技术，1996年第2期，pp．16-20。
[34] 杨旭，王兆安，“零电压过渡PWM软开关电路的损耗计算”，电力电子技术，1999年第1期，pp．29-32。
[35] 阮新波，严仰光，“软开关PWMDC／DC全桥变换器的实现策略”，电工技术学报，第14卷第6期，1999年12月，pp．27-30。
[36] 陈道炼，胡育文，严仰光，“有源箝位正激变换器稳态分析与小信号特性”，电工技术学报，第15卷第4期，2000年8月，pp．40-46。
[37] 李剑，康勇，孟宇，陈坚，“带饱和电感的移相全桥零电压开关PWM变换器”，电力电子技术，2000年第2期，pp．13-15。
[38] 王聪，“一种简单的ZVZCS全桥PWM变换器的分析与设计”，电工技术学报，第15卷第6期，2000年12月，即．35-39。
[39] 杨旭，赵志伟，王兆安，“移相全桥型零电压软开关电路谐振过程的研究”，电力电子技术，1998年第3期，pp．36-39。
[40] Gang Chen, Dehong Xu, and Yim-Shu Lee, "A family of soft-switching phase-shift bidirectional DC/DC conveners: synthesis, analysis, and experiment," Proc of PCC Osaka 2002, pp. 122-127.
[41] Gang Chen, Dehong Xu, and Yim-Shu Lee, "A novel fully zero-voltage-switching phase-shift bidirectional DC/DC converter," Proc of APEC'01, pp.974-979.
[42] Gang Chen, Dehong Xu, Yousheng Wang, and Yim-Shu Lee, "A new family of soft-switching phase-shift bidirectional DC/DC converters," Proc of PESC'01, pp.859-865.
[43] H. Chung, S. Y. R. Hui, and K. K. Tse, "Reduction of power converter EMI emission using soft-switching technique," IEEE Trans. on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 40, 1998, pp.282-287.
[44] C. P. Henze, H. C. Martin, and D. W. Parsley, "Zero-voltage switching in high frequency power," Proc. of APEC'88, pp. 33-40.
[45] Hui Li, Fang Zheng Peng, and J. Lawler, "A natural ZVS high-power bi-directional DC/DC convener with minimum number of devices," Proc of IAS'01, pp. 1874-1881.
[46] Hui Li, Fang Zheng Peng, and J. Lawler, "A study of modeling and simulation for soft-switched bi-directional DC/DC converters," Proc of COMPEL'00, pp.68-73.
[47] Hui Li, Fang Zheng Peng, and J. Lawler, "Modeling, simulation, and experimental verification of soft-switched bi-directional DC/DC converters," Proc of APEC'01, pp.736-742.
[48] 赵川红，“PWM加相移控制的双向DC／DC变换器”，浙江大学硕士学位论文，2003。
[49] 范海峰，赵川红，徐德鸿，“双向DC／DC变换器的改进相移控制设计”，电力电子技术，2003(3)，PP．12-14．
[50] 赵川红，徐德鸿，范海峰，陈刚，“PWM加相移控制的双向DC／DC变换器”，中国电机工程学报，2003(10)，pp．72-77。
[51] Chuanhong Zhao, Dehong Xu, Haifeng Fan, "A PWM plus Phase-shift Control Bidirectional DC/DC Convener", Proc. of IEEE APEC 2003, pp.641-647.
[2] Manu Jain, Praveen K. Jain, and Matteo Daniele, "Analysis of a bi-directional DC-DC converter topology for low power application," Proc. of CCECE'97. pp.548-551.
[3] Gang Chen, Yim-Shu Lee, Dehong Xu, and Yousheng Wang, "A novel soft-switching and low-conduction-loss bidirectional DC-DC converter," Proc. of IPEMC 2000, pp. 1166-1171.
[4] Kunrong Wang, Fred C. Lee, and Jason Lai, "Operation principles of bi-directional full-bridge DC/DC converter with unified soft-switching scheme and soft-starting capability," Proc. of APEC 2000, pp. 111-118.
[5] George K. Schoneman, "500-W zero-voltage-switched full-bridge two-quadrant power modulator," Proc. of APEC'93, pp.700-705.
