中世纪盛期西欧圣母崇拜探析
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摘要
中世纪盛期西欧基督教文化中出现了圣母玛利亚崇拜极度兴盛的现象,这是历史学、社会学、文化学等领域的学者都非常关注的一个问题。但是,相对于学界关注的程度而言,实际的研究成果却比较稀少。
圣母崇拜在从基督教早期到中世纪盛期的发展史中出现了两次高潮:一是在教父时期,一是在中世纪盛期的西欧。从这两次高潮的比较中可以看出二者具有非常不同的特点。在基督教早期,虽然民众中很早就有了对圣母玛利亚的崇拜,但是她在基督教神学中的正式地位直到5世纪时才确定下来,而且这一地位的获得主要是因为她作为“上帝之母”的身份,她并没有独立的和重要的神学意义。这一时期的神学家对圣母神学的论述主要是强调玛利亚作为顺从和贞洁的典范的形象,这从某种程度上表明了当时神学家对待女性的贬抑态度。中世纪盛期西欧出现的圣母崇拜高潮却有着与此不同的特点,玛利亚顺从与贞洁的特征不再是神学家关注的焦点问题,圣母肉身升天、共同的救赎者、人类之母、全能的中保、基督的新娘、智慧的宝座等教条成为圣母神学中论述最多的问题。玛利亚在基督教神学中获得了极高的地位,普通信徒对玛利亚的虔敬甚至超越了对基督的虔敬。通过比较可以看出,中世纪盛期的圣母崇拜主要体现了信徒对圣母玛利亚的权能和保护力量的信仰,表明信徒对最终总能够得到救赎的肯定的希望。
由于圣母玛利亚与现实中的女性有着难以分隔的关系,所以想要理解圣母崇拜就无法回避女性问题。虽然在父权制社会中女性的地位和作用主要取决于男性的态度,但是,男性的观念和女性自我发展的空间会随着社会文化的发展而有所起伏变化。在中世纪盛期的西欧,女性观和女性的现实以及两性关系的状况都发生了某些积极的变化。这些看似微不足道的变化促进了圣母崇拜的兴盛。反之,圣母玛利亚在基督教神学和信仰中的尊崇地位给予现实中的女性某种精神上的支持。圣母崇拜的兴盛与现实中女性观和女性现实状况的某些改善,既是中世纪盛期文化复兴所带来的积极结果,又是这次文化复兴的组成因素。中世纪盛期西欧社会文化在许多领域都取得了前所未有的发展,从而使社会中的自信乐观精神有所增长。这种自信乐观的精神与圣母玛利亚所代表的希望、安全与救赎等观念是谐调一致而且相互渗透的。
作为一种宗教观念,圣母崇拜与其他的社会文化因素有着密切的关系,它既是整体社会文化发展所塑造的观念,同时也是社会文化的塑造者。圣母玛利亚是中世纪盛期西欧文化复兴中的一种柔性力量,她的存在无疑是社会文化向着更加平等、和谐和充满活力与创造性的方向发展的内在推动力。
In Western Europe, devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary was popular extremely in the high Middle Ages, many scholars paid much attention to this historical phenomenon. But most exploration was made by feminists.
From the era of church fathers to the high Middle Ages, Mariology and Mariolatry developed to climax twice. But they were deferent in forms and meanings distinctly. In the early Christian era, devotion to Mary emerged earlier than church endowed her with“Theotokos”. Theologians focused on her virginity and obedience and treated her as an example for women. In the high Middle Ages, Assumption, Co-Redemptress, Mother of Life, Mediatress, Bride of Christ were mainly discussed. Mary became a very important role in Catholic theology. People devoted her so feverishly as to overlook Christ. This indicated that people believed to be saved by devotion to Mary.
Women and Mary were explored impossibly separately. Though status and rights of women and Mary depended on men in patriarchy society, ideas of men and freedom of women were changing with progression of civilization. In the high Middle Ages, they all improved somehow and these slight changes promoted devotion to Mary. On the contrary, Mary inspired women too. Women and Mary all benefited from the Renaissance of the Twelfth Century, but their improvements were parts of this Renaissance. In this era, Western civilization had great advancement in all fields. In spiritual field, people became more self-confident and more optimistic. This spirit was harmonious with Mariology and Mariolatry, and they two effected each other.
As a religious idea, devotion to Mary had closely relations with other social ideas and realities. It was shaped by the whole society and it was a shaper at the same time. Mary was an most important feminine character in Christian church, her represented a gentle culturing power. Devotion to her could help to form a more equal, just, and prosperous society.
圣母崇拜在从基督教早期到中世纪盛期的发展史中出现了两次高潮:一是在教父时期,一是在中世纪盛期的西欧。从这两次高潮的比较中可以看出二者具有非常不同的特点。在基督教早期,虽然民众中很早就有了对圣母玛利亚的崇拜,但是她在基督教神学中的正式地位直到5世纪时才确定下来,而且这一地位的获得主要是因为她作为“上帝之母”的身份,她并没有独立的和重要的神学意义。这一时期的神学家对圣母神学的论述主要是强调玛利亚作为顺从和贞洁的典范的形象,这从某种程度上表明了当时神学家对待女性的贬抑态度。中世纪盛期西欧出现的圣母崇拜高潮却有着与此不同的特点,玛利亚顺从与贞洁的特征不再是神学家关注的焦点问题,圣母肉身升天、共同的救赎者、人类之母、全能的中保、基督的新娘、智慧的宝座等教条成为圣母神学中论述最多的问题。玛利亚在基督教神学中获得了极高的地位,普通信徒对玛利亚的虔敬甚至超越了对基督的虔敬。通过比较可以看出,中世纪盛期的圣母崇拜主要体现了信徒对圣母玛利亚的权能和保护力量的信仰,表明信徒对最终总能够得到救赎的肯定的希望。
由于圣母玛利亚与现实中的女性有着难以分隔的关系,所以想要理解圣母崇拜就无法回避女性问题。虽然在父权制社会中女性的地位和作用主要取决于男性的态度,但是,男性的观念和女性自我发展的空间会随着社会文化的发展而有所起伏变化。在中世纪盛期的西欧,女性观和女性的现实以及两性关系的状况都发生了某些积极的变化。这些看似微不足道的变化促进了圣母崇拜的兴盛。反之,圣母玛利亚在基督教神学和信仰中的尊崇地位给予现实中的女性某种精神上的支持。圣母崇拜的兴盛与现实中女性观和女性现实状况的某些改善,既是中世纪盛期文化复兴所带来的积极结果,又是这次文化复兴的组成因素。中世纪盛期西欧社会文化在许多领域都取得了前所未有的发展,从而使社会中的自信乐观精神有所增长。这种自信乐观的精神与圣母玛利亚所代表的希望、安全与救赎等观念是谐调一致而且相互渗透的。
作为一种宗教观念,圣母崇拜与其他的社会文化因素有着密切的关系,它既是整体社会文化发展所塑造的观念,同时也是社会文化的塑造者。圣母玛利亚是中世纪盛期西欧文化复兴中的一种柔性力量,她的存在无疑是社会文化向着更加平等、和谐和充满活力与创造性的方向发展的内在推动力。
In Western Europe, devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary was popular extremely in the high Middle Ages, many scholars paid much attention to this historical phenomenon. But most exploration was made by feminists.
From the era of church fathers to the high Middle Ages, Mariology and Mariolatry developed to climax twice. But they were deferent in forms and meanings distinctly. In the early Christian era, devotion to Mary emerged earlier than church endowed her with“Theotokos”. Theologians focused on her virginity and obedience and treated her as an example for women. In the high Middle Ages, Assumption, Co-Redemptress, Mother of Life, Mediatress, Bride of Christ were mainly discussed. Mary became a very important role in Catholic theology. People devoted her so feverishly as to overlook Christ. This indicated that people believed to be saved by devotion to Mary.
Women and Mary were explored impossibly separately. Though status and rights of women and Mary depended on men in patriarchy society, ideas of men and freedom of women were changing with progression of civilization. In the high Middle Ages, they all improved somehow and these slight changes promoted devotion to Mary. On the contrary, Mary inspired women too. Women and Mary all benefited from the Renaissance of the Twelfth Century, but their improvements were parts of this Renaissance. In this era, Western civilization had great advancement in all fields. In spiritual field, people became more self-confident and more optimistic. This spirit was harmonious with Mariology and Mariolatry, and they two effected each other.
As a religious idea, devotion to Mary had closely relations with other social ideas and realities. It was shaped by the whole society and it was a shaper at the same time. Mary was an most important feminine character in Christian church, her represented a gentle culturing power. Devotion to her could help to form a more equal, just, and prosperous society.
引文
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2 Marina Warner, Alone of all Her Sex, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1976, p. 67.
3 D·L·卡莫迪:《妇女与宗教》,徐钧尧、宋立道译,成都:四川人民出版社,1989年,第9页。
4 D·L·卡莫迪:《妇女与宗教》,第138页。
5苏拉密斯·萨哈:《第四等级》,林英译,广州:广东人民出版社,2003年,第107-110页。
1 Mary Daly, Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism, London: The Women’s Press, 1987, p. 85.
2 Mary Condren, The Serpent and the Goddess: Women, Religion and Power in Celtic Ireland, San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1989, pp. 165 - 166.
3 Mary Condren, The Serpent and the Goddess, 1989, pp. 169 - 170.
4 Lisa Isherwood and Dorothea McEwan, Introducing Feminist Theology, Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001, p. 66.
5 Lisa Isherwood and Dorothea McEwan, Introducing Feminist Theology, p. 66.
6 Lisa Isherwood and Dorothea McEwan, Introducing Feminist Theology, p. 67.
1理安·艾斯勒:《神圣的欢爱》,黄觉、黄棣光译,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2004年,第38页。
2菲利普·L·拉尔夫:《世界文明史》(上),赵丰等译,北京:商务印书馆,1998年,第618页。
3雅克·勒戈夫:《中世纪的知识分子》,张弘译,北京:商务印书馆,1999年,第23页。
1卡洛·M·奇波拉主编:《欧洲经济史·中世纪时期》,徐璇译,北京:商务印书馆,1988年,第35页。
2安德烈·比尔基埃等主编:《家庭史·遥远的世界·古老的世界》,袁树仁等译,北京:三联书店,1998年,第583页。
3 George Duby, Love and Marriage in the Middle Ages, trans. Jane Dunnett, Chicago, Oxford: Polity Press, 1994, p. 22.
4 Jaroslv Pelikan, Mary through the Centuries, New Haven: Yale University, 1996, p. 125.
1 F. Donald Logan, A History of the Church in the Middle Ages, London and New York: Routledge, 2002, p. 150.
1徐善伟:《东学西渐与西方文化的复兴》,上海:上海人民出版社,2002年。
2潘绥铭:《性的社会史》,郑州:河南人民出版社,1998年,第328页。
1凯伦·阿姆斯特朗:《神的历史》,蔡昌雄译,海口:海南出版社,2001年,第78页。
1伍尔夫:《中古哲学与文明》,庆泽彭译,上海:华东师范大学出版社,2005年,第7-9页。
2 Karen Saupe, ed., Middle English Marian Lyrics, Originally Published in Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications, 1999. This E-Book, http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/teams/intro.htm.
