光照改变对大鼠抑郁相关行为的影响
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摘要
抑郁症是一种严重影响身心健康、造成巨大社会损失的精神障碍性疾病。然而,抑郁症的发病机制仍不明确,抗抑郁治疗并无实质性的远期疗效。统计学资料证明,社会活动包括体育运动的减少是抑郁症形成的重要危险因素之一。大量事实显示抑郁症患者5-HT能神经元功能不足。多数抗抑郁症药物的抗抑郁作用多是通过抑制5-HT的重摄取或者抑制它的分解酶(例如单胺氧化酶抑制剂)来延长5-HT的功能来实现的。最近发现神经元内的亚细胞信息传递系统在抑郁症中起着重要作用。神经元内的亚细胞信息传递系统包括脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)、促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信号传递系统、钙离子信号传递系统以及神经元的再生在抑郁症发病和康复中都起着非常重要的作用。MAPK信号传递系统缺陷可能是极端情绪障碍诸如躁狂抑郁症和内源性抑郁症的一个分子生物学标记(Biomarker)。在抑郁症自杀者的额皮质(frontal cortex,FC)以及海马(hippocampus,HIP)均发现这一信号系统中的一个最常见蛋白细胞外信号调节激酶(extracellular signal-regulated kinase,ERK)磷酸化减少。这一变化在大鼠抑郁症模型中也已得到证实。
此外,我们在预实验中发现,连续光照可抑制大鼠的随意运动。长时间随意运动的增加可以增加脑中隐钙素2(calsequestrin2,CASQ2)的含量,改善抑郁。而ERK磷酸化的水平是否会发生改变尚不知晓。因此本实验拟研究改变每日光照时间对多种行为和脑内ERK磷酸化(extracellular signal-regulated kinasephosphorylation,pERK),以及CASQ2水平的影响。
目的:
对生长发育期的大鼠实行不同时长的光照,观察其在强迫游泳实验(forcedswimming test,FST)和Y-迷宫实验(Y-maze test)中的行为改变,并检测脑内pERK和CASQ2蛋白表达水平的变化,从而分析光照改变对情绪的影响,并探讨光照法在抗抑郁中可能的机制。
方法:
1.动物制备:对5wSD大鼠实行不同时程的光照处理(对照组、短时光照组、长时光照组、短光恢复组、长光恢复组)8w,短时光照组和长时光照组在处理结束即刻进行行为实验,短光恢复组和长光恢复组处理后恢复1w再行实验。
2.行为测试:在FST中记录大鼠前5min的行为,分析其攀爬、游泳和不动时间,以测定其心理抑郁程度;在Y-迷宫实验中记录大鼠在学习和记忆中的各种判断次数和时间,测定其学习记忆能力。
3.pERK和CASQ2蛋白表达水平:FST和Y-迷宫实验结束后第2d,断头处死全部大鼠,取海马(hippocampus,HIP)、额前皮质(prefrontal cortex,PFC)、下丘脑(hypothalamus,HT)和额皮质(frontal cortex,FC)组织,提取脑组织蛋白,用Western blot的方法分析各个脑区中pERK与CASQ2含量。所有的实验均在8am-12am之间进行。
4.统计分析:采用单因素方差分析比较各组间均数差异,采用卡方检验比较各组间百分率差异。
结果:
1.强迫游泳实验结果
各实验组大鼠在FST中的运动(攀爬+游泳)和不动时间与对照组大鼠的相比均有显著性差异,且差异均具有统计学意义。其中,短时光照组大鼠与对照组相比,无论光照恢复前后,其运动(攀爬+游泳)时间均延长,不动时间均缩短;而光照恢复前后的长时光照组大鼠与对照组相比则与短时光照组大鼠的相反。
2.Y-迷宫实验结果
各实验组大鼠在Y-迷宫学习和记忆中的表现与对照组大鼠的相比差异均有统计学意义。其中,短时光照组大鼠与对照组相比,无论光照恢复前后,其学习和记忆的总次数、错误次数以及所花的总时间均显著减少;而光照恢复前后的长时光照组大鼠与对照组相比则与短时光照组大鼠的相反。
3.pERK和CASQ2蛋白表达水平实验结果
与对照组相比,实验组大鼠HIP、PFC、HT和FC等4个脑区中pERK1/2蛋白表达水平均有差异,但此差异不具有统计学意义。其中,短时光照组大鼠与对照组相比,无论光照恢复前后,4部分脑区中的pERK1/2蛋白的表达水平均有所增加;而光照恢复前后的长时光照组大鼠与对照组的相比则与短时光照组大鼠的相反。但是,短时光照组大鼠与长时光照组大鼠相比,4部分脑区中pERK1/2蛋白的表达水平均显著增加,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。
光照恢复前后各实验组大鼠HIP、PFC、HT和FC等4个脑区中CASQ2蛋白表达水平与对照组的相比差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.001)。其中,短时光照组大鼠与对照组相比,无论光照恢复前后,4部分脑区中CASQ2蛋白的表达均显著增加;而光照恢复前后的长时光照组大鼠与对照组的相比则与短时光照组大鼠的相反。
结论:
1.改变光照时间使大鼠在FST中的行为、在Y-迷宫中的学习认知能力以及脑内pERK1/2发生相应变化,表明光照改变是影响大鼠情绪的重要因素之一。
2.改变光照时间使大鼠脑内CASQ2水平发生相应变化,表明光照改变是影响大鼠自主运动的重要因素之一。
3.在生长期发育期给予不同时程的光照对成年大鼠抑郁相关的行为和脑内物质造成的影响不会因短期的正常光照而恢复。
4.改变光照时间可能是通过改变运动来影响大鼠情绪的。
Introduction