[6] R. W. DeDoncker, D.M. Divan, and M. H. Kheraluwala, "Power conversion apparatus for dc/dc conversion using dual active bridges," U.S. Patent no. 5,027,264.
[7] Mustansir H. Kheraluwala and Randal W. Gascoigne, "Performance characterization of a high-power dual active bridge dc-to-dc converter," IEEE Trans. Industry Applications, vol. IA-28, no. 6, pp. 1294-1301, Nov./Dec. 1992.
[8] M.H. Kheraluwala and R.W. DeDoncker, "Analysis, design and experimental evaluation of a high-power high-frequency bi-directional DC/DC converter," Proc. of EPE'91, vol. 1, pp.568-573.
[9] H.G. Langer and H.-Ch. Skudelny, "DC to DC converters with bidirectional power flow and controllable voltage ratio," Proc. of EPE'89, pp. 1245-1250.
[10] H.L. Chan, K.W.E. Cheng, and D. Sutanto, "A novel square-wave converter with bidirectional power flow," Proc. of PEDS'99, July 1999, Hong Kong, pp.966-971.
[11] H.L. Chan, K.W.E. Cheng, and D. Sutanto, "Bidirectional phase-shifted DC-DC converter," IEEE Electronics Letters 1st April 1999 vol. 35 no. 7, pp. 523-524.
[12] Eun-Soo Kim, Kee-Yeon Joe, Hae-Young Choi, Yoon-Ho Kim, and Yong-Hyun Cho, "An improved soft switching bi-directional PSPWM FB dc/dc converter," Proc. of IECON'98, pp.740-743.
[13] T. Reimann, S. Szeponik, G. Berger, and J. Petzoldt, "A novel control principle of bi-directional dc-dc power conversion," Proc. of PESC'97, pp.978-984.
[14] K.T. Chau, T.W. Ching, and C.C. Chan, "Constant-frequency multi-resonant converter-fed dc motor drives," Proc. of IECON'96, pp. 78-83.
[15] K.T. Chau, T.W. Ching, and C.C. Chan, "Bidirectional soft-switching converter-fed dc motor drives," Proc. of PESC'98, pp. 416-422.
[16] F. Caricchi, F. Crescimbini, and A. Di Napoli, "20 kW water-cooled prototype of a buck-boost bidirectional DC-DC converter topology for electrical vehicle motor drives," Proc. of APEC'95. pp.887-892.
[17] F. Caricchi, F. Crescimbini, F. Giulii Capponi, and L. Solero, "Study of bi-directional
buck-boost converter topologies for application in electrical vehicle motor drives," Proc. of APEC'98. pp.287-293.
[18] Zenon R. Martinez and Biswajit Ray, "Bidirectional DC/DC power conversion using constant frequency multi-resonant topology," Proc. of APEC'94. pp.991-997.
[19] Biswajit Ray, "Bidirectional DC/DC power conversion using constant-frequency quasi-resonant topology," Proc. of ISCAS'93, pp. 2347-2350.
[20] Dan M. Sable, Fred C. Lee, and Bo H. Cho, "A zero-voltage-switching bidirectional battery charger/discharger for the NASA EOS satellite," Proc. of APEC'92. pp.614-620.
[21] G Stojci(?), D.M. Sable, B.H. Cho, and F.C. Lee, "A soft-switching bidirectional converter for the space station uninterruptible power supply," Proceedings of the Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, VPEC, 1993, pp. 1.267-1.272.
[22] K. Venkatesan, "Current mode controlled bidirectional flyback converter," Proc. of PESC'89. pp.835-842.
[23] P. Espinosa, D. Sable, F.C. Lee, and B.H. Cho, "A four-module zero-voltage-switched bidirectional battery charger/discharger," Proceedings of the Virginia Power Electronics Conference, VPEC, 1994, pp. 237-244.
[24] Luis Martine, Alberto Poveda, Joscp Font, and Joan Mai(?), "On the synthesis and control of bidirectional switching converters," Proc. of PESC'93, pp. 197-202.
[25] Felix A. HIMMELSTOSS, "Analysis and comparison of half-bridge bidirectional DC-DC converters," Proc. of PESC'94, pp. 922-928.
