混合动力汽车驱动的电功率管理研究
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摘要
随着能源、环保等问题的日益突出，混合动力电动汽车已成为近年来发展迅速的一种新型汽车，是21世纪最具发展潜力的绿色清洁汽车。电力驱动系统作为混合动力汽车的核心部分，主要涉及到储能元件的功率变换、电机驱动等技术。本文针对混合动力车载电力驱动装置中的关键技术，从以下几个方面展开研究：车载储能单元技术经济性分析以及充电管理技术、双向大功率DC-DC变换电路及其软开关方案、电流型控制策略及其电路损耗分析、无刷直流电机驱动拓扑及其控制策略。
1、本文首先列举了各种蓄电池以及超级电容器的工作特点。根据性能互补引入了混合储能的工作方式，并针对功率脉动型负载，分析了各种储能元件的容量配置方案。另外，结合具体应用实例，对蓄电池单独储能和混合储能方式进行了定量分析。同时，结合实际的充电电路，本文研究了正常充电情况下最小充电电势的确定方法。并根据混合动力系统充电管理技术的要求，提出了断续电流的数字控制策略和基于电量控制的快速充电方式。
2、本文对三种具有双向升降压功能的电路进行了比较研究，主要从有源器件的电气应力以及无源元件的体积、电气应力等方面进行。另外，在常规ZCT软开关电路的基础上研究了两种改进型ZCT方案，减少了主管的电流应力。同时，针对数字控制下的电流采样问题，本文研究了一种改进型电流采样策略，并提出数控系统最高采样频率的概念。在研究了IGBT开关损耗与续流二极管的互相关系后，本文指出IGBT开关损耗与续流二极管开关特性存在互相制约，无法通过加快换流速度来降低开关损耗。并且针对恒频、变频控制，分别研究了两种控制策略下的电路损耗情况，进而提出恒电流脉动的变频控制策略。
3、本文研究了无刷直流电机的两种驱动方式，主要从控制策略、电感损耗、转矩脉动以及系统效率等方面进行了比较研究。并且对七管驱动方式下的换相转矩脉动提出了一种双级调制策略，同时采用电流预测控制技术有效抑制了电路的LC谐振现象。另外，本文在整个调速范围内计算了无刷电机的换流角，并提出了最佳换相点的概念。通过最佳换相点控制可以在整个速度范围内减少因换相过程造成的转矩下降。针对无刷直流电机的两种恒功率调速策略，本文分析了相电感对其的影响，进而可以根据相电感来选择恒功率调速策略。从降低电路成本考虑，本文提出了一种七管电流型变流器拓扑，该电路结合了全控器件IGBT以及半控器件SCR的工作特点，能同时满足电机恒转矩、恒功率的应用要求。
4、本文研究了驱动系统的两种故障，即电机反接制动过程中的过电流故障和相序故障。指出在反接制动中电动势短接回路的存在是造成再生电流失控的根本原因，并提出了相应的双管调制策略。针对相序故障，本文分析了故障检测原理并提出自恢复策略。
5、本文完成了50kW混合动力驱动装置的工程样机，并进行了大量的实验研究，取得了满意的成果。
研究混合动力中的电力驱动技术，在学术上有助于完善和发展电力电子技术，解决大功率变换装置中存在的系统效率、拓扑选择、控制策略等问题。在工程上可以为混合动力车辆提供相关的设计指导，并能针对具体的功率变换问题提出相应的解决方案。本文以驱动装置性价比最优为目的展开相关研究，力求使混合动力汽车具有最好的经济性能和社会效益。
Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) becomes a kind of new, fast-developing vehicle in the latest years, which has the best future as a green vehicle, along with the problems of energy and environment becoming more and more serious in the 21st century. To being the core part of HEV system, the power drive equipment mainly involves power conversion of the storage energy cell, motor drive and so on. This dissertation aims at the key technologies of power drive equipment, and researches into the following several aspects: economic performance of the storage energy system and special charging technology, bidirectional high power DC-DC converter and soft-switching scheme, current control strategy and circuit loss analysis, brushless DC motor drive topology and control strategy.
First, this dissertation enumerates characteristics of each kind of battery cell and ultra-capacitor. According to the supplementarity performance of battery and ultra-capacitor, it introduces a hybrid storage mode, and it analyzes capacity design principia of each kind of storage energy part which aiming at the power pulsant load. In view of the actual application example, this dissertation also analyzes independent storage energy system and hybrid storage energy system quantitatively. At the same time, it investigates the smallest charging electromotive force during the normal charge process with the actual charging circuit. Then, as request of HEV system, it gives the digital control scheme of intermittent current and the fast charging method on electricity quantity control.