Depression is a public health problem affecting large adult population and results in huge social loss.However,the cause,the pathology of depression remains to be understood.The efficacy of long term treatment remains to be achieved. Epidemiologic research has revealed that the insufficient of social activity is one of the major risk factors.It is believed that serotonergic deficiency is the key in the pathology of depression and most antidepressants are affecting on 5-HT ergic system by either extending the acting time of 5-HT or increasing extracellular concentration of 5-HT.These include drugs that act through both 5-HT reuptake inhibition,known as selective serotonin receptor inhibitors(SSRI),and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MOI).More and more literature reported that deficiency in multiple cells signaling pathway,including brain derived neurotrophic factors(BDNF),MAPK signaling pathway and calcium signaling pathway,and neuronal growth are also critically involved in the pathology and the treatment of depression.Deficiency in multiple components of MAPK signaling pathway including phosphorylation of Ras, extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2(ERK1/2) and Creb has been confirmed in human depressive suicide victims and in our rat model of depression.In human, running exercise significantly increased ERK phosphorylation in skeletal muscles and improves depressive symptoms.This evidence supports that deficiency in MAPK signaling pathway is a biomarker of depression and suicide.In addition,we found that rats chronically expose to running wheel highly induced brain level ofcalsequestrin 2, one of the most abundant calcium binding proteins,in the frontal cortex and hippocampus.Surprisingly,we also found that rats stopped wheel running in days that lights were accidently kept on 24 hr/day for a week.This evidence implicated that constant lighting or extended lighting time may promote depressive pathology by affecting on locomotors activities.In the following studies,we report results from multiple behavior testing and brain levels of pERK and calsequestrin in rats exposed to normal,extended and reduced daily lighting time.
Objectives
The objectives were to determine how shorter daily lighting time and longer lighting time affect depressive measurements in behavioral test and brain levels of biomarkers associated with depression.
Methods
1.Experimental design:5 weeks old male Sprague Dawley rats were divided as five groups:control group,short time light group,long time light group,short time light reversal group,long time light reversal group.These groups were treated with different daily lighting hours for eight weeks.The control group was treated with 12 hours light on and 12 hours light off,the short time light group was treated with 8 hours light on and 16 hours light off and the long time light group was treated with 16 hours light on and 8 hours light off.Behavioral tests in short time light group and long time light group began immediately after the end of the treatment,while tests in short time light reversal group and long time light reversal group were conducted after one week after recovery from a lighting phase reversal at the end of the lighting treatment.