[26] Biswajit Ray, "Single-cycle resonant bidirectional DC/DC power conversion," Proc. of APEC'93. pp.44-50.
[27] C. P. Henze, H. C. Martin, and D. W. Parsley, "Zero-voltage switching in high frequency power," Proc. of APEC'88, pp. 33-40.
[28] Henry S. H. Chung, S. Y. R. Hui, K. M. Chart, and C. T. Chung, "A ZCS bi-directional flyback DC/DC converter using the leakage inductance of the coupled inductor," Proc. of APEC 2000, pp. 979-985.
[29] 单庆晓，潘孟春，“一种新型直流调速电路”，电力电子技术，1999年第3期，pp．38-39。
[30] 陈刚，“软开关双向DC-DC变换器的研究”，浙江大学博士学位论文，2001。
[31] 周仕祥，黄是鹏，“改进的降压型软开关PWM变换器”，电工技术学报，第12卷第4期，1997年8月，pp．62-64。
[32] 谢勇，赵修科，“零电压转换PWM变换器的研究”，电力电子技术，1995年第3期，pp．33-36。
[33] 朱彦，丁道宏，“一种零电压转换PWM直-直变换器的设计及优化”，电力电子技术，1996年第2期，pp．16-20。
[34] 杨旭，王兆安，“零电压过渡PWM软开关电路的损耗计算”，电力电子技术，1999年第1期，pp．29-32。
[35] 阮新波，严仰光，“软开关PWMDC／DC全桥变换器的实现策略”，电工技术学报，第14卷第6期，1999年12月，pp．27-30。
[36] 陈道炼，胡育文，严仰光，“有源箝位正激变换器稳态分析与小信号特性”，电工技术学报，第15卷第4期，2000年8月，pp．40-46。
[37] 李剑，康勇，孟宇，陈坚，“带饱和电感的移相全桥零电压开关PWM变换器”，电力电子技术，2000年第2期，pp．13-15。
[38] 王聪，“一种简单的ZVZCS全桥PWM变换器的分析与设计”，电工技术学报，第15卷第6期，2000年12月，即．35-39。
[39] 杨旭，赵志伟，王兆安，“移相全桥型零电压软开关电路谐振过程的研究”，电力电子技术，1998年第3期，pp．36-39。
[40] Gang Chen, Dehong Xu, and Yim-Shu Lee, "A family of soft-switching phase-shift bidirectional DC/DC conveners: synthesis, analysis, and experiment," Proc of PCC Osaka 2002, pp. 122-127.
[41] Gang Chen, Dehong Xu, and Yim-Shu Lee, "A novel fully zero-voltage-switching phase-shift bidirectional DC/DC converter," Proc of APEC'01, pp.974-979.
[42] Gang Chen, Dehong Xu, Yousheng Wang, and Yim-Shu Lee, "A new family of soft-switching phase-shift bidirectional DC/DC converters," Proc of PESC'01, pp.859-865.
[43] H. Chung, S. Y. R. Hui, and K. K. Tse, "Reduction of power converter EMI emission using soft-switching technique," IEEE Trans. on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 40, 1998, pp.282-287.
[44] C. P. Henze, H. C. Martin, and D. W. Parsley, "Zero-voltage switching in high frequency power," Proc. of APEC'88, pp. 33-40.
[45] Hui Li, Fang Zheng Peng, and J. Lawler, "A natural ZVS high-power bi-directional DC/DC convener with minimum number of devices," Proc of IAS'01, pp. 1874-1881.
[46] Hui Li, Fang Zheng Peng, and J. Lawler, "A study of modeling and simulation for soft-switched bi-directional DC/DC converters," Proc of COMPEL'00, pp.68-73.
[47] Hui Li, Fang Zheng Peng, and J. Lawler, "Modeling, simulation, and experimental verification of soft-switched bi-directional DC/DC converters," Proc of APEC'01, pp.736-742.
[48] 赵川红，“PWM加相移控制的双向DC／DC变换器”，浙江大学硕士学位论文，2003。
[49] 范海峰，赵川红，徐德鸿，“双向DC／DC变换器的改进相移控制设计”，电力电子技术，2003(3)，PP．12-14．
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