Second, this dissertation compares three circuit topologies which have the bidirectional functions of buck and boost, mainly through electrical stress of active device, volume and electrical stress of passive element, and so on. Moreover, basing on the conventional ZCT circuit, it analyzes two kinds of improved ZCT topologies to reduce the current stress of primary switching device effectively. Also, aiming at the current sampling problem, the dissertation proposes an improved current sampling strategy and a concept about the highest sampling frequency of the digital control system. After studying the relationship between IGBT switching loss and the freewheeling diode switching characteristics, it points out that both devices have restriction mutually, and can not reduce switching loss by quickening up switching speed. Then, in allusion to the constant frequency and variable frequency control strategy, it researches circuit loss respectively, and proposes the method of constant current ripple control.
Third, the dissertation studies two kinds of drive topologies of brushless DC motor, and mainly compares the control strategy, inductor loss, torque ripple and system efficiency. Then, it proposes a two-stage modulation strategy to eliminate torque ripple during motor commutation process of seven switching drive topology. Simultaneously, it uses the current predictive control to suppress LC resonance phenomenon. Moreover, this dissertation calculates the commutation angle on the whole speed range of brushless DC motor, and puts forward a concept of the best commutation phase point. The commutation torque decrease phenomenon can be restrained by the best commutation phase point control on the whole speed range. In view of the two control methods of constant power for the brushless DC motor, it analyzes the phase inductor influence to different control strategies, and proposes the concept about constant power speed strategy choose based on phase inductor. Considering on the circuit cost, this dissertation proposes a novel converter named seven switching current converter. This circuit combines with characteristics of all-controlled device IGBT and half-controlled device SCR, and it can simultaneously satisfy the request of the constant torque and constant power.
Fourth, this dissertation proposes two kinds of motor faults, namely over-current fault during motor reverse braking and motor phase-sequence fault. The primary causation for the problem that phase current during reverse braking out of control is a short loop by the back electromotive force, and it proposes a double switching modulation scheme that can control braking current effectively. Moreover, aiming at phase-sequence fault, this dissertation analyzes the average torque of motor start-up, and proposes a self-recovering strategy.
Fifth, this dissertation develops a 50kW power converter of HEV system, does lots of experiments, and obtains approving results.
Researching on the power drive technology of HEV system can promote power electronics, and can resolve the problems on system efficiency, topology choice, control strategy of the high power transformation equipment. Also, it can provide relative design instruction for HEV system in the practical application, and solve the actual problem during power transformation process.
1、本文首先列举了各种蓄电池以及超级电容器的工作特点。根据性能互补引入了混合储能的工作方式，并针对功率脉动型负载，分析了各种储能元件的容量配置方案。另外，结合具体应用实例，对蓄电池单独储能和混合储能方式进行了定量分析。同时，结合实际的充电电路，本文研究了正常充电情况下最小充电电势的确定方法。并根据混合动力系统充电管理技术的要求，提出了断续电流的数字控制策略和基于电量控制的快速充电方式。
2、本文对三种具有双向升降压功能的电路进行了比较研究，主要从有源器件的电气应力以及无源元件的体积、电气应力等方面进行。另外，在常规ZCT软开关电路的基础上研究了两种改进型ZCT方案，减少了主管的电流应力。同时，针对数字控制下的电流采样问题，本文研究了一种改进型电流采样策略，并提出数控系统最高采样频率的概念。在研究了IGBT开关损耗与续流二极管的互相关系后，本文指出IGBT开关损耗与续流二极管开关特性存在互相制约，无法通过加快换流速度来降低开关损耗。并且针对恒频、变频控制，分别研究了两种控制策略下的电路损耗情况，进而提出恒电流脉动的变频控制策略。
3、本文研究了无刷直流电机的两种驱动方式，主要从控制策略、电感损耗、转矩脉动以及系统效率等方面进行了比较研究。并且对七管驱动方式下的换相转矩脉动提出了一种双级调制策略，同时采用电流预测控制技术有效抑制了电路的LC谐振现象。另外，本文在整个调速范围内计算了无刷电机的换流角，并提出了最佳换相点的概念。通过最佳换相点控制可以在整个速度范围内减少因换相过程造成的转矩下降。针对无刷直流电机的两种恒功率调速策略，本文分析了相电感对其的影响，进而可以根据相电感来选择恒功率调速策略。从降低电路成本考虑，本文提出了一种七管电流型变流器拓扑，该电路结合了全控器件IGBT以及半控器件SCR的工作特点，能同时满足电机恒转矩、恒功率的应用要求。
4、本文研究了驱动系统的两种故障，即电机反接制动过程中的过电流故障和相序故障。指出在反接制动中电动势短接回路的存在是造成再生电流失控的根本原因，并提出了相应的双管调制策略。针对相序故障，本文分析了故障检测原理并提出自恢复策略。
5、本文完成了50kW混合动力驱动装置的工程样机，并进行了大量的实验研究，取得了满意的成果。
研究混合动力中的电力驱动技术，在学术上有助于完善和发展电力电子技术，解决大功率变换装置中存在的系统效率、拓扑选择、控制策略等问题。在工程上可以为混合动力车辆提供相关的设计指导，并能针对具体的功率变换问题提出相应的解决方案。本文以驱动装置性价比最优为目的展开相关研究，力求使混合动力汽车具有最好的经济性能和社会效益。
Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) becomes a kind of new, fast-developing vehicle in the latest years, which has the best future as a green vehicle, along with the problems of energy and environment becoming more and more serious in the 21st century. To being the core part of HEV system, the power drive equipment mainly involves power conversion of the storage energy cell, motor drive and so on. This dissertation aims at the key technologies of power drive equipment, and researches into the following several aspects: economic performance of the storage energy system and special charging technology, bidirectional high power DC-DC converter and soft-switching scheme, current control strategy and circuit loss analysis, brushless DC motor drive topology and control strategy.
First, this dissertation enumerates characteristics of each kind of battery cell and ultra-capacitor. According to the supplementarity performance of battery and ultra-capacitor, it introduces a hybrid storage mode, and it analyzes capacity design principia of each kind of storage energy part which aiming at the power pulsant load. In view of the actual application example, this dissertation also analyzes independent storage energy system and hybrid storage energy system quantitatively. At the same time, it investigates the smallest charging electromotive force during the normal charge process with the actual charging circuit. Then, as request of HEV system, it gives the digital control scheme of intermittent current and the fast charging method on electricity quantity control.
Second, this dissertation compares three circuit topologies which have the bidirectional functions of buck and boost, mainly through electrical stress of active device, volume and electrical stress of passive element, and so on. Moreover, basing on the conventional ZCT circuit, it analyzes two kinds of improved ZCT topologies to reduce the current stress of primary switching device effectively. Also, aiming at the current sampling problem, the dissertation proposes an improved current sampling strategy and a concept about the highest sampling frequency of the digital control system. After studying the relationship between IGBT switching loss and the freewheeling diode switching characteristics, it points out that both devices have restriction mutually, and can not reduce switching loss by quickening up switching speed. Then, in allusion to the constant frequency and variable frequency control strategy, it researches circuit loss respectively, and proposes the method of constant current ripple control.
Third, the dissertation studies two kinds of drive topologies of brushless DC motor, and mainly compares the control strategy, inductor loss, torque ripple and system efficiency. Then, it proposes a two-stage modulation strategy to eliminate torque ripple during motor commutation process of seven switching drive topology. Simultaneously, it uses the current predictive control to suppress LC resonance phenomenon. Moreover, this dissertation calculates the commutation angle on the whole speed range of brushless DC motor, and puts forward a concept of the best commutation phase point. The commutation torque decrease phenomenon can be restrained by the best commutation phase point control on the whole speed range. In view of the two control methods of constant power for the brushless DC motor, it analyzes the phase inductor influence to different control strategies, and proposes the concept about constant power speed strategy choose based on phase inductor. Considering on the circuit cost, this dissertation proposes a novel converter named seven switching current converter. This circuit combines with characteristics of all-controlled device IGBT and half-controlled device SCR, and it can simultaneously satisfy the request of the constant torque and constant power.
Fourth, this dissertation proposes two kinds of motor faults, namely over-current fault during motor reverse braking and motor phase-sequence fault. The primary causation for the problem that phase current during reverse braking out of control is a short loop by the back electromotive force, and it proposes a double switching modulation scheme that can control braking current effectively. Moreover, aiming at phase-sequence fault, this dissertation analyzes the average torque of motor start-up, and proposes a self-recovering strategy.
Fifth, this dissertation develops a 50kW power converter of HEV system, does lots of experiments, and obtains approving results.
Researching on the power drive technology of HEV system can promote power electronics, and can resolve the problems on system efficiency, topology choice, control strategy of the high power transformation equipment. Also, it can provide relative design instruction for HEV system in the practical application, and solve the actual problem during power transformation process.
引文
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