2.Behavioral test:Recording first 5 minutes behavior in rats' forced swimming test (FST),analyzing their climbing,swimming and immobility time,in order to determine their depression degree.Recording different judgment frequency and time of rats' learning and memory in Y-maze test,so that we can determine their learning and memory ability.
3.Protein immunoblotting:Rats were sacrificed in the next day of FST and Y-maze test.Brain tissue of HIP,PFC,FC,HT were dissected.Tissue contains of pERK and calsequestrin2(CASQ2) in multiple brain regions were determined by Western blot. All tests were done between 8:00 am and 12:00 am.
4.Statistic analysis:One-way ANOVA analysis was used to analyze each interclass mean difference,and chi square test was used to analyze each interelass percentage difference.
Results
1.The results of FST
Before light reverted,compared with control group rats,each experimental group rats was different in locomotery and immobility in FST and the difference was statistical significant,so did after light reverted.Among them,whenever before or after light reverted,compared with control group rats,the movement time was longer and the immobility time was shorter in short time light group;whereas,the long time light group had the opposite results.
2.The results of Y-maze test
Before light reverted,compared with control group rats,each experimental group rats was different in learning and memory in Y-maze test and the difference was statistical significant,so did after light reverted.Among them,whenever before or after light reverted,compared with control group rats,the total frequency,the error frequency and the cumulative time in learning and memory all reduced significantly in short time light group;whereas,the long time light group had the opposite results.
3.The results of Western blot
Before light reverted,compared with control group rats,experimental group rats were different in pERK1/2 level of the four brain regions,but the difference had no statistical significance,nor did after light reverted.Among them,whenever before or after light reverted,compared with control group rats,the pERK1/2 level of the four brain regions increased in short time light group;whereas,the long time light group had the opposite results.But compared with the long time light group,the protein level of pERK1/2 in the short time light group increased significantly and the difference had statistical significance.
Before light reverted,compared with control group rats,each experimental group rats was different in CASQ2 level of the four brain regions,and the difference had statistical significance,so did after light reverted.Among them,whenever before or after light reverted,compared with control group rats,the protein level of CASQ2 increased significantly in short time light group;whereas,the long time light group had the opposite results.
Conclusion
1.To alter lighting hours would have an effect on the behaviors in FST and in Y-maze test and the protein levels of pERK1/2,which suggests that altered lighting hours is an important factor to affect rats' emotion.
2.Treated with different lighting hours would affect the protein levels CASQ2,which imply that to alert lighting hours is an important factor to affect rats' basic activity.
3.To change lighting hours would have an effect on behaviors and biomarkers in brain of rats,furthermore,the effect would not be reverted by given normal lighting hours.
4.Altered lighting hours might change rats' emotion by changing their basic activity.
此外,我们在预实验中发现,连续光照可抑制大鼠的随意运动。长时间随意运动的增加可以增加脑中隐钙素2(calsequestrin2,CASQ2)的含量,改善抑郁。而ERK磷酸化的水平是否会发生改变尚不知晓。因此本实验拟研究改变每日光照时间对多种行为和脑内ERK磷酸化(extracellular signal-regulated kinasephosphorylation,pERK),以及CASQ2水平的影响。
目的:
对生长发育期的大鼠实行不同时长的光照,观察其在强迫游泳实验(forcedswimming test,FST)和Y-迷宫实验(Y-maze test)中的行为改变,并检测脑内pERK和CASQ2蛋白表达水平的变化,从而分析光照改变对情绪的影响,并探讨光照法在抗抑郁中可能的机制。
方法:
1.动物制备:对5wSD大鼠实行不同时程的光照处理(对照组、短时光照组、长时光照组、短光恢复组、长光恢复组)8w,短时光照组和长时光照组在处理结束即刻进行行为实验,短光恢复组和长光恢复组处理后恢复1w再行实验。
2.行为测试:在FST中记录大鼠前5min的行为,分析其攀爬、游泳和不动时间,以测定其心理抑郁程度;在Y-迷宫实验中记录大鼠在学习和记忆中的各种判断次数和时间,测定其学习记忆能力。
3.pERK和CASQ2蛋白表达水平:FST和Y-迷宫实验结束后第2d,断头处死全部大鼠,取海马(hippocampus,HIP)、额前皮质(prefrontal cortex,PFC)、下丘脑(hypothalamus,HT)和额皮质(frontal cortex,FC)组织,提取脑组织蛋白,用Western blot的方法分析各个脑区中pERK与CASQ2含量。所有的实验均在8am-12am之间进行。
4.统计分析:采用单因素方差分析比较各组间均数差异,采用卡方检验比较各组间百分率差异。
结果:
1.强迫游泳实验结果
各实验组大鼠在FST中的运动(攀爬+游泳)和不动时间与对照组大鼠的相比均有显著性差异,且差异均具有统计学意义。其中,短时光照组大鼠与对照组相比,无论光照恢复前后,其运动(攀爬+游泳)时间均延长,不动时间均缩短;而光照恢复前后的长时光照组大鼠与对照组相比则与短时光照组大鼠的相反。
2.Y-迷宫实验结果
各实验组大鼠在Y-迷宫学习和记忆中的表现与对照组大鼠的相比差异均有统计学意义。其中,短时光照组大鼠与对照组相比,无论光照恢复前后,其学习和记忆的总次数、错误次数以及所花的总时间均显著减少;而光照恢复前后的长时光照组大鼠与对照组相比则与短时光照组大鼠的相反。
3.pERK和CASQ2蛋白表达水平实验结果
与对照组相比,实验组大鼠HIP、PFC、HT和FC等4个脑区中pERK1/2蛋白表达水平均有差异,但此差异不具有统计学意义。其中,短时光照组大鼠与对照组相比,无论光照恢复前后,4部分脑区中的pERK1/2蛋白的表达水平均有所增加;而光照恢复前后的长时光照组大鼠与对照组的相比则与短时光照组大鼠的相反。但是,短时光照组大鼠与长时光照组大鼠相比,4部分脑区中pERK1/2蛋白的表达水平均显著增加,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。
光照恢复前后各实验组大鼠HIP、PFC、HT和FC等4个脑区中CASQ2蛋白表达水平与对照组的相比差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.001)。其中,短时光照组大鼠与对照组相比,无论光照恢复前后,4部分脑区中CASQ2蛋白的表达均显著增加;而光照恢复前后的长时光照组大鼠与对照组的相比则与短时光照组大鼠的相反。
结论:
1.改变光照时间使大鼠在FST中的行为、在Y-迷宫中的学习认知能力以及脑内pERK1/2发生相应变化,表明光照改变是影响大鼠情绪的重要因素之一。
2.改变光照时间使大鼠脑内CASQ2水平发生相应变化,表明光照改变是影响大鼠自主运动的重要因素之一。
3.在生长期发育期给予不同时程的光照对成年大鼠抑郁相关的行为和脑内物质造成的影响不会因短期的正常光照而恢复。
4.改变光照时间可能是通过改变运动来影响大鼠情绪的。
Introduction
Depression is a public health problem affecting large adult population and results in huge social loss.However,the cause,the pathology of depression remains to be understood.The efficacy of long term treatment remains to be achieved. Epidemiologic research has revealed that the insufficient of social activity is one of the major risk factors.It is believed that serotonergic deficiency is the key in the pathology of depression and most antidepressants are affecting on 5-HT ergic system by either extending the acting time of 5-HT or increasing extracellular concentration of 5-HT.These include drugs that act through both 5-HT reuptake inhibition,known as selective serotonin receptor inhibitors(SSRI),and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MOI).More and more literature reported that deficiency in multiple cells signaling pathway,including brain derived neurotrophic factors(BDNF),MAPK signaling pathway and calcium signaling pathway,and neuronal growth are also critically involved in the pathology and the treatment of depression.Deficiency in multiple components of MAPK signaling pathway including phosphorylation of Ras, extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2(ERK1/2) and Creb has been confirmed in human depressive suicide victims and in our rat model of depression.In human, running exercise significantly increased ERK phosphorylation in skeