气液两相流动相界面追踪方法及液滴撞击壁面运动机制的研究
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摘要
在许多领域中都存在着喷雾液滴撞击壁面的现象,不同领域对液滴撞击壁面后的形态及运动要求各有不同。在小型高速柴油机中,随着燃油喷射压力的不断提高,喷雾液滴碰壁现象变得越发明显；如何充分利用燃油喷雾碰壁现象提高柴油机的性能,已成为内燃机界的一个研究热点问题。论文以单液滴撞击壁面为研究对象,开展了气液两相流动相界面追踪方法及液滴撞击壁面运动的基础性研究,研究工作可以深化人们对液滴碰壁运动机制及运动规律的理解,为液滴碰壁现象的控制及利用研究提供理论依据。
相界面追踪是气液两相流动和液滴撞击壁面运动研究的基础。论文首先根据液滴撞击壁面运动研究的需要,开展了气液两相流动相界面追踪的复合Level Set-VOF方法以及基于复合Level Set-VOF方法的相界面追踪与气液两相流动耦合求解方法的研究。提出了综合了VOF方法和Level Set方法优点的用于气液两相流动相界面追踪的复合Level Set-VOF方法的基本思想,给出了复合Level Set-VOF方法中的相函数初始化方法、相函数对流输运方程求解方法、相界面构造与实现方法以及(?)函数重新距离化方法；提出了基于复合Level Set-VOF方法的相界面追踪与气液两相流动耦合求解流程,解决了相函数与控制方程变量耦合、各求解过程所需参量传递和相互调用以及求解过程先后顺序设定等问题；以无重力静止液滴问题为对象,对气液两相流动数值求解时虚假流动的特征及其影响因素进行了研究,给出了气液两相流动数值求解过程中虚假流动现象产生的原因,并提出采用复合Level Set-VOF方法进行相界面追踪可以作为削弱气液两相流动数值求解时虚假流动现象的一种方法。通过经典算例对论文提出的基于复合Level Set-VOF方法的气液两相流动数值求解方法的精确性进行了分析,表明相对于VOF方法和Level Set方法来说,复合Level Set-VOF方法的精确性有了明显的提高。
在基于复合Level Set-VOF方法的相界面追踪与气液两相流动耦合求解方法研究的基础上,开展了反映液滴与壁面相互作用的壁面润湿模型及气液两相流动与固壁相互作用耦合求解方法的研究。根据接触角滞后现象,采用唯象分析方法建立了反映接触角滞后性的滞后张力模型；通过固-液-气三相接触线附近区域流动的分析,发现了应力奇点产生的原因；根据前驱膜和夹带膜理论,提出了消除应力奇点问题的方法；在此基础上,建立了基于唯象分析方法的能够反映接触角滞后性及壁面性质对润湿过程影响的壁面润湿模型。提出了一种气液两相流动与固壁相互作用耦合求解时接触线速度计算的改进方法及边界条件的设定方法；并以基于复合Level Set-VOF方法的气液两相流动数值求解方法和建立的壁面润湿模型为基础,实现了气液两相流动与固壁相互作用的耦合求解。对提出的壁面润湿模型和气液两相流动与固壁相互作用耦合求解方法的有效性进行了验证。
在上述工作基础上,开展了液滴撞击干壁面和湿润壁面运动的研究。分析了液滴撞击干壁面铺展运动时液滴形态及其特征参数的变化历程以及撞击速度对铺展运动液滴形态及其特征参数的影响；研究了液滴撞击干壁面铺展运动过程中液滴中心高度与润湿长度的关系；分析了液滴撞击干壁面铺展运动时压力场的分布特征及其变化特性；研究了液滴撞击干壁面时气泡的产生机制；通过引入前进接触角和指前因子,得到了无量纲润湿长度最大值解析模型的改进模型；建立了液滴撞击干壁面后发生飞溅运动临界条件的理论模型,并提出了发生飞溅的判据；研究了液滴撞击干壁面发生飞溅运动的机制。分析了不同条件下液滴撞击湿润壁面呈现出的波动运动、皇冠几何体运动以及飞溅运动的运动形态以及各种运动形态下运动特征参数的变化规律及其影响因素；研究了液滴撞击湿润壁面后波动运动、皇冠几何体运动以及飞溅运动等几种不同运动形态的形成机制；分析了液滴撞击湿润壁面时飞溅运动产生的条件。
建立了柴油液滴撞击壁面运动的可视化实验系统；在此基础上,对液滴撞击壁面的运动过程、铺展运动无量纲润湿长度的变化历程、飞溅运动发生的临界速度以及壁面和液体层对液滴撞击壁面运动的影响进行了实验研究,获得了柴油液滴撞击壁面运动时形态特征的变化规律以及柴油液滴撞击壁面运动形态特征的影响因素及影响规律。通过液滴撞击干壁面铺展运动和飞溅运动以及液滴撞击湿润壁面运动的数值计算结果与实验结果的对比,进一步验证了论文提出的液滴撞击壁面运动数值计算方法的有效性。
The phenomenon of spray droplet impacting onto the surface exists in many areas, and it is different in the requirements on the liquid shape and movement after impacting in different areas. In the working process of small high-speed diesel engines, the droplets become more likely impacting onto the cylinder wall with the continuous improvement of the fuel injection pressure, and it has become a hot issue to improve diesel engine performance by taking full advantage of droplets impacting onto the surface for the researchers in the internal combustion engine field. Single droplet impacting onto the surface was set as the research object in this thesis, and the fundamental of interface tracking methods for the gas-liquid two-phase flow and the liquid movements of droplet impacting onto the surface were researched. The fundamental research could be contributed to understanding the mechanism and discipline, and providing theoretical basis for the control technique of droplet impacting onto the surface.
Interface tracking is the base of the research of the gas-liquid two-phase flow and droplet impinging onto a surface. According to the requirement of the research of droplet impinging onto a surface, the combined Level Set-VOF method used in interface tracking for the gas-liquid two-phase flow and the coupled solution method for the coactions of interface tracking with gas-liquid two-phase flow were promoted. The basic idea and solution chart of combined Level Set-VOF method which is used in interface tracking were presented by carrying forward the advantage of VOF method and Level Set method. The phase function initializing method, the solve method for the convection equations of phase function, the interface structure method and the re-distance method of Φ were provided. The solving processes were worked out, For example, coupled process of phase function with variables of governing equations, the process of the transferring and invoking for variables of governing equations, etc. The characteristics and influencing factors of spurious currents during the solving process of the gas-liquid two-phase flow were studied based on the zero gravity static droplet problem, the cause for the spurious currents was given, and it was proposed that the combined Level Set-VOF method could be an effective way to weaken the spurious currents. The solving performance of combined Level Set-VOF method was analyzed through the computation of some classical two-phase flows, it showed that the combined Level Set-VOF method could compute the problem of incompressible two-phase flows much more precisely than the VOF and Level Set method.
Based on the methods research of interface tracking and the coupled solution for the coactions of interface tracking with gas-liquid two-phase flow, the researches of wall wetting model which reflects the interaction of liquid droplet with wall and coupled solution method for the coactions of gas-liquid two-phase flow with wall were put forward. According to the phenomena of the contact angle hysteresis, a model of hysteresis tension was established with the method of the phenomenological analysis. The cause of stress singularity was worked out by the flow analysis near the area of solid-liquid-gas three-phase contact line, and a method that could avoid the stress singularity was put forward according to the theory of precursor and entrained film. On the basis of above work, the wall wetting model that could reflect the influences of the contact angle hysteresis and the properties of the wall surface was established. The calculation methods of the contact line speed and the boundary conditions in the process of coupled solution for the coactions of gas-liquid two-phase flows with wall were presented. Based on the combined Level Set-VOF method and the wall wetting model proposed in this thesis, the coupled solution method for the coactions of gas-liquid two-phase flow with wall was achieved. The wall wetting model and the coupled solution method for the coactions of gas-liquid two-phase flow with wall were validated with experimental results.
On the basis of above work, movements of droplets impacting onto the dry surface and wet surface were studied. While droplets were spreading on the dry surface after impacting, droplet shape variations, characteristic parameter variations and the effect of impacting velocity were analyzed, relation between height and wetting length of droplet was studied, the features of pressure distribution and transformation were analyzed, mechanism of bubble generation and dynamic under an impacting droplet on the dry surface were researched, the theoretical model for predicting the maximum spreading ratio was developed by introducing advancing contact angle and a pre-exponential factor, the theoretical model and mechanism for splashing after droplet impacting onto the dry surface was studied, and the criteria for splashing was presented. While the droplets impacting onto the wet surface, liquid shape variations, laws of characteristic parameter variations and influence factors were studied for the liquid movement of wave, crown and splashing, etc. The formation mechanisms of wave, crown and splashing were researched and the splashing condition while droplet impacting onto a wet surface was analyzed.
The visual experiment system for diesel droplet impacting onto a surface was built. On the basis of the system, the movement process, variations of dimensionless wetting length, the critical velocity for splashing and the effect of surface and liquid layer height on the droplet movement after impacting were studied by experiments. The law of the droplet shape changing and the effects of influence factors on the droplet shape were achieved. The method for computing droplet impacting onto a surface suggested in this thesis was validated through the comparison of the calculation results with the experimental results on the condition of droplet spreading/splashing on a dry surface after impacting and the liquid movement after droplet impacting onto a wet surface.
相界面追踪是气液两相流动和液滴撞击壁面运动研究的基础。论文首先根据液滴撞击壁面运动研究的需要,开展了气液两相流动相界面追踪的复合Level Set-VOF方法以及基于复合Level Set-VOF方法的相界面追踪与气液两相流动耦合求解方法的研究。提出了综合了VOF方法和Level Set方法优点的用于气液两相流动相界面追踪的复合Level Set-VOF方法的基本思想,给出了复合Level Set-VOF方法中的相函数初始化方法、相函数对流输运方程求解方法、相界面构造与实现方法以及(?)函数重新距离化方法；提出了基于复合Level Set-VOF方法的相界面追踪与气液两相流动耦合求解流程,解决了相函数与控制方程变量耦合、各求解过程所需参量传递和相互调用以及求解过程先后顺序设定等问题；以无重力静止液滴问题为对象,对气液两相流动数值求解时虚假流动的特征及其影响因素进行了研究,给出了气液两相流动数值求解过程中虚假流动现象产生的原因,并提出采用复合Level Set-VOF方法进行相界面追踪可以作为削弱气液两相流动数值求解时虚假流动现象的一种方法。通过经典算例对论文提出的基于复合Level Set-VOF方法的气液两相流动数值求解方法的精确性进行了分析,表明相对于VOF方法和Level Set方法来说,复合Level Set-VOF方法的精确性有了明显的提高。
在基于复合Level Set-VOF方法的相界面追踪与气液两相流动耦合求解方法研究的基础上,开展了反映液滴与壁面相互作用的壁面润湿模型及气液两相流动与固壁相互作用耦合求解方法的研究。根据接触角滞后现象,采用唯象分析方法建立了反映接触角滞后性的滞后张力模型；通过固-液-气三相接触线附近区域流动的分析,发现了应力奇点产生的原因；根据前驱膜和夹带膜理论,提出了消除应力奇点问题的方法；在此基础上,建立了基于唯象分析方法的能够反映接触角滞后性及壁面性质对润湿过程影响的壁面润湿模型。提出了一种气液两相流动与固壁相互作用耦合求解时接触线速度计算的改进方法及边界条件的设定方法；并以基于复合Level Set-VOF方法的气液两相流动数值求解方法和建立的壁面润湿模型为基础,实现了气液两相流动与固壁相互作用的耦合求解。对提出的壁面润湿模型和气液两相流动与固壁相互作用耦合求解方法的有效性进行了验证。
在上述工作基础上,开展了液滴撞击干壁面和湿润壁面运动的研究。分析了液滴撞击干壁面铺展运动时液滴形态及其特征参数的变化历程以及撞击速度对铺展运动液滴形态及其特征参数的影响；研究了液滴撞击干壁面铺展运动过程中液滴中心高度与润湿长度的关系；分析了液滴撞击干壁面铺展运动时压力场的分布特征及其变化特性；研究了液滴撞击干壁面时气泡的产生机制；通过引入前进接触角和指前因子,得到了无量纲润湿长度最大值解析模型的改进模型；建立了液滴撞击干壁面后发生飞溅运动临界条件的理论模型,并提出了发生飞溅的判据；研究了液滴撞击干壁面发生飞溅运动的机制。分析了不同条件下液滴撞击湿润壁面呈现出的波动运动、皇冠几何体运动以及飞溅运动的运动形态以及各种运动形态下运动特征参数的变化规律及其影响因素；研究了液滴撞击湿润壁面后波动运动、皇冠几何体运动以及飞溅运动等几种不同运动形态的形成机制；分析了液滴撞击湿润壁面时飞溅运动产生的条件。
建立了柴油液滴撞击壁面运动的可视化实验系统；在此基础上,对液滴撞击壁面的运动过程、铺展运动无量纲润湿长度的变化历程、飞溅运动发生的临界速度以及壁面和液体层对液滴撞击壁面运动的影响进行了实验研究,获得了柴油液滴撞击壁面运动时形态特征的变化规律以及柴油液滴撞击壁面运动形态特征的影响因素及影响规律。通过液滴撞击干壁面铺展运动和飞溅运动以及液滴撞击湿润壁面运动的数值计算结果与实验结果的对比,进一步验证了论文提出的液滴撞击壁面运动数值计算方法的有效性。
The phenomenon of spray droplet impacting onto the surface exists in many areas, and it is different in the requirements on the liquid shape and movement after impacting in different areas. In the working process of small high-speed diesel engines, the droplets become more likely impacting onto the cylinder wall with the continuous improvement of the fuel injection pressure, and it has become a hot issue to improve diesel engine performance by taking full advantage of droplets impacting onto the surface for the researchers in the internal combustion engine field. Single droplet impacting onto the surface was set as the research object in this thesis, and the fundamental of interface tracking methods for the gas-liquid two-phase flow and the liquid movements of droplet impacting onto the surface were researched. The fundamental research could be contributed to understanding the mechanism and discipline, and providing theoretical basis for the control technique of droplet impacting onto the surface.
Interface tracking is the base of the research of the gas-liquid two-phase flow and droplet impinging onto a surface. According to the requirement of the research of droplet impinging onto a surface, the combined Level Set-VOF method used in interface tracking for the gas-liquid two-phase flow and the coupled solution method for the coactions of interface tracking with gas-liquid two-phase flow were promoted. The basic idea and solution chart of combined Level Set-VOF method which is used in interface tracking were presented by carrying forward the advantage of VOF method and Level Set method. The phase function initializing method, the solve method for the convection equations of phase function, the interface structure method and the re-distance method of Φ were provided. The solving processes were worked out, For example, coupled process of phase function with variables of governing equations, the process of the transferring and invoking for variables of governing equations, etc. The characteristics and influencing factors of spurious currents during the solving process of the gas-liquid two-phase flow were studied based on the zero gravity static droplet problem, the cause for the spurious currents was given, and it was proposed that the combined Level Set-VOF method could be an effective way to weaken the spurious currents. The solving performance of combined Level Set-VOF method was analyzed through the computation of some classical two-phase flows, it showed that the combined Level Set-VOF method could compute the problem of incompressible two-phase flows much more precisely than the VOF and Level Set method.
Based on the methods research of interface tracking and the coupled solution for the coactions of interface tracking with gas-liquid two-phase flow, the researches of wall wetting model which reflects the interaction of liquid droplet with wall and coupled solution method for the coactions of gas-liquid two-phase flow with wall were put forward. According to the phenomena of the contact angle hysteresis, a model of hysteresis tension was established with the method of the phenomenological analysis. The cause of stress singularity was worked out by the flow analysis near the area of solid-liquid-gas three-phase contact line, and a method that could avoid the stress singularity was put forward according to the theory of precursor and entrained film. On the basis of above work, the wall wetting model that could reflect the influences of the contact angle hysteresis and the properties of the wall surface was established. The calculation methods of the contact line speed and the boundary conditions in the process of coupled solution for the coactions of gas-liquid two-phase flows with wall were presented. Based on the combined Level Set-VOF method and the wall wetting model proposed in this thesis, the coupled solution method for the coactions of gas-liquid two-phase flow with wall was achieved. The wall wetting model and the coupled solution method for the coactions of gas-liquid two-phase flow with wall were validated with experimental results.
On the basis of above work, movements of droplets impacting onto the dry surface and wet surface were studied. While droplets were spreading on the dry surface after impacting, droplet shape variations, characteristic parameter variations and the effect of impacting velocity were analyzed, relation between height and wetting length of droplet was studied, the features of pressure distribution and transformation were analyzed, mechanism of bubble generation and dynamic under an impacting droplet on the dry surface were researched, the theoretical model for predicting the maximum spreading ratio was developed by introducing advancing contact angle and a pre-exponential factor, the theoretical model and mechanism for splashing after droplet impacting onto the dry surface was studied, and the criteria for splashing was presented. While the droplets impacting onto the wet surface, liquid shape variations, laws of characteristic parameter variations and influence factors were studied for the liquid movement of wave, crown and splashing, etc. The formation mechanisms of wave, crown and splashing were researched and the splashing condition while droplet impacting onto a wet surface was analyzed.
The visual experiment system for diesel droplet impacting onto a surface was built. On the basis of the system, the movement process, variations of dimensionless wetting length, the critical velocity for splashing and the effect of surface and liquid layer height on the droplet movement after impacting were studied by experiments. The law of the droplet shape changing and the effects of influence factors on the droplet shape were achieved. The method for computing droplet impacting onto a surface suggested in this thesis was validated through the comparison of the calculation results with the experimental results on the condition of droplet spreading/splashing on a dry surface after impacting and the liquid movement after droplet impacting onto a wet surface.
引文
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