伊春市国有林权制度改革困境与对策研究
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摘要
国有林权的产权问题是林区经济与社会陷入困境的重要原因,是产生“三林问题”的主要原因,也是解决问题的出发点和落脚点,产权理论认为产权和交易成本是影响资源配置及使用效率的两大基础。本文以产权理论为基础,结合伊春市林权改革的具体情况,指出林业改革的过程是不断明晰产权的过程。
文章运用产权残缺理论、资源的稀缺性、内部人交易、社会分工和规模经济、博弈论与信息经济学等经济学理论,具体的解释了改革中出现的种种现象。根据产权理论,将林权市场根据林业产权,划分为林地产权和林木产权市场,并分类提出建议。通过与南方集体林权改制度的对比和对国外先进经验的介绍,提出本次林权改革可以借鉴的内容。
选取幺河所作为研究对象,进行实地调研,对林权改革后的林地效益、职工收入、经营品种及经营方式的变化进行定量分析,并运用博弈论的知识对林权转让时的政府失灵现象举例分析。根据职工的反映总结出这次改革面临的林权证、采伐限额制度、林业保险、政府职能转变等问题,指出问题存在的根本原因是产权不清晰问题。职工林木产权的处分权受到控制,束缚了职工的经营行为,阻碍了林权市场的发展,因此解决问题最根本的方式是保持林地用途不变的前提下,进一步将相关权力下放到职工手中。只有这样相关的配套措施才能得以真正贯彻。
Stated-owned forest resourse property right system not only is the key reason that caused problems, but also the starting point and the goal. It is also the reason of“Three forest problems”, and transaction costs are the two basis that affect the resources allocation and availability factors according to property right theory. Based on the right property, this article takes the stated-owned forest reform in Yichun City as the example and points out that the progress for the forest reform is also the one for clarifying property right constantly.
This article explains the all sorts of phenomena.that come out form the forest property reform, by using the property defects theory, the resources scarcity and insider transaction, social division of labor and economies of scale, game theory and information in economics and so on. According to property theory, it classifies the forest market which contains forest land property and forest wood market. Through taking about difference between the collective forest reform of south China and the stated-owned forest reform in Yichun City, and introducing the anvanced foreign experience, it point out the important things that can be studied.
It makes a study of forest reform in Yaohe forest factory, analyzes the forest land benefit, forest workers’income, the kinds and the ways of workers’operating forest after forest property reform. It also gives the example of government malfunction phenomenon analysis in this forest property reform. According to what that the workers reflect, it summarizes that the ownership of forest is the main reason that cause other problems, that contain about forest property rights certificate, the quota harrest system of commercial forest, forest insurance, the transformation of government functions and so on. The problem of property defects binds the workers’management behavior and has hindered the ownership of forestsmarket development. Therefore, the way which can solve these problems efficiently is giving the workers more rights of the forest, without changing the pourse of forest land. Only by doing this, can we really practice the related necessary measures.
文章运用产权残缺理论、资源的稀缺性、内部人交易、社会分工和规模经济、博弈论与信息经济学等经济学理论,具体的解释了改革中出现的种种现象。根据产权理论,将林权市场根据林业产权,划分为林地产权和林木产权市场,并分类提出建议。通过与南方集体林权改制度的对比和对国外先进经验的介绍,提出本次林权改革可以借鉴的内容。
选取幺河所作为研究对象,进行实地调研,对林权改革后的林地效益、职工收入、经营品种及经营方式的变化进行定量分析,并运用博弈论的知识对林权转让时的政府失灵现象举例分析。根据职工的反映总结出这次改革面临的林权证、采伐限额制度、林业保险、政府职能转变等问题,指出问题存在的根本原因是产权不清晰问题。职工林木产权的处分权受到控制,束缚了职工的经营行为,阻碍了林权市场的发展,因此解决问题最根本的方式是保持林地用途不变的前提下,进一步将相关权力下放到职工手中。只有这样相关的配套措施才能得以真正贯彻。
Stated-owned forest resourse property right system not only is the key reason that caused problems, but also the starting point and the goal. It is also the reason of“Three forest problems”, and transaction costs are the two basis that affect the resources allocation and availability factors according to property right theory. Based on the right property, this article takes the stated-owned forest reform in Yichun City as the example and points out that the progress for the forest reform is also the one for clarifying property right constantly.
This article explains the all sorts of phenomena.that come out form the forest property reform, by using the property defects theory, the resources scarcity and insider transaction, social division of labor and economies of scale, game theory and information in economics and so on. According to property theory, it classifies the forest market which contains forest land property and forest wood market. Through taking about difference between the collective forest reform of south China and the stated-owned forest reform in Yichun City, and introducing the anvanced foreign experience, it point out the important things that can be studied.
It makes a study of forest reform in Yaohe forest factory, analyzes the forest land benefit, forest workers’income, the kinds and the ways of workers’operating forest after forest property reform. It also gives the example of government malfunction phenomenon analysis in this forest property reform. According to what that the workers reflect, it summarizes that the ownership of forest is the main reason that cause other problems, that contain about forest property rights certificate, the quota harrest system of commercial forest, forest insurance, the transformation of government functions and so on. The problem of property defects binds the workers’management behavior and has hindered the ownership of forestsmarket development. Therefore, the way which can solve these problems efficiently is giving the workers more rights of the forest, without changing the pourse of forest land. Only by doing this, can we really practice the related necessary measures.
引文
1王永清.国有林区可持续发展管理体制的调整和重构研究.林业科学. 2003, (4):42~46
2李周.关于国有林业改革的几点思考.林业经济. 1999, (5):42~46
3孔凡斌.论南方林区森林生态保护与森林资源产权管理模式.林业资源管理. 2004, (2):12~16
4郑小贤.新西兰国有林分类经营与民营化.林业资源管理. 1999, (1):63~65
5张敏新,肖平.南方集体林区森林产权的界定与清晰.林业经济问题. 1999, (5):9~14
6贺东航,朱东亮.中国集体林权改革存在的问题及思考.社会主义研究. 2006, (5):79~81
7李立清,李燕凌.从新制度经济学角度看我国非公有制林业发展的必然性.林业经济. 2003, (1):49~51
8徐秀英,马天乐,刘俊昌.南方集体林区林权制度改革研究.林业科学. 2006, (8):122~128
9张晓梅.国有林权制度改革的政府职能与政策保障研究.林业经济问题. 2007, (2):226~228
10吴水荣.国外国有林管理体制与产权变革及对我国的启示.世界林业研究. 2005, (2):2~5
11王兆君.国有森林资源资产运营研究.中国林业出版社, 2003:33~36
12屈兴锋.新制度经济学产权界定理论演进研究.湖南大学硕士学位论文. 2006:17~18
13 N.Kuscha. Trends in Wood Research and Utilization. Forest Products Journal. 1999, 42(3):366~375
14 J.F. Lei. Opening Speech on Workshop on Payment Schemes for Environmental Services, Beijing, 2002:213~227
15 G.P. Miao. Description of the Current. Activities of Private Sector Participation in Forestry in China, Paper for FAO Regional Seminar Services. Beijing, 2002:43~54
16 C.J. Sun. Forest Tax and Fiscal Policy Issues in China: Status and Implications for Reform, International Forum on Chinese Forestry Policy Proceedings, ChinaForestry Publishing House, 2003:85~142
17 C.J. Sun. Chinese Ecological Compensation Fund and Complementary Options to Achieve Conversion Policy Goals, Workshop on Payment Schemes for Environmental. 2002:96~112
18 Z.M. Wen. Presentation for Workshop on Payment Schemes for Environmental Services. Beijing, 2002: 123~146
19 J.C. Xu. Decentralization and Accountability in Forest Management, Paper Presented at the Conference on Decentralization and the Environment. Bellagio, Italy, 2002:216~242
20 J.T. Xu. Summary of Presentations of Workshop on Payment Schemes for Environmental Services. Beijing, 2002:237~262
21吴东川,王丰华.林业产权多元化对森林资源管理的影响及对策.林业资源管理. 2006, (6):36~37
22赵晓光,刘培路.伊春林区林权制度改革的调查分析.中国林业经济. 2007, (5):46~48
23华景伟.伊春市国有林业资源型城市经济转型的探讨.中国林业经济. 2007, (4):27~30
24张蕾,谢晨.日本的主要林业政策与改革.世界林业研究. 1999, (6):49~54
25刘国成,任迎新,包卓.东北国有林区林权制度改革初探.中国林业经济. 2007, (5):7~9
26刘文燕.国有森林资源产权制度改革研究.东北林业大学博士学位论文. 2007:22~25
27王海滨.加快林业融资体制改革的几点思考.改革之窗. 2007, (5):12~13
28朱国兴.集体林权制度改革应严防三种不良倾向.中国林业经济. 2007, (5):15~16
29许向阳,聂影,张建华.政府在林业合作组织发展中角色定位的研究. 2007, (5):53~56
30迟福林,王景新,唐涛.赋予农民长期而有保障的土地使用权.中国农村经济. 1999, (3):4~12
31张道卫,对东北国有林区森林资源产权及其改革的调查与思考.林业经济. 2006, (1):16~21
32李刚,王礼平.资源可持续利用的产权安排.财经科学. 2002, (1):42~45
33梁慧星,中国物权法研究.法律出版社, 2005:259~63
34 J.Lindsay. Legal Frameworks and Access to Common Pool Resources. FAO Legal Papers Oneline. 2004:11~12
35 M.Simula. Trade and Environmental Issues in Forest Production. Environment Division Working Paper. 1999:31~35
36 UNDP Programme on Forests. Financial Mechanisms for Sustainable Forestry. Workshop Report. 1999:8~18
37 R.A. Sedjo. Form foraging to Cropping: the Transition to Plantation Forestry, and implication for Wood Supply and demand. Unasylva. 2001:24~26
38 ECONorthwest. Full-Cost Accounting for Washington’s State-Owned Forest: An Overview. 2003:33~45
39 A. Reunala. Structural Change of Private Forest Ownership in Finland. Diss. Helsinki. Communications Inst. Forest Fennicae. 1982:2~79
40 Quintana, Jusus, Morse, Stephen. Social Interactions and Resource Owenership in Two Private Protected Areas of Paraguay. JMEnviron Mange. 2006. 77(11):64~78
41 P. Helen. The Potential for Sustainable Forest in Washington State: A Discursive and Institutional Analysis. Union Institute and University. 2004:12~13
42 A.W.A. Martin. Who Owns the World’s Forests. Forest Tenure and Public Forests in Transition. Forest Trends. 2002:52~60
43 B.M.Owen, and R. Braeutigam. The Regulation Game, Ballinger Publishing Company. 1981:28~32
44 S.N.S. Cheung, Transaction Cost, Risk Aversion, and the Choice of Contractual Arrangement. Journal of Law and Economics. 1969:23~42
45 S.T. Peltzman. The Economic Theory of Regulation After a Decade of Deregulation. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Special Issue, 1989:1~41
46 D.B. Kittredge. The Cooperation of Private Forest Owners on Scales Larger than One Individual Property: International Examples and Potential Application in United States. Forest Policy and Economics. 2005, (7):671~688
47陈铁晗.永安市集体林权制度改革探讨.福建师范大学硕士学位论文. 2006:63~69
48史小宁.产权理论的演变—一个文献评述.经济研究导刊. 2007, (7):7~9
49朱磊,李永岩,马国青.南方集体林区人工用材林按面积限额采伐管理的改革探索.林业资源管理. 2008, (2):16~17
50杨建洲,张建国.我国森林限额采伐管理政策失灵分析.生态经济. 2001, (10):28~29
51李胜兰,曹志兴.构建有中国特色的自然资源产权制度.资源科学. 2000, (5):9~12
52张晓梅.国有林权制度改革的政策支持研究.商业研究. 2007, (12):101~107
53姚淑娥.林权交易的法律风险防范.林业经济问题. 2008, (1):11~14
54柏广新.林木市场成熟理论的提出与探讨.中国林业. 2008, (1):13~15
55陈永昌.完善黑龙江国有林权改革的相关配套措施.北方经贸. 2007, (8):1~3
56徐宣风.论林业产业的可持续发展民营科技. 2008, (1):1~2
2李周.关于国有林业改革的几点思考.林业经济. 1999, (5):42~46
3孔凡斌.论南方林区森林生态保护与森林资源产权管理模式.林业资源管理. 2004, (2):12~16
4郑小贤.新西兰国有林分类经营与民营化.林业资源管理. 1999, (1):63~65
5张敏新,肖平.南方集体林区森林产权的界定与清晰.林业经济问题. 1999, (5):9~14
6贺东航,朱东亮.中国集体林权改革存在的问题及思考.社会主义研究. 2006, (5):79~81
7李立清,李燕凌.从新制度经济学角度看我国非公有制林业发展的必然性.林业经济. 2003, (1):49~51
8徐秀英,马天乐,刘俊昌.南方集体林区林权制度改革研究.林业科学. 2006, (8):122~128
9张晓梅.国有林权制度改革的政府职能与政策保障研究.林业经济问题. 2007, (2):226~228
10吴水荣.国外国有林管理体制与产权变革及对我国的启示.世界林业研究. 2005, (2):2~5
11王兆君.国有森林资源资产运营研究.中国林业出版社, 2003:33~36
12屈兴锋.新制度经济学产权界定理论演进研究.湖南大学硕士学位论文. 2006:17~18
13 N.Kuscha. Trends in Wood Research and Utilization. Forest Products Journal. 1999, 42(3):366~375
14 J.F. Lei. Opening Speech on Workshop on Payment Schemes for Environmental Services, Beijing, 2002:213~227
15 G.P. Miao. Description of the Current. Activities of Private Sector Participation in Forestry in China, Paper for FAO Regional Seminar Services. Beijing, 2002:43~54
16 C.J. Sun. Forest Tax and Fiscal Policy Issues in China: Status and Implications for Reform, International Forum on Chinese Forestry Policy Proceedings, ChinaForestry Publishing House, 2003:85~142
17 C.J. Sun. Chinese Ecological Compensation Fund and Complementary Options to Achieve Conversion Policy Goals, Workshop on Payment Schemes for Environmental. 2002:96~112
18 Z.M. Wen. Presentation for Workshop on Payment Schemes for Environmental Services. Beijing, 2002: 123~146
19 J.C. Xu. Decentralization and Accountability in Forest Management, Paper Presented at the Conference on Decentralization and the Environment. Bellagio, Italy, 2002:216~242
20 J.T. Xu. Summary of Presentations of Workshop on Payment Schemes for Environmental Services. Beijing, 2002:237~262
21吴东川,王丰华.林业产权多元化对森林资源管理的影响及对策.林业资源管理. 2006, (6):36~37
22赵晓光,刘培路.伊春林区林权制度改革的调查分析.中国林业经济. 2007, (5):46~48
23华景伟.伊春市国有林业资源型城市经济转型的探讨.中国林业经济. 2007, (4):27~30
24张蕾,谢晨.日本的主要林业政策与改革.世界林业研究. 1999, (6):49~54
25刘国成,任迎新,包卓.东北国有林区林权制度改革初探.中国林业经济. 2007, (5):7~9
26刘文燕.国有森林资源产权制度改革研究.东北林业大学博士学位论文. 2007:22~25
27王海滨.加快林业融资体制改革的几点思考.改革之窗. 2007, (5):12~13
28朱国兴.集体林权制度改革应严防三种不良倾向.中国林业经济. 2007, (5):15~16
29许向阳,聂影,张建华.政府在林业合作组织发展中角色定位的研究. 2007, (5):53~56
30迟福林,王景新,唐涛.赋予农民长期而有保障的土地使用权.中国农村经济. 1999, (3):4~12
31张道卫,对东北国有林区森林资源产权及其改革的调查与思考.林业经济. 2006, (1):16~21
32李刚,王礼平.资源可持续利用的产权安排.财经科学. 2002, (1):42~45
33梁慧星,中国物权法研究.法律出版社, 2005:259~63
34 J.Lindsay. Legal Frameworks and Access to Common Pool Resources. FAO Legal Papers Oneline. 2004:11~12
35 M.Simula. Trade and Environmental Issues in Forest Production. Environment Division Working Paper. 1999:31~35
36 UNDP Programme on Forests. Financial Mechanisms for Sustainable Forestry. Workshop Report. 1999:8~18
37 R.A. Sedjo. Form foraging to Cropping: the Transition to Plantation Forestry, and implication for Wood Supply and demand. Unasylva. 2001:24~26
38 ECONorthwest. Full-Cost Accounting for Washington’s State-Owned Forest: An Overview. 2003:33~45
39 A. Reunala. Structural Change of Private Forest Ownership in Finland. Diss. Helsinki. Communications Inst. Forest Fennicae. 1982:2~79
40 Quintana, Jusus, Morse, Stephen. Social Interactions and Resource Owenership in Two Private Protected Areas of Paraguay. JMEnviron Mange. 2006. 77(11):64~78
41 P. Helen. The Potential for Sustainable Forest in Washington State: A Discursive and Institutional Analysis. Union Institute and University. 2004:12~13
42 A.W.A. Martin. Who Owns the World’s Forests. Forest Tenure and Public Forests in Transition. Forest Trends. 2002:52~60
43 B.M.Owen, and R. Braeutigam. The Regulation Game, Ballinger Publishing Company. 1981:28~32
44 S.N.S. Cheung, Transaction Cost, Risk Aversion, and the Choice of Contractual Arrangement. Journal of Law and Economics. 1969:23~42
45 S.T. Peltzman. The Economic Theory of Regulation After a Decade of Deregulation. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Special Issue, 1989:1~41
46 D.B. Kittredge. The Cooperation of Private Forest Owners on Scales Larger than One Individual Property: International Examples and Potential Application in United States. Forest Policy and Economics. 2005, (7):671~688
47陈铁晗.永安市集体林权制度改革探讨.福建师范大学硕士学位论文. 2006:63~69
48史小宁.产权理论的演变—一个文献评述.经济研究导刊. 2007, (7):7~9
49朱磊,李永岩,马国青.南方集体林区人工用材林按面积限额采伐管理的改革探索.林业资源管理. 2008, (2):16~17
50杨建洲,张建国.我国森林限额采伐管理政策失灵分析.生态经济. 2001, (10):28~29
51李胜兰,曹志兴.构建有中国特色的自然资源产权制度.资源科学. 2000, (5):9~12
52张晓梅.国有林权制度改革的政策支持研究.商业研究. 2007, (12):101~107
53姚淑娥.林权交易的法律风险防范.林业经济问题. 2008, (1):11~14
54柏广新.林木市场成熟理论的提出与探讨.中国林业. 2008, (1):13~15
55陈永昌.完善黑龙江国有林权改革的相关配套措施.北方经贸. 2007, (8):1~3
56徐宣风.论林业产业的可持续发展民营科技. 2008, (1):1~2