1罗纳德·L·约翰斯通:《社会中的宗教》,尹今黎、张蕾译,成都:四川人民出版社,1991年,第11页。
2伍尔夫:《中古哲学与文明》,第2页。
1《路加福音》,2:35。本文所引用的《圣经》文本均为南京:中国基督教协会,2002年版。
1 Rosemary R. Ruether, Mary: The Feminine Face of the Church, Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1977, p. 31.
2《路加福音》,2:1。
3《马太福音》,2:13-15。
4《路加福音》,2:48。
5《约翰福音》,19:25-27。
6《使徒行传》,1:14。
1 Irenaeus, Against Heresies, 3: 22: 4.以下未注明出处的教父作品均引自http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/.
2 Tertullian, On the flesh of Christ, ch. 17.
1 Gregory of Nyssa, On Virginity, ch. 13.
2转引自Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, vol. 1., New York: Sheed & Ward, 1963, p. 75.
3 Irenaeus, Against Heresies, 3: 10: 2.
4参见Tertullian, Against Marcion.
5转引自Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 57.
1 Johannes Quasten, Patrology, 4 vols., Ave Maria Press, 1950, 1: 120 - 121.
1 Siricius I, Letters to Bishop Anysius.
2转引自Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 64.
3 Jerome, Against Helvidius: The Perpetual Virginity of Blessed Mary, 19.
4 Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 88.
1 Ambrose, Concerning Virginity, 2: 2: 6.
2 Ambrose, Concerning Virginity, 2: 2: 7.
1 Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 71.
2 Angela M. Lucas, Women in the Middle Ages: Religion, Marriage and Letters, St. Martin’s Press, 1984, p. 17.
3 Tertullian, On Monogamy, ch. 8.
1 Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 111.
1 John the Theologian, The Falling Asleep of Mary.
1 Clifford Stevens,“The Assumption of Mary: A Blief since Apostlic Times”, http://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/AOFMARY.HTMT. From the July-August 1996 issue of Catholic Heritage.
2 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volumne XV, Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/.
3 Gregory the Wonder– worker, On the Subject of the Soul.
1 Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 159.
2 Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 131.
1 Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 112.
2 Michael P. Carroll, The Cult of the Virgin Mary: Psychological Origins, Princeton University Press, 1986.
3汤普逊:《中世纪经济社会史》(上),耿淡如译,北京:商务印书馆,1997年,第79-80页。
1 Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 142.
1 Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 174.
2 Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 207.
1 Mary Clayton, The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Anglo-Saxon England, Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 30.
2 C. W. Jones, ed., Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina, Turnholt, 1975, p. 323.
3 Mary Clayton, The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Anglo-Saxon England, p. 43.
1 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XV, Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary.
2 M. Lapidge and J. L. Rosier, trans., Aldhelm: The Poetic Works, Cambridge, 1985, p. 47.
3 Mary Clayton, The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Anglo-Saxon England, p. 97.
4 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XV, Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary.
1 Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 175.
2 Mary Clayton, The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Anglo-Saxon England, p. 28.
3 Zsolt Aradi, Shrines to Our Lady around the World, New York: Farrar, Straus and Young, 1954, pp. 57 - 61.
1 Mary Clayton, The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 125 - 129.
1 R. Petsch, ed., Theophilus, Heidelberg, 1908, p. 7.
2 Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 201.
1 Jaroslav Pelikan, Mary through the Centuries: Her Place in the History of Culture, p. 190.
2 J·帕利坎:《历代耶稣形象》,杨德友译,上海:三联书店,1999年,第100页。
3 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 219.
1 Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 264.
2 Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 267.
3 Thomas Bokenkotter, Essential Catholicism: Dynamics of Faith and Belief, New York: Image, 1986, p. 128.
4 Jaroslav Pelikan, Mary through the Centuries: Her Place in the History of Culture, p. 132.
5《创世纪》,2:18。
6 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 243.
1“The Marian Dedication of St. Francis of Assisi”, http://www.francisan-archive.org/patriarcha/mdevot.html.
2 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 214.
3《哥罗西书》,2:9-10。
1 Hans Küng, On Being a Christian, New York: Doubleday, 1984, p. 461.
2 William G. Most, Mary in Our Life, Garden City, New York: Doubleday Image, 1954, p. 285.
3 Conrad Borntrager,“Medieval Servite Marian Spirituality”, http://www.udayton.edu/mary/servitel.html.
4 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 216.
1 J·帕利坎:《历代耶稣形象》,第100页。在论述原罪问题时,奥古斯丁只把耶稣当作原罪普遍性原理的唯一无条件的例外,但他在否认了圣徒完全无原罪后,又说,“我们必须把童贞女玛利亚视为例外,出于对主的尊崇,我不想对玛利亚提出疑问”。
2 Steven Botterill, Dante and the Mystical Tradition: Bernard of Clairvaux in the“Commedia”, Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 169.
3 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 213.
1 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 255.
2 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 238.
3 Conrad of Saxony, Mirror of the blessed Virgin Mary, II Intra Text Edition, 2002.
4 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 239.
1 Mark I. Miravelle, ed., Mary: Coredemptrix, Mediatrix, Advocate: Theological Foundations, Santa Barbara, CA: Queenship Publishing, 1995, p. 219.
2 J·帕利坎:《历代耶稣形象》,第155页。
3 Debora B. Schwartz,“The Human Side of God II: Marian Devotion”, http://www.calpoly.edu/~dbschwar/.
4 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 237.
1 Hilda Graef, The Devotion to Our Lady, New York: Hawthorn Books, Inc., 1963, p. 46.
2 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 249.
3 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 255.
4 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 213.
1凯伦·阿姆斯特朗:《神的历史》,第84页。
2杨慧林、黄晋凯:《欧洲中世纪文学史》,南京:译林出版社,2001年,第34页。
3埃利希·诺伊曼:《大母神——原型分析》,李以洪译,北京:东方出版社,1998年,第343页。
4 Rosemary R. Ruether, Goddesses and the divine feminine: a western religious history, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005, p. 168.
5 Rosemary R. Ruether, Goddesses and the Divine Feminine, p.171.
1 Constant J. Mews, ed., Listen Daughter: The Speculum Virginum and the Formation of Religious Women in the Middle Age, New York: Palgrave, 2001, pp. 85 - 110.
1威尔·杜兰:《世界文明史·信仰的时代》,幼狮文化公司译,北京:东方出版社,1998年,第584页。
2威尔·杜兰:《世界文明史·信仰的时代》,第584页。
3雅克·勒戈夫:《中世纪的知识分子》,第75页。
1雅克·勒戈夫:《中世纪的知识分子》,第75页。
2 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 215.
3 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XV, Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary.
4 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 282.
5 Hans Küng, On Being a Christian, p. 461.
1 Denis Vincent Wiseman,“Devotion to Mary among the Dominicans in the Thirteenth Century”, http://www.udayton.edu/mary /dominic.html.
2 Denis Vincent Wiseman,“Devotion to Mary among the Dominicans in the Thirteenth Century”.
3傅雷:《西方美术名作二十讲》,北京:三联书店,1997年,第3页。
4 Conrad Borntrager,“Medieval Servite Marian Spirituality”.
5 Conrad Borntrager,“Medieval Servite Marian Spirituality”.
1 Karen Saupe, ed., Middle English Marian Lyrics.
2埃马纽埃尔·勒华拉杜里:《蒙塔尤》,许明龙、马胜利译,北京:商务印书馆,1997年,第484页。
3埃马纽埃尔·勒华拉杜里:《蒙塔尤》,第365页。
4埃马纽埃尔·勒华拉杜里:《蒙塔尤》,第500-506页。
5 Hilda Graef, The Devotion to Our Lady, p. 61.
6 Diana Webb, Pilgrims and Pilgrimage in the Medieval West, London & New York: I.B.Tauris Publishers, 1999, pp. 51 - 53.
7 Diana Webb, Pilgrims and Pilgrimage in the Medieval West, p. 60.
1 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VII, Hail Mary.
2埃马纽埃尔·勒华拉杜里:《蒙塔尤》,第500页。
3 Hilda Graef, The Devotion to Our Lady, p. 56.
4 Paul A. Duffner,“St. Dominic and the Rossary”, http://www.catholic.net/Periodicals/Homiletic/June97/rosary.html.
1 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 229.
1 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 264.
1 Hilda Graef, The Devotion to Our Lady, p. 40.
2但丁:《神曲》,王维克译,北京:人民文学出版社,1997年,第496-500页。
3参见Dvid A. Flory, The Social Uses of Literature: Chllenging Authority in the Tirteenth-Century Marian Miracle Tale; Susan G. Bell, Women: From the Greek to the French Revolution.
1下列图表数据来自“Apparitions of the Past: A Statistical Study”, http://www.udayton.edu/mary/resources/aprgraph.html.其数据来源于Sylvie Barnay, Les apparitions de la Vierge, Paris: Les Editions du Cerf, 1992; RenéLaurentin, Marian Spirituality In the Mystical Tradition, International Marian Research Institute, Dayton: Marian Library, July 21 - 24, 1997.
2布鲁斯·E·达纳:《圣母玛利亚的故事》,紫图译,西安:陕西师范大学出版社,2004年,第19页。
1 Mrina Warner, Alone of All Her Sex: The Myth and Cult of the Virgin Mary, p. 155.
2 F. Donald Logan, A History of the Church in the Middle Age, p. 147.
3 Zsolt Aradi, Shrines to Our Lady around the World, p. 28.
4 Mrina Warner, Alone of All Her Sex: The Myth and Cult of the Virgin Mary, p. 115.
5 Zsolt Aradi, Shrines to Our Lady around the World, p. 31.
1 Penny Schine Gold, The Lady and the Virgin, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1985, p. 57.
2 Zsolt Aradi, Shrines to Our Lady around the World, p. 68.
1以上事例参见威尔·杜兰:《世界文明史·信仰的时代》,第584页。
1以上所引文字均见西蒙·波伏娃:《第二性》。
2 Marina Warner, Alone of all Her Sex, p. 67.
3 Mary Condren, The Serpent and the Goddess: Women, Religion and Power in Celtic Ireland, pp. 165 - 166.
1 D·L·卡莫迪:《妇女与宗教》,第9、138页。
2苏拉密斯·萨哈:《第四等级》,第107-110页。
3 Lisa Isherwood, Dorothea McEwan, Introducing Feminist Theology, pp. 66 - 67.
4 Mary Daly, Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism, p. 85.
5西蒙·波伏娃:《第二性》,第97页。
1 Penny Schine Gold, The Lady and the Virgin, p. 73.
2 A·古列维奇:《中世纪文化范畴》,庞玉洁译,杭州:浙江人民出版社,1992年,第4页。
1 Penny Schine Gold, The Lady and the Virgin, p. 71.
2乔尔·斯普林格:《脑中之轮——教育哲学导论》,贾晨阳译,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年,第181页。
3乔尔·斯普林格:《脑中之轮——教育哲学导论》,第210页。
4理安·艾斯勒:《圣杯与剑》,程志民译,北京:社会科学文献出版社,1995年,第190页。
1菲利普·L·拉尔夫:《世界文明史》(上),第618页。
2雅克·勒戈夫:《中世纪的知识分子》,第23页。
3 George Duby, Love and Marriage in the Middle Ages, p. 22.
4 Jaroslav Pelikan, Mary through the Centuries, p. 125.
5卡洛·M·奇波拉主编:《欧洲经济史·中世纪时期》,第35页。
1威尔·杜兰:《世界文明史·信仰的时代》,第584页。
2汉斯-维尔纳·格茨:《欧洲中世纪生活》,王亚平译,北京:东方出版社,2002年,第32页。
1莫尔顿·亨特:《情爱自然史》,赵跃、李建先译,北京:作家出版社,1988年,第165页。
2 Angela M. Lucas, Women in the Middle Ages: Religion, Marriage and Letters, p.63.
3莫尔顿·亨特:《情爱自然史》,第167页。
4 Angela M. Lucas, Women in the Middle Ages: Religion, Marriage and Letters, p. 67.
5 Jennifer Ward, Women in Medieval Europe, 1200-1500, Harlow: Longman, 2002, p. 110.
6 Jennifer Ward, Women in Medieval Europe, 1200-1500, p. 48.
1 Frances and Joseph Gies, Women in the Middle Ages, Barnes & Noble Books, 1978, p. 19.
2 Linda E. Mitchell, ed., Women in Medieval Western European Culture, Garland Publishing, Inc., 1999, p. 16.
3 Mavis E. Mate, Women in Medieval English Society, Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 62.
4苏拉密斯·萨哈:《第四等级》,第140页。
5卡洛·M·奇波拉主编:《欧洲经济史·中世纪时期》,第39页。
1转引自俞金尧:《中世纪欧洲寡妇产的起源和演变》,载《世界历史》,2001年第5期,第50-59页。
2马克·布洛赫:《封建社会》,张绪山译,北京:商务印书馆,2005年,第645页。
3马克·布洛赫:《封建社会》,第329页。
4马克·布洛赫:《封建社会》,第329页。
5苏拉密斯·萨哈:《第四等级》,第6页。
1 Penny Schine Gold, The Lady and the Virgin, p. 93.
2 Penny Schine Gold, The Lady and the Virgin, p. 99.
1 Constant J. Mews, ed., Listen Daughter: The Speculum Virginum and the Formation of Religious Women in the Middle Ages, p. 201.
2 Elizabeth Alvida Petroff, Body and Soul: Essays on Medieval Women and Mysticism, Oxford University Press, 1994, p. 5.
1 Abby Stoner,“Sisters Between Gender and the Medieval Beguines”, 1993, http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~epf/1995/beguine.html.
2 Julia Botton Holloway, Joan Bechhold and Constane S. Wright, eds., Equally in God’s Image, originally published by Peter Lang Publishing, 1990, E-Book, 1997/2004, http://www.umilta.net/equally.html.
3 Julia Botton Holloway, Joan Bechhold and Constane S. Wright, eds., Equally in God’s Image.
4 Abby Stoner,“Sisters Between Gender and the Medieval Beguines”.
1 Jean Leclercq, Monks and Love in Twelfth Century France, New York: Oxford University Press, 1979, p. 121.
2更多内容参见徐善伟:《典雅爱情的特征及其社会影响》,载《上海师范大学学报》,2003年第6期,第82-88页。
1雅克·勒戈夫:《中世纪的知识分子》,第35页。
1《哥林多前书》,14:34-36。
2《以弗所书》,5:23-24。
3《以弗所书》,5:25-33。
4转引自Karen Armstrong, The Gospel According to Women: Christianity’s creation of the sex war in the west, Elm Tree Books, 1986, pp. 52 - 62.
5 St. Jerome, Commentary on Ephesians, book III, ch. 5.
1 St. John Chrysostom, On the Priesthood, book VI, ch. 8.
2《箴言》,7:10-20。
3 Julian Bolton, Joan Bechtold and Constance S. Wright, eds., Equally in God’s Image.
4 Jerome, Against Jovinianus, book I, ch. ix.
5 Jerome, Against Jovinianus, book IV.
6 Angela M. Lucas, Women in the Middle Ages: Religion, Marriage and Letters, p. 124.
7《创世纪》,24:57-58。
1 Ephrem Filthaut, ed., Albertus Magnus, Quaestiones super de animalibus, Monasterium Westfalorum: Aschendorff, 1955, XV, q. 11.
2 Angela M. Lucas, Women in the Middle Ages: Religion, Marriage and Letters, p. 124.
3 Angela M. Lucas, Women in the Middle Ages: Religion, Marriage and Letters, p. 121.
1 St. Anselm, De Conceptu Virginali, ix and x.
2 Hugh of St Victor, De Sacramentis Christianae Fidei, I, vii, 10.
3《创世纪》,3:12。
4 Angela M. Lucas, Women in the Middle Ages: Religion, Marriage and Letters, p.12.
5 Bernard of Clairvaux, Sermon Dominica infra Octavam Assumptionis.
6 Frances and Joseph Gies, Women in the Middle Ages, pp. 39 - 41.
7彭小瑜:《教会法研究》,北京:商务印书馆,2003年,第2-3页。
1 Georges Duby, Love and Marriage in the Middle Ages, p. 19.
2 Gratian, Decretum, cols 1112 - 14.
3 Angela M. Lucas, Women in the Middle Ages: Religion, Marriage and Letters, p. 130.
4 Angela M. Lucas, Women in the Middle Ages: Religion, Marriage and Letters, p. 134.
1 Constant J. Mews, ed., Listen Daughter: The Speculum Virginum and the Formation of Religious Women in the Middle Ages, p. 201.
2 Constant J. Mews, ed., Listen Daughter: The Speculum Virginum and the Formation of Religious Women in the Middle Ages, pp. 203 - 204.
1 Constant J. Mews, ed., Listen Daughter: The Speculum Virginum and the Formation of Religious Women in the Middle Ages, p. 26.
2 Colin Morris, The Discovery of the Individual, 1050 - 1200, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987, p. 44.
3 Ffiona Swabey, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Courtly Love, and the Troubadours, Westport, Connecticut, and London: Greenwood Press, 2004, p. 56.
4 Colin Morris, The Discovery of the Individual, 1050 - 1200, p. 108.
1 Colin Morris, The Discovery of the Individual, 1050 - 1200, p. 45.
2 Ffiona Swabey, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Courtly Love, and the Troubadours, p. 80.
1 Rosemary R. Ruether, Goddesses and the Divine Feminine, p. 180.
2丹纳:《艺术哲学》,傅雷译,兰州:敦煌文艺出版社,1994年,第87页。
3让·杜歇:《第一性》,周征凌、范倍思译,深圳:海天出版社,2001年,第235页。
4 Hilda Graef, The Devotion to Our Lady, p. 45.
5 J·帕利坎:《历代耶稣形象》,第162页。
1 Hilda Graef, The Devotion to Our Lady, p. 46.
2 Hilda Graef, The Devotion to Our Lady, p. 60.
3让·杜歇:《第一性》,第236页。
1潘绥铭:《性的社会史》,第156页。
1潘绥铭:《性的社会史》,第21页。
2潘绥铭:《性的社会史》,第308页。
1 Constant J. Mews, ed., Listen, Daughter: The Speculum Virginum and the Formation of Religious Women in the Middle Age, pp. 203 - 204.
1彭小瑜:《中古西欧骑士文学和教会法里的爱情婚姻观》,载《北大史学》第六辑,北京大学出版社,1999年,第143页。
2 Rosemary R. Ruether, Goddesses and the Divine Feminine, p. 180.
3转引自徐善伟:《典雅爱情的特征及其社会影响》。
1转引自潘绥铭:《性的社会史》,第344页。
2余凤高:《西方性观念的变迁》,长沙:湖南文艺出版社,1996年,第47页。
3理安·艾斯勒:《神圣的欢爱》,第38页。
1梅里·E·威斯纳-汉克斯:《历史中的性别》,何开松译,北京:东方出版社,2003年,第159页。
2《加拉太书》,3:28。
1参见《路加福音》,10:38-42。
2理安·艾斯勒:《圣杯与剑》,第185页。
1 Linda Conroy,“The virgin Mary in the Lives and Writings of Francis and Clare”, Maria: A Journal of Marian Studies, Aug2002, Vol. 3 Issue 1, pp. 17 - 70.
2 Linda Conroy,“The virgin Mary in the Lives and Writings of Francis and Clare”.
3 Constant J. Mews, ed., Listen, Daughter: The Speculum Virginum and the Formation of Religious Women in the Middle Age, pp. 59 - 83.
1 Jean Leclercq, The Love of Learning and the Desire for God, New York: Fordham University Press, 1982.研究了《贞女之镜》的作者问题,他认为作者是Conrad of Hirsau。
2参见Kimberley M. Benedict, Empowering Collaborations: Writing Partnerships between Religious Women and Scribes in the Middle Ages, New York and London: Routledge, 2004.
3转引自理安·艾斯勒:《圣杯与剑》,第191页。
1陈恒、耿相新主编:《新史学·第4辑·新文化史》,郑州:大象出版社,2005年,第76页。
1 A·古列维奇:《中世纪的文化范畴》,第228页。
2理安·艾斯勒:《圣杯与剑》,第5页。
1 R. J. Zwi Werblowsky,“Synkretismus in der Religionsgeschichte”.转引自Stephen Benko, The Virgin Goddess, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1993, p. 1.
2 W. K. C. Guthrie, The Greeks and Their Gods, Boston: Beacon Press, 1955, p. 176.
3 Karl Prümm, Der Christliche Glaube und die altheidnische Welt, 2 vols., Leipzig: Jakob Hegner, 1935.转引自Stephen Benko, The Virgin Goddess, p. 2.
1 Stephen Benko, The Virgin Goddess, p. 4.
2 Stephen Benko, The Virgin Goddess, p. 5.
3理安·艾斯勒:《圣杯与剑》,第28页。
4 Cara Elizabeth Furman,“The Virgin Mary in High Medieval England”, http:// thesis.haverford.edu/31/ 01/2003FurmanC.pdf.
5 Stephen Benko, The Virgin Goddess, p. 18.
1 Stephen Benko, The Virgin Goddess, p. 168.
2 Stephen Benko, The Virgin Goddess, p. 168.
3 R. E. Witt, Isis in the Graeco-Roman World, New York: Cornell University Press, 1971.作者研究了伊希斯崇拜的传播以及最终融进其他女神崇拜的情况,认为伊希斯崇拜对基督教产生了很大影响。
4詹姆斯·弗雷泽:《金枝》,徐育新等译,北京:大众文艺出版社,1998年,第553页。
5 Rosemary R. Ruether, Mary: the Feminine Face of the Church, p. 18.
1埃利希·诺伊曼:《大母神——原型分析》,第278页。
2 Stephen Benko, The Virgin Goddess, p. 18.
3 Rosemary R. Ruether, Mary: the Feminine Face of the Church, p. 59.
4 G·R·埃文斯:《中世纪的信仰》,茆卫彤译,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年,第4页。
5埃利希·诺伊曼:《大母神——原型分析》,第337页。
1埃利希·诺伊曼:《大母神——原型分析》,第343页。
2凯伦·阿姆斯特朗:《神的历史》,第85页。
3《圣经后典》,张久宣译,北京:商务印书馆,1987年,第102-103页。
4《圣经后典》,第128页。
1理安·艾斯勒:《圣杯与剑》,第13页。
2 Nicolas Platon, Crete, Geneva: Nagel Publishers, 1966, p. 148.
1理安·艾斯勒:《圣杯与剑》,第62页。
2公元前5世纪左右,在人类文明史上出现了孔子、老子、柏拉图、亚里士多德、释迦牟尼等大思想家,其后人类的文明基本上是围绕这些哲人的思想发展的,为此,德国哲学家雅斯贝尔斯将其称为人类文明的轴心时期。
3凯伦·阿姆斯特朗:《神的历史》,第65页。
4 Raphael Patai, The Hebrew Goddess, New York: Avon Books, 1978, pp. 12– 13.
1理安·艾斯勒:《圣杯与剑》,第141页。
2可参阅Helen Hackett, Virgin mother, Maiden queen: Elizabeth I and the Cult of the Virgin Mar, Macmillan Press LTD, 1995.
3 G. R. Taylor, Sex in History, New York: Ballantine Books, 1954, p. 151.
4理安·艾斯勒:《圣杯与剑》,第27页。
1理安·艾斯勒:《圣杯与剑》,第28页。
2 Merlin Stone, When God Was a Woman, New York: Barnes and Noble, 1976, p. 82.
3理安·艾斯勒:《圣杯与剑》,第154页。
1 Colin Morris, The Discovery of the Individual, 1050-1200, p. 160.
1奥尔森:《基督教神学思想史》,吴瑞诚、徐成德译,北京:北京大学出版社,2003年,第345页。
2奥尔森:《基督教神学思想史》,第347页。
1达尼埃尔·亚历山大-比东:《中世纪有关死亡的生活》,陈劼译，济南：山东画报出版社，2005年,第11页。
2 Linda Conroy,“The virgin Mary in the Lives and Writings of Francis and Clare”.
3威尔·杜兰:《世界文明史·信仰的时代》,第575页。
4达尼埃尔·亚历山大-比东:《中世纪有关死亡的生活》,第213页。
5达尼埃尔·亚历山大-比东:《中世纪有关死亡的生活》,第216页。
1达尼埃尔·亚历山大-比东:《中世纪有关死亡的生活》,第218页。
2 R. W. Southern, Medieval Humanism and other studies, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1984, p. 33.
3 R. W. Southern, Medieval Humanism and other studies, p. 34.
4 R. W. Southern, Medieval Humanism and other studies, p. 34.
5 R. W. Southern, Medieval Humanism and other studies, p. 31.
1 Colin Morris, The Discovery of the Individual, 1050-1200, p. 54.
2伍尔夫:《中古哲学与文明》,第38页。
3伍尔夫:《中古哲学与文明》,第131页。
1 R. W. Southern, Medieval Humanism and other studies, p. 57.
2 R. W. Southern, Medieval Humanism and other studies, p. 59.
3 R. W. Southern, Medieval Humanism and other studies, p. 37.
4 Colin Morris, The Discovery of the Individual, 1050-1200, p. 66.
1 Michael Clanchy,“Documenting the self: Abelard and the individual in history,”Historical Research, Aug2003, Vol. 76 Issue 193, pp. 293 - 309.
2 Michael Clanchy,“Documenting the self: Abelard and the individual in history”.
3 Michael Clanchy,“Documenting the self: Abelard and the individual in history”.
4马克·布洛赫:《封建社会》,第194页。
1 Colin Morris, The Discovery of the Individual, 1050-1200, p. 68.
2雅克·勒戈夫:《中世纪的知识分子》,第32页。
3雅克·勒戈夫:《中世纪的知识分子》,第33页。
4伍尔夫:《中古哲学与文明》,第82页。
1 Ffiona Swabey, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Courtly Love, and the Troubadours, p. 27.
2伍尔夫:《中古哲学与文明》,第61页。
3 R. W. Southern, Medieval Humanism and other studies, p. 39.
4 R. W. Southern, Medieval Humanism and other studies, p. 40.
5 R. W. Southern, Medieval Humanism and other studies, p. 41.
1雅克·勒戈夫:《中世纪的知识分子》,第8页。
2雅克·勒戈夫:《中世纪的知识分子》,第19页。
3雅克·勒戈夫:《中世纪的知识分子》,第19页。
4雅克·勒戈夫:《中世纪的知识分子》,第22页。
1彭小瑜:《教会法研究》,第6页。
2《哥林多前书》,13:13。
3彭小瑜:《教会法研究》,第103页。
1彭小瑜:《教会法研究》,第354页。
2《路加福音》,9:51-56。
1彭小瑜:《教会法研究》,第52页。
2 Blossom Stefaniw,“Spiritual Friendship and Bridal Mysticism in an Age of Affectivity”, Cistercian Studies Quarterly, 2006, Vol. 41 Issue1, pp. 65 - 78.
3 Colin Morris, The Discovery of the Individual, 1050-1200, p. 97.
1 Blossom Stefaniw,“Spiritual Friendship and Bridal Mysticism in an Age of Affectivity”.
2 C. Stephen Jaeger, Ennobling Love, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999, p. 6.
3彭小瑜:《中古西欧骑士文学和教会法里的爱情婚姻观》。
1 C. Stephen Jaeger, Ennobling Love, Preface.
2雅克·勒高夫:《圣路易》,许明龙译,北京:商务印书馆,2002年,第48页。
3伍尔夫:《中古哲学与文明》,第6页。
1. Brozyna, Martha A., ed. Gender and Sexuality in the Middle Ages: A Medieval Source Documents Reader. Jefferson, North Carolina, and London: McFarland & Company, Inc. Publishers, 2005.
2. Chandlery, P. J., ed. Mary’s Praise on Every Tongue: A Record of Homage Paid To Our Blessed Lady in All Ages and Throughout the World. London: The Manresa Press, 1920.
3. DiCaprio, Lisa and Merry E. Wiesner, eds. Lives and Voices: Sources in European Women’s History. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001.
4. McCarthy, Conor, ed. Love, Sex and Marriage in the Middle Ages: A Sourcebook. London and New York: Routledge, 2004.
5. Palmer, Paul F., Mary in the Documents of the Church. Wesminster, Maryalnd: The Newman Press, 1952.
6. Walsh, William J., ed. The Apparitions and shrines of Heaven’s Bright Queen in Legend, Poetry and History, 4vols. New York, New Orleans: Carey-Stafford Company, 1906.
7. Internet Medieval Sourcebook, http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/:
(1) A Husband's Endowment Of His Future Wife On Their Betrothal. Southern Burgundy, 994.
(2) Alain of Lille (d. 1202). The Complaint of Nature.
(3) Andreas Capellanus. The Art of Courtly Love, Book Two,“On the Rules of Love”.
(4) Aquinas. On Sex.
(5) Council Legislation on Marriage, English & Lateran Council Legislation.
(6) Gratian. On Marriage (dictum post C. 32. 2. 2).
(7) Guibert de Nogent (d.1124). Autobiography.
(8) Innocent III. Letters on Marriage and Women.
(9) St Augustine. On Marriage and Concupiscence.
(10) St Jerome.“On Marriage and Virginity”. From Letter XXII to Eustochium and Against Jovinian.
(11) St Jerome.“On The Song of Songs”. From Against Jovinian.
(12) St. Bernardino of Siena. Two Sermons on Wives and Widows.
(13) The Archpoet. The Confession Of Golias (C. 1160).
(14) The Bible on Marriage.
(15) The Law of Brusthem, 1175.
(16) Thomas Of Celano. First And Second Lives Of Saint Francis.
(17) William of St. Thierry. A Description of Clairvaux, c. 1143.
(18) Women and the Law.
8. Church Fathers, http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/.
9. The Catholic Encyclopedia, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/.
1、《圣经》。南京:中国基督教协会,2002年。
2、艾因哈德:《查理大帝传》,戚国淦译。北京:商务印书馆,1985年。
3、比德:《英吉利教会史》,陈维振、周清民译。北京:商务印书馆,1991年。
4、但丁:《神曲》,田德望译。北京:人民文学出版社,1997年。
5、格雷戈里:《法兰克人史》,寿纪瑜、戚国淦译。北京:商务印书馆,1981年。
1. Baring, Anne and Jules Cashford. The Myth of the Goddess: Evolution of an Image. London: Viking Arkana, 1991.
2. Benedict, Kimberley M. Empowering Collaborations: Writing Partnerships between Religious Women and Scribes in the Middle Ages. New Yorkand London: Routledge, 2004.
3. Benko, Stephen. The Virgin Goddess: Studies in the Pagan and Christian Roots of Mariology. E.J. Brill, 1993.
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4. Conroy, Linda.“The virgin Mary in the Lives and Writings of Francis and Clare.”Maria: A Journal of Marian Studies, Aug2002, Vol. 3 Issue 1, pp. 17-70.
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17. Wiseman, Denis Vincent.“Devotion to Mary Among the Dominicans in the Thirteenth Century.”http://www.udayton.edu/mary/dominicl.html.
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3、埃德蒙·波尼翁:《公元1000年的欧洲》,席继权译。济南:山东画报出版社,2005年。
4、埃利希·诺伊曼:《大母神——原型分析》,李以洪译。北京:东方出版社,1998年。
5、埃马纽埃尔·勒华拉杜里:《蒙塔尤:1294-1324年奥克西坦尼的一个山村》,许明龙、马胜利译。北京:商务印书馆,1997年。
6、薄洁萍:《上帝作证——中世纪基督教文化中的婚姻》。上海:学林出版社,2005年。
7、布鲁斯·E·达纳:《圣母玛利亚的故事》,紫图译。西安:陕西师范大学出版社,2004年。
8、查尔斯·霍默·哈斯金斯:《12世纪文艺复兴》,夏继果译。上海:上海人民出版社,2005年。
9、D·L·卡莫迪:《妇女与宗教》,徐钧尧、宋立道译。成都:四川人民出版社,1989年。
10、达尼埃尔·亚历山大-比东:《中世纪有关死亡的生活:13～16世纪》,陈劼译??南:山东画报出版社,2005年。
11、菲利普·L·拉尔夫:《世界文明史》,两卷本,赵丰等译。北京:商务印书馆,1998年。
12、菲利普·沃尔夫:《欧洲的觉醒》,郑宇健、顾奔译。北京:商务印书馆,1990年。
13、G·R·埃文斯:《中世纪的信仰》,茆卫彤译。北京:北京大学出版社,2005年。
14、汉斯·昆:《基督教大思想家》,包利民译。北京:社会科学文献出版社,2001年。
15、汉斯-维尔纳·格次:《欧洲中世纪的生活:7～13世纪》,王亚平译。北京:东方出版社,2002年。
16、卡洛·M·奇波拉主编:《欧洲经济史·中世纪时期》,徐璇译。北京:商务印书馆,1988年。
17、凯伦·阿姆斯特朗:《神的历史》,蔡昌雄译。海口:海南出版社,2001年。
18、凯特·米利特:《性政治》,宋文伟译。南京:江苏人民出版社,2000年。
19、理安·艾斯勒:《圣杯与剑——男女之间的战争》,程志民译。北京:社会科学文献出版社,1995年。——《神圣的欢爱——性、神话与女性肉体的政治学》,黄觉、黄棣光译。北京:社会科学文献出版社,2004年。
20、刘城:《英国中世纪教会研究》。北京:首都师范大学出版社,1996年。
21、刘文明:《上帝与女性》。武汉:武汉大学出版社,2004年。
22、罗贝尔·穆尚布莱:《魔鬼的历史》,张庭芳译。桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年。
23、罗纳德·L·约翰斯通:《社会中的宗教—一种宗教社会学》,尹今黎、张蕾译。成都:四川人民出版社,1991年。
24、马克·布洛赫:《封建社会》,张绪山等译。北京:商务印书馆,2005年。
25、莫尔顿·亨特:《情爱自然史》,赵跃、李建先译。北京:作家出版社,1988年。
26、玛丽·乔·梅多、理查德·德·卡霍:《宗教心理学——个人生活中的宗教》,陈麟书译。成都:四川人民出版社,1990年。
27、马林诺夫斯基:《两性社会学:母系社会与父系社会之比较》,李安宅译。上海:上海人民出版社,2003年。
28、梅里·E·威斯纳-汉克斯:《历史中的性别》,何开松译。北京:东方出版社,2003年。
29、倪世光:《西欧中世纪骑士的生活》。保定:河北大学出版社,2004年。
30、潘绥铭:《神秘的圣火——性的社会史》。郑州:河南人民出版社,1988年。
31、彭小瑜:《教会法研究——历史与理论》。北京:商务印书馆,2003年。
32、让·杜歇:《第一性》,周征凌、范倍思译。深圳:海天出版社,2001年。
33、苏拉密斯·萨哈:《第四等级——中世纪欧洲妇女史》,林英译。广州:广东人民出版社,2003年。
34、威利斯顿·沃尔克:《基督教会史》,孙善玲等译。北京:中国社会科学出版社,1991年。
35、伍尔夫:《中古哲学与文明》,庆泽彭译。上海:华东师范大学出版社,2005年。
36、西蒙·波伏娃:《第二性》,陶铁柱译。北京:中国书籍出版社,1998年。
37、徐善伟:《东学西渐与西方文化的复兴》。上海:上海人民出版社,2002年。
38、雅克·勒高夫:《圣路易》,许明龙译。北京:商务印书馆,2002年。——《中世纪的知识分子》,张弘译。北京:商务印书馆,1999年。
39、约翰·赫伊津哈:《中世纪的衰落》,刘军等译。杭州:中国美术学院出版社,1997年。
40、杨慧林、黄晋凯:《欧洲中世纪文学史》。南京:译林出版社,2001年。
41、叶舒宪:《千面女神—性别神话的象征史》。上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2004年。
42、余凤高:《西方性观念的变迁》。长沙:湖南文艺出版社,1996年。
43、詹姆斯·W·汤普逊:《中世纪晚期欧洲经济社会史》,徐家玲等译。北京:商务印书馆,1992年。
44、赵敦华:《基督教哲学1500年》。北京:人民出版社,1994年。
1、李鹏:《解读骑士文学中“典雅爱情”描写的宗教情结》,载《江西社会科学》,2005年第7期,第99-102页。
2、林中泽:《早期基督教的人性与奥古斯丁神学中的“人”》,载《华南师范大学学报》,1999年第3期,第84-97页。
3、倪世光:《西欧中世纪人本思想的产生及其表现》,载《东北师大学报》,1994年第1期,第36-40页。
4、肖明翰:《中世纪欧洲的骑士精神与宫廷爱情》,载《外国文学研究》,2005年第3期,第61-69页。
5、徐善伟:《典雅爱情的特征及其社会影响》,载《上海师范大学学报》,2003年第6期,第82-88页。
6、俞金尧:《中世纪欧洲寡妇产的起源和演变》,载《世界历史》,2001年第5期,第50-59页。
7、赵文洪:《论中世纪西欧思想观念中人相对于神的地位的演变》,载《中国社会科学院研究生院学报》,2004年第2期,第76-81页。
2 Marina Warner, Alone of all Her Sex, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1976, p. 67.
3 D·L·卡莫迪:《妇女与宗教》,徐钧尧、宋立道译,成都:四川人民出版社,1989年,第9页。
4 D·L·卡莫迪:《妇女与宗教》,第138页。
5苏拉密斯·萨哈:《第四等级》,林英译,广州:广东人民出版社,2003年,第107-110页。
1 Mary Daly, Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism, London: The Women’s Press, 1987, p. 85.
2 Mary Condren, The Serpent and the Goddess: Women, Religion and Power in Celtic Ireland, San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1989, pp. 165 - 166.
3 Mary Condren, The Serpent and the Goddess, 1989, pp. 169 - 170.
4 Lisa Isherwood and Dorothea McEwan, Introducing Feminist Theology, Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001, p. 66.
5 Lisa Isherwood and Dorothea McEwan, Introducing Feminist Theology, p. 66.
6 Lisa Isherwood and Dorothea McEwan, Introducing Feminist Theology, p. 67.
1理安·艾斯勒:《神圣的欢爱》,黄觉、黄棣光译,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2004年,第38页。
2菲利普·L·拉尔夫:《世界文明史》(上),赵丰等译,北京:商务印书馆,1998年,第618页。
3雅克·勒戈夫:《中世纪的知识分子》,张弘译,北京:商务印书馆,1999年,第23页。
1卡洛·M·奇波拉主编:《欧洲经济史·中世纪时期》,徐璇译,北京:商务印书馆,1988年,第35页。
2安德烈·比尔基埃等主编:《家庭史·遥远的世界·古老的世界》,袁树仁等译,北京:三联书店,1998年,第583页。
3 George Duby, Love and Marriage in the Middle Ages, trans. Jane Dunnett, Chicago, Oxford: Polity Press, 1994, p. 22.
4 Jaroslv Pelikan, Mary through the Centuries, New Haven: Yale University, 1996, p. 125.
1 F. Donald Logan, A History of the Church in the Middle Ages, London and New York: Routledge, 2002, p. 150.
1徐善伟:《东学西渐与西方文化的复兴》,上海:上海人民出版社,2002年。
2潘绥铭:《性的社会史》,郑州:河南人民出版社,1998年,第328页。
1凯伦·阿姆斯特朗:《神的历史》,蔡昌雄译,海口:海南出版社,2001年,第78页。
1伍尔夫:《中古哲学与文明》,庆泽彭译,上海:华东师范大学出版社,2005年,第7-9页。
2 Karen Saupe, ed., Middle English Marian Lyrics, Originally Published in Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications, 1999. This E-Book, http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/teams/intro.htm.
1罗纳德·L·约翰斯通:《社会中的宗教》,尹今黎、张蕾译,成都:四川人民出版社,1991年,第11页。
2伍尔夫:《中古哲学与文明》,第2页。
1《路加福音》,2:35。本文所引用的《圣经》文本均为南京:中国基督教协会,2002年版。
1 Rosemary R. Ruether, Mary: The Feminine Face of the Church, Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1977, p. 31.
2《路加福音》,2:1。
3《马太福音》,2:13-15。
4《路加福音》,2:48。
5《约翰福音》,19:25-27。
6《使徒行传》,1:14。
1 Irenaeus, Against Heresies, 3: 22: 4.以下未注明出处的教父作品均引自http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/.
2 Tertullian, On the flesh of Christ, ch. 17.
1 Gregory of Nyssa, On Virginity, ch. 13.
2转引自Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, vol. 1., New York: Sheed & Ward, 1963, p. 75.
3 Irenaeus, Against Heresies, 3: 10: 2.
4参见Tertullian, Against Marcion.
5转引自Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 57.
1 Johannes Quasten, Patrology, 4 vols., Ave Maria Press, 1950, 1: 120 - 121.
1 Siricius I, Letters to Bishop Anysius.
2转引自Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 64.
3 Jerome, Against Helvidius: The Perpetual Virginity of Blessed Mary, 19.
4 Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 88.
1 Ambrose, Concerning Virginity, 2: 2: 6.
2 Ambrose, Concerning Virginity, 2: 2: 7.
1 Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 71.
2 Angela M. Lucas, Women in the Middle Ages: Religion, Marriage and Letters, St. Martin’s Press, 1984, p. 17.
3 Tertullian, On Monogamy, ch. 8.
1 Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 111.
1 John the Theologian, The Falling Asleep of Mary.
1 Clifford Stevens,“The Assumption of Mary: A Blief since Apostlic Times”, http://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/AOFMARY.HTMT. From the July-August 1996 issue of Catholic Heritage.
2 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volumne XV, Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/.
3 Gregory the Wonder– worker, On the Subject of the Soul.
1 Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 159.
2 Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 131.
1 Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 112.
2 Michael P. Carroll, The Cult of the Virgin Mary: Psychological Origins, Princeton University Press, 1986.
3汤普逊:《中世纪经济社会史》(上),耿淡如译,北京:商务印书馆,1997年,第79-80页。
1 Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 142.
1 Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 174.
2 Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 207.
1 Mary Clayton, The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Anglo-Saxon England, Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 30.
2 C. W. Jones, ed., Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina, Turnholt, 1975, p. 323.
3 Mary Clayton, The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Anglo-Saxon England, p. 43.
1 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XV, Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary.
2 M. Lapidge and J. L. Rosier, trans., Aldhelm: The Poetic Works, Cambridge, 1985, p. 47.
3 Mary Clayton, The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Anglo-Saxon England, p. 97.
4 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XV, Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary.
1 Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 175.
2 Mary Clayton, The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Anglo-Saxon England, p. 28.
3 Zsolt Aradi, Shrines to Our Lady around the World, New York: Farrar, Straus and Young, 1954, pp. 57 - 61.
1 Mary Clayton, The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 125 - 129.
1 R. Petsch, ed., Theophilus, Heidelberg, 1908, p. 7.
2 Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 201.
1 Jaroslav Pelikan, Mary through the Centuries: Her Place in the History of Culture, p. 190.
2 J·帕利坎:《历代耶稣形象》,杨德友译,上海:三联书店,1999年,第100页。
3 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 219.
1 Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 264.
2 Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 267.
3 Thomas Bokenkotter, Essential Catholicism: Dynamics of Faith and Belief, New York: Image, 1986, p. 128.
4 Jaroslav Pelikan, Mary through the Centuries: Her Place in the History of Culture, p. 132.
5《创世纪》,2:18。
6 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 243.
1“The Marian Dedication of St. Francis of Assisi”, http://www.francisan-archive.org/patriarcha/mdevot.html.
2 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 214.
3《哥罗西书》,2:9-10。
1 Hans Küng, On Being a Christian, New York: Doubleday, 1984, p. 461.
2 William G. Most, Mary in Our Life, Garden City, New York: Doubleday Image, 1954, p. 285.
3 Conrad Borntrager,“Medieval Servite Marian Spirituality”, http://www.udayton.edu/mary/servitel.html.
4 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 216.
1 J·帕利坎:《历代耶稣形象》,第100页。在论述原罪问题时,奥古斯丁只把耶稣当作原罪普遍性原理的唯一无条件的例外,但他在否认了圣徒完全无原罪后,又说,“我们必须把童贞女玛利亚视为例外,出于对主的尊崇,我不想对玛利亚提出疑问”。
2 Steven Botterill, Dante and the Mystical Tradition: Bernard of Clairvaux in the“Commedia”, Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 169.
3 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 213.
1 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 255.
2 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 238.
3 Conrad of Saxony, Mirror of the blessed Virgin Mary, II Intra Text Edition, 2002.
4 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 239.
1 Mark I. Miravelle, ed., Mary: Coredemptrix, Mediatrix, Advocate: Theological Foundations, Santa Barbara, CA: Queenship Publishing, 1995, p. 219.
2 J·帕利坎:《历代耶稣形象》,第155页。
3 Debora B. Schwartz,“The Human Side of God II: Marian Devotion”, http://www.calpoly.edu/~dbschwar/.
4 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 237.
1 Hilda Graef, The Devotion to Our Lady, New York: Hawthorn Books, Inc., 1963, p. 46.
2 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 249.
3 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 255.
4 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 213.
1凯伦·阿姆斯特朗:《神的历史》,第84页。
2杨慧林、黄晋凯:《欧洲中世纪文学史》,南京:译林出版社,2001年,第34页。
3埃利希·诺伊曼:《大母神——原型分析》,李以洪译,北京:东方出版社,1998年,第343页。
4 Rosemary R. Ruether, Goddesses and the divine feminine: a western religious history, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005, p. 168.
5 Rosemary R. Ruether, Goddesses and the Divine Feminine, p.171.
1 Constant J. Mews, ed., Listen Daughter: The Speculum Virginum and the Formation of Religious Women in the Middle Age, New York: Palgrave, 2001, pp. 85 - 110.
1威尔·杜兰:《世界文明史·信仰的时代》,幼狮文化公司译,北京:东方出版社,1998年,第584页。
2威尔·杜兰:《世界文明史·信仰的时代》,第584页。
3雅克·勒戈夫:《中世纪的知识分子》,第75页。
1雅克·勒戈夫:《中世纪的知识分子》,第75页。
2 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 215.
3 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XV, Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary.
4 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 282.
5 Hans Küng, On Being a Christian, p. 461.
1 Denis Vincent Wiseman,“Devotion to Mary among the Dominicans in the Thirteenth Century”, http://www.udayton.edu/mary /dominic.html.
2 Denis Vincent Wiseman,“Devotion to Mary among the Dominicans in the Thirteenth Century”.
3傅雷:《西方美术名作二十讲》,北京:三联书店,1997年,第3页。
4 Conrad Borntrager,“Medieval Servite Marian Spirituality”.
5 Conrad Borntrager,“Medieval Servite Marian Spirituality”.
1 Karen Saupe, ed., Middle English Marian Lyrics.
2埃马纽埃尔·勒华拉杜里:《蒙塔尤》,许明龙、马胜利译,北京:商务印书馆,1997年,第484页。
3埃马纽埃尔·勒华拉杜里:《蒙塔尤》,第365页。
4埃马纽埃尔·勒华拉杜里:《蒙塔尤》,第500-506页。
5 Hilda Graef, The Devotion to Our Lady, p. 61.
6 Diana Webb, Pilgrims and Pilgrimage in the Medieval West, London & New York: I.B.Tauris Publishers, 1999, pp. 51 - 53.
7 Diana Webb, Pilgrims and Pilgrimage in the Medieval West, p. 60.
1 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VII, Hail Mary.
2埃马纽埃尔·勒华拉杜里:《蒙塔尤》,第500页。
3 Hilda Graef, The Devotion to Our Lady, p. 56.
4 Paul A. Duffner,“St. Dominic and the Rossary”, http://www.catholic.net/Periodicals/Homiletic/June97/rosary.html.
1 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 229.
1 Hilda Graef, Mary: A history of Doctrine and Devotion, p. 264.
1 Hilda Graef, The Devotion to Our Lady, p. 40.
2但丁:《神曲》,王维克译,北京:人民文学出版社,1997年,第496-500页。
3参见Dvid A. Flory, The Social Uses of Literature: Chllenging Authority in the Tirteenth-Century Marian Miracle Tale; Susan G. Bell, Women: From the Greek to the French Revolution.
1下列图表数据来自“Apparitions of the Past: A Statistical Study”, http://www.udayton.edu/mary/resources/aprgraph.html.其数据来源于Sylvie Barnay, Les apparitions de la Vierge, Paris: Les Editions du Cerf, 1992; RenéLaurentin, Marian Spirituality In the Mystical Tradition, International Marian Research Institute, Dayton: Marian Library, July 21 - 24, 1997.
2布鲁斯·E·达纳:《圣母玛利亚的故事》,紫图译,西安:陕西师范大学出版社,2004年,第19页。
1 Mrina Warner, Alone of All Her Sex: The Myth and Cult of the Virgin Mary, p. 155.
2 F. Donald Logan, A History of the Church in the Middle Age, p. 147.
3 Zsolt Aradi, Shrines to Our Lady around the World, p. 28.
4 Mrina Warner, Alone of All Her Sex: The Myth and Cult of the Virgin Mary, p. 115.
5 Zsolt Aradi, Shrines to Our Lady around the World, p. 31.
1 Penny Schine Gold, The Lady and the Virgin, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1985, p. 57.
2 Zsolt Aradi, Shrines to Our Lady around the World, p. 68.
1以上事例参见威尔·杜兰:《世界文明史·信仰的时代》,第584页。
1以上所引文字均见西蒙·波伏娃:《第二性》。
2 Marina Warner, Alone of all Her Sex, p. 67.
3 Mary Condren, The Serpent and the Goddess: Women, Religion and Power in Celtic Ireland, pp. 165 - 166.
1 D·L·卡莫迪:《妇女与宗教》,第9、138页。
2苏拉密斯·萨哈:《第四等级》,第107-110页。
3 Lisa Isherwood, Dorothea McEwan, Introducing Feminist Theology, pp. 66 - 67.
4 Mary Daly, Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism, p. 85.
5西蒙·波伏娃:《第二性》,第97页。
1 Penny Schine Gold, The Lady and the Virgin, p. 73.
2 A·古列维奇:《中世纪文化范畴》,庞玉洁译,杭州:浙江人民出版社,1992年,第4页。
1 Penny Schine Gold, The Lady and the Virgin, p. 71.
2乔尔·斯普林格:《脑中之轮——教育哲学导论》,贾晨阳译,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年,第181页。
3乔尔·斯普林格:《脑中之轮——教育哲学导论》,第210页。
4理安·艾斯勒:《圣杯与剑》,程志民译,北京:社会科学文献出版社,1995年,第190页。
1菲利普·L·拉尔夫:《世界文明史》(上),第618页。
2雅克·勒戈夫:《中世纪的知识分子》,第23页。
3 George Duby, Love and Marriage in the Middle Ages, p. 22.
4 Jaroslav Pelikan, Mary through the Centuries, p. 125.
5卡洛·M·奇波拉主编:《欧洲经济史·中世纪时期》,第35页。
1威尔·杜兰:《世界文明史·信仰的时代》,第584页。
2汉斯-维尔纳·格茨:《欧洲中世纪生活》,王亚平译,北京:东方出版社,2002年,第32页。
1莫尔顿·亨特:《情爱自然史》,赵跃、李建先译,北京:作家出版社,1988年,第165页。
2 Angela M. Lucas, Women in the Middle Ages: Religion, Marriage and Letters, p.63.
3莫尔顿·亨特:《情爱自然史》,第167页。
4 Angela M. Lucas, Women in the Middle Ages: Religion, Marriage and Letters, p. 67.
5 Jennifer Ward, Women in Medieval Europe, 1200-1500, Harlow: Longman, 2002, p. 110.
6 Jennifer Ward, Women in Medieval Europe, 1200-1500, p. 48.
1 Frances and Joseph Gies, Women in the Middle Ages, Barnes & Noble Books, 1978, p. 19.
2 Linda E. Mitchell, ed., Women in Medieval Western European Culture, Garland Publishing, Inc., 1999, p. 16.
3 Mavis E. Mate, Women in Medieval English Society, Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 62.
4苏拉密斯·萨哈:《第四等级》,第140页。
5卡洛·M·奇波拉主编:《欧洲经济史·中世纪时期》,第39页。
1转引自俞金尧:《中世纪欧洲寡妇产的起源和演变》,载《世界历史》,2001年第5期,第50-59页。
2马克·布洛赫:《封建社会》,张绪山译,北京:商务印书馆,2005年,第645页。
3马克·布洛赫:《封建社会》,第329页。
4马克·布洛赫:《封建社会》,第329页。
5苏拉密斯·萨哈:《第四等级》,第6页。
1 Penny Schine Gold, The Lady and the Virgin, p. 93.
2 Penny Schine Gold, The Lady and the Virgin, p. 99.
1 Constant J. Mews, ed., Listen Daughter: The Speculum Virginum and the Formation of Religious Women in the Middle Ages, p. 201.
2 Elizabeth Alvida Petroff, Body and Soul: Essays on Medieval Women and Mysticism, Oxford University Press, 1994, p. 5.
1 Abby Stoner,“Sisters Between Gender and the Medieval Beguines”, 1993, http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~epf/1995/beguine.html.
2 Julia Botton Holloway, Joan Bechhold and Constane S. Wright, eds., Equally in God’s Image, originally published by Peter Lang Publishing, 1990, E-Book, 1997/2004, http://www.umilta.net/equally.html.
3 Julia Botton Holloway, Joan Bechhold and Constane S. Wright, eds., Equally in God’s Image.
4 Abby Stoner,“Sisters Between Gender and the Medieval Beguines”.
1 Jean Leclercq, Monks and Love in Twelfth Century France, New York: Oxford University Press, 1979, p. 121.
2更多内容参见徐善伟:《典雅爱情的特征及其社会影响》,载《上海师范大学学报》,2003年第6期,第82-88页。
1雅克·勒戈夫:《中世纪的知识分子》,第35页。
1《哥林多前书》,14:34-36。
2《以弗所书》,5:23-24。
3《以弗所书》,5:25-33。
4转引自Karen Armstrong, The Gospel According to Women: Christianity’s creation of the sex war in the west, Elm Tree Books, 1986, pp. 52 - 62.
5 St. Jerome, Commentary on Ephesians, book III, ch. 5.
1 St. John Chrysostom, On the Priesthood, book VI, ch. 8.
2《箴言》,7:10-20。
3 Julian Bolton, Joan Bechtold and Constance S. Wright, eds., Equally in God’s Image.
4 Jerome, Against Jovinianus, book I, ch. ix.
5 Jerome, Against Jovinianus, book IV.
6 Angela M. Lucas, Women in the Middle Ages: Religion, Marriage and Letters, p. 124.
7《创世纪》,24:57-58。
1 Ephrem Filthaut, ed., Albertus Magnus, Quaestiones super de animalibus, Monasterium Westfalorum: Aschendorff, 1955, XV, q. 11.
2 Angela M. Lucas, Women in the Middle Ages: Religion, Marriage and Letters, p. 124.
3 Angela M. Lucas, Women in the Middle Ages: Religion, Marriage and Letters, p. 121.
1 St. Anselm, De Conceptu Virginali, ix and x.
2 Hugh of St Victor, De Sacramentis Christianae Fidei, I, vii, 10.
3《创世纪》,3:12。
4 Angela M. Lucas, Women in the Middle Ages: Religion, Marriage and Letters, p.12.
5 Bernard of Clairvaux, Sermon Dominica infra Octavam Assumptionis.
6 Frances and Joseph Gies, Women in the Middle Ages, pp. 39 - 41.
7彭小瑜:《教会法研究》,北京:商务印书馆,2003年,第2-3页。
1 Georges Duby, Love and Marriage in the Middle Ages, p. 19.
2 Gratian, Decretum, cols 1112 - 14.
3 Angela M. Lucas, Women in the Middle Ages: Religion, Marriage and Letters, p. 130.
4 Angela M. Lucas, Women in the Middle Ages: Religion, Marriage and Letters, p. 134.
1 Constant J. Mews, ed., Listen Daughter: The Speculum Virginum and the Formation of Religious Women in the Middle Ages, p. 201.
2 Constant J. Mews, ed., Listen Daughter: The Speculum Virginum and the Formation of Religious Women in the Middle Ages, pp. 203 - 204.
1 Constant J. Mews, ed., Listen Daughter: The Speculum Virginum and the Formation of Religious Women in the Middle Ages, p. 26.
2 Colin Morris, The Discovery of the Individual, 1050 - 1200, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987, p. 44.
3 Ffiona Swabey, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Courtly Love, and the Troubadours, Westport, Connecticut, and London: Greenwood Press, 2004, p. 56.
4 Colin Morris, The Discovery of the Individual, 1050 - 1200, p. 108.
1 Colin Morris, The Discovery of the Individual, 1050 - 1200, p. 45.
2 Ffiona Swabey, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Courtly Love, and the Troubadours, p. 80.
1 Rosemary R. Ruether, Goddesses and the Divine Feminine, p. 180.
2丹纳:《艺术哲学》,傅雷译,兰州:敦煌文艺出版社,1994年,第87页。
3让·杜歇:《第一性》,周征凌、范倍思译,深圳:海天出版社,2001年,第235页。
4 Hilda Graef, The Devotion to Our Lady, p. 45.
5 J·帕利坎:《历代耶稣形象》,第162页。
1 Hilda Graef, The Devotion to Our Lady, p. 46.
2 Hilda Graef, The Devotion to Our Lady, p. 60.
3让·杜歇:《第一性》,第236页。
1潘绥铭:《性的社会史》,第156页。
1潘绥铭:《性的社会史》,第21页。
2潘绥铭:《性的社会史》,第308页。
1 Constant J. Mews, ed., Listen, Daughter: The Speculum Virginum and the Formation of Religious Women in the Middle Age, pp. 203 - 204.
1彭小瑜:《中古西欧骑士文学和教会法里的爱情婚姻观》,载《北大史学》第六辑,北京大学出版社,1999年,第143页。
2 Rosemary R. Ruether, Goddesses and the Divine Feminine, p. 180.
3转引自徐善伟:《典雅爱情的特征及其社会影响》。
1转引自潘绥铭:《性的社会史》,第344页。
2余凤高:《西方性观念的变迁》,长沙:湖南文艺出版社,1996年,第47页。
3理安·艾斯勒:《神圣的欢爱》,第38页。
1梅里·E·威斯纳-汉克斯:《历史中的性别》,何开松译,北京:东方出版社,2003年,第159页。
2《加拉太书》,3:28。
1参见《路加福音》,10:38-42。
2理安·艾斯勒:《圣杯与剑》,第185页。
1 Linda Conroy,“The virgin Mary in the Lives and Writings of Francis and Clare”, Maria: A Journal of Marian Studies, Aug2002, Vol. 3 Issue 1, pp. 17 - 70.
2 Linda Conroy,“The virgin Mary in the Lives and Writings of Francis and Clare”.
3 Constant J. Mews, ed., Listen, Daughter: The Speculum Virginum and the Formation of Religious Women in the Middle Age, pp. 59 - 83.
1 Jean Leclercq, The Love of Learning and the Desire for God, New York: Fordham University Press, 1982.研究了《贞女之镜》的作者问题,他认为作者是Conrad of Hirsau。
2参见Kimberley M. Benedict, Empowering Collaborations: Writing Partnerships between Religious Women and Scribes in the Middle Ages, New York and London: Routledge, 2004.
3转引自理安·艾斯勒:《圣杯与剑》,第191页。
1陈恒、耿相新主编:《新史学·第4辑·新文化史》,郑州:大象出版社,2005年,第76页。
1 A·古列维奇:《中世纪的文化范畴》,第228页。
2理安·艾斯勒:《圣杯与剑》,第5页。
1 R. J. Zwi Werblowsky,“Synkretismus in der Religionsgeschichte”.转引自Stephen Benko, The Virgin Goddess, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1993, p. 1.
2 W. K. C. Guthrie, The Greeks and Their Gods, Boston: Beacon Press, 1955, p. 176.
3 Karl Prümm, Der Christliche Glaube und die altheidnische Welt, 2 vols., Leipzig: Jakob Hegner, 1935.转引自Stephen Benko, The Virgin Goddess, p. 2.
1 Stephen Benko, The Virgin Goddess, p. 4.
2 Stephen Benko, The Virgin Goddess, p. 5.
3理安·艾斯勒:《圣杯与剑》,第28页。
4 Cara Elizabeth Furman,“The Virgin Mary in High Medieval England”, http:// thesis.haverford.edu/31/ 01/2003FurmanC.pdf.
5 Stephen Benko, The Virgin Goddess, p. 18.
1 Stephen Benko, The Virgin Goddess, p. 168.
2 Stephen Benko, The Virgin Goddess, p. 168.
3 R. E. Witt, Isis in the Graeco-Roman World, New York: Cornell University Press, 1971.作者研究了伊希斯崇拜的传播以及最终融进其他女神崇拜的情况,认为伊希斯崇拜对基督教产生了很大影响。
4詹姆斯·弗雷泽:《金枝》,徐育新等译,北京:大众文艺出版社,1998年,第553页。
5 Rosemary R. Ruether, Mary: the Feminine Face of the Church, p. 18.
1埃利希·诺伊曼:《大母神——原型分析》,第278页。
2 Stephen Benko, The Virgin Goddess, p. 18.
3 Rosemary R. Ruether, Mary: the Feminine Face of the Church, p. 59.
4 G·R·埃文斯:《中世纪的信仰》,茆卫彤译,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年,第4页。
5埃利希·诺伊曼:《大母神——原型分析》,第337页。
1埃利希·诺伊曼:《大母神——原型分析》,第343页。
2凯伦·阿姆斯特朗:《神的历史》,第85页。
3《圣经后典》,张久宣译,北京:商务印书馆,1987年,第102-103页。
4《圣经后典》,第128页。
1理安·艾斯勒:《圣杯与剑》,第13页。
2 Nicolas Platon, Crete, Geneva: Nagel Publishers, 1966, p. 148.
1理安·艾斯勒:《圣杯与剑》,第62页。
2公元前5世纪左右,在人类文明史上出现了孔子、老子、柏拉图、亚里士多德、释迦牟尼等大思想家,其后人类的文明基本上是围绕这些哲人的思想发展的,为此,德国哲学家雅斯贝尔斯将其称为人类文明的轴心时期。
3凯伦·阿姆斯特朗:《神的历史》,第65页。
4 Raphael Patai, The Hebrew Goddess, New York: Avon Books, 1978, pp. 12– 13.
1理安·艾斯勒:《圣杯与剑》,第141页。
2可参阅Helen Hackett, Virgin mother, Maiden queen: Elizabeth I and the Cult of the Virgin Mar, Macmillan Press LTD, 1995.
3 G. R. Taylor, Sex in History, New York: Ballantine Books, 1954, p. 151.
4理安·艾斯勒:《圣杯与剑》,第27页。
1理安·艾斯勒:《圣杯与剑》,第28页。
2 Merlin Stone, When God Was a Woman, New York: Barnes and Noble, 1976, p. 82.
3理安·艾斯勒:《圣杯与剑》,第154页。
1 Colin Morris, The Discovery of the Individual, 1050-1200, p. 160.
1奥尔森:《基督教神学思想史》,吴瑞诚、徐成德译,北京:北京大学出版社,2003年,第345页。
2奥尔森:《基督教神学思想史》,第347页。
1达尼埃尔·亚历山大-比东:《中世纪有关死亡的生活》,陈劼译，济南：山东画报出版社，2005年,第11页。
2 Linda Conroy,“The virgin Mary in the Lives and Writings of Francis and Clare”.
3威尔·杜兰:《世界文明史·信仰的时代》,第575页。
4达尼埃尔·亚历山大-比东:《中世纪有关死亡的生活》,第213页。
5达尼埃尔·亚历山大-比东:《中世纪有关死亡的生活》,第216页。
1达尼埃尔·亚历山大-比东:《中世纪有关死亡的生活》,第218页。
2 R. W. Southern, Medieval Humanism and other studies, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1984, p. 33.
3 R. W. Southern, Medieval Humanism and other studies, p. 34.
4 R. W. Southern, Medieval Humanism and other studies, p. 34.
5 R. W. Southern, Medieval Humanism and other studies, p. 31.
1 Colin Morris, The Discovery of the Individual, 1050-1200, p. 54.
2伍尔夫:《中古哲学与文明》,第38页。
3伍尔夫:《中古哲学与文明》,第131页。
1 R. W. Southern, Medieval Humanism and other studies, p. 57.
2 R. W. Southern, Medieval Humanism and other studies, p. 59.
3 R. W. Southern, Medieval Humanism and other studies, p. 37.
4 Colin Morris, The Discovery of the Individual, 1050-1200, p. 66.
1 Michael Clanchy,“Documenting the self: Abelard and the individual in history,”Historical Research, Aug2003, Vol. 76 Issue 193, pp. 293 - 309.
2 Michael Clanchy,“Documenting the self: Abelard and the individual in history”.
3 Michael Clanchy,“Documenting the self: Abelard and the individual in history”.
4马克·布洛赫:《封建社会》,第194页。
1 Colin Morris, The Discovery of the Individual, 1050-1200, p. 68.
2雅克·勒戈夫:《中世纪的知识分子》,第32页。
3雅克·勒戈夫:《中世纪的知识分子》,第33页。
4伍尔夫:《中古哲学与文明》,第82页。
1 Ffiona Swabey, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Courtly Love, and the Troubadours, p. 27.
2伍尔夫:《中古哲学与文明》,第61页。
3 R. W. Southern, Medieval Humanism and other studies, p. 39.
4 R. W. Southern, Medieval Humanism and other studies, p. 40.
5 R. W. Southern, Medieval Humanism and other studies, p. 41.
1雅克·勒戈夫:《中世纪的知识分子》,第8页。
2雅克·勒戈夫:《中世纪的知识分子》,第19页。
3雅克·勒戈夫:《中世纪的知识分子》,第19页。
4雅克·勒戈夫:《中世纪的知识分子》,第22页。
1彭小瑜:《教会法研究》,第6页。
2《哥林多前书》,13:13。
3彭小瑜:《教会法研究》,第103页。
1彭小瑜:《教会法研究》,第354页。
2《路加福音》,9:51-56。
1彭小瑜:《教会法研究》,第52页。
2 Blossom Stefaniw,“Spiritual Friendship and Bridal Mysticism in an Age of Affectivity”, Cistercian Studies Quarterly, 2006, Vol. 41 Issue1, pp. 65 - 78.
3 Colin Morris, The Discovery of the Individual, 1050-1200, p. 97.
1 Blossom Stefaniw,“Spiritual Friendship and Bridal Mysticism in an Age of Affectivity”.
2 C. Stephen Jaeger, Ennobling Love, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999, p. 6.
3彭小瑜:《中古西欧骑士文学和教会法里的爱情婚姻观》。
1 C. Stephen Jaeger, Ennobling Love, Preface.
2雅克·勒高夫:《圣路易》,许明龙译,北京:商务印书馆,2002年,第48页。
3伍尔夫:《中古哲学与文明》,第6页。
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(3) Andreas Capellanus. The Art of Courtly Love, Book Two,“On the Rules of Love”.
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(8) Innocent III. Letters on Marriage and Women.
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(10) St Jerome.“On Marriage and Virginity”. From Letter XXII to Eustochium and Against Jovinian.
(11) St Jerome.“On The Song of Songs”. From Against Jovinian.
(12) St. Bernardino of Siena. Two Sermons on Wives and Widows.
(13) The Archpoet. The Confession Of Golias (C. 1160).
(14) The Bible on Marriage.
(15) The Law of Brusthem, 1175.
(16) Thomas Of Celano. First And Second Lives Of Saint Francis.
(17) William of St. Thierry. A Description of Clairvaux, c. 1143.
(18) Women and the Law.
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4、但丁:《神曲》,田德望译。北京:人民文学出版社,1997年。
5、格雷戈里:《法兰克人史》,寿纪瑜、戚国淦译。北京:商务印书馆,1981年。
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4、埃利希·诺伊曼:《大母神——原型分析》,李以洪译。北京:东方出版社,1998年。
5、埃马纽埃尔·勒华拉杜里:《蒙塔尤:1294-1324年奥克西坦尼的一个山村》,许明龙、马胜利译。北京:商务印书馆,1997年。
6、薄洁萍:《上帝作证——中世纪基督教文化中的婚姻》。上海:学林出版社,2005年。
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8、查尔斯·霍默·哈斯金斯:《12世纪文艺复兴》,夏继果译。上海:上海人民出版社,2005年。
9、D·L·卡莫迪:《妇女与宗教》,徐钧尧、宋立道译。成都:四川人民出版社,1989年。
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28、梅里·E·威斯纳-汉克斯:《历史中的性别》,何开松译。北京:东方出版社,2003年。
29、倪世光:《西欧中世纪骑士的生活》。保定:河北大学出版社,2004年。
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33、苏拉密斯·萨哈:《第四等级——中世纪欧洲妇女史》,林英译。广州:广东人民出版社,2003年。
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36、西蒙·波伏娃:《第二性》,陶铁柱译。北京:中国书籍出版社,1998年。
37、徐善伟:《东学西渐与西方文化的复兴》。上海:上海人民出版社,2002年。
38、雅克·勒高夫:《圣路易》,许明龙译。北京:商务印书馆,2002年。——《中世纪的知识分子》,张弘译。北京:商务印书馆,1999年。
39、约翰·赫伊津哈:《中世纪的衰落》,刘军等译。杭州:中国美术学院出版社,1997年。
40、杨慧林、黄晋凯:《欧洲中世纪文学史》。南京:译林出版社,2001年。
41、叶舒宪:《千面女神—性别神话的象征史》。上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2004年。
42、余凤高:《西方性观念的变迁》。长沙:湖南文艺出版社,1996年。
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44、赵敦华:《基督教哲学1500年》。北京:人民出版社,1994年。
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2、林中泽:《早期基督教的人性与奥古斯丁神学中的“人”》,载《华南师范大学学报》,1999年第3期,第84-97页。
3、倪世光:《西欧中世纪人本思想的产生及其表现》,载《东北师大学报》,1994年第1期,第36-40页。
4、肖明翰:《中世纪欧洲的骑士精神与宫廷爱情》,载《外国文学研究》,2005年第3期,第61-69页。
5、徐善伟:《典雅爱情的特征及其社会影响》,载《上海师范大学学报》,2003年第6期,第82-88页。
6、俞金尧:《中世纪欧洲寡妇产的起源和演变》,载《世界历史》,2001年第5期,第50-59页。
7、赵文洪:《论中世纪西欧思想观念中人相对于神的地位的演变》,载《中国社会科学院研究生院学报》,2004年第2期,第76-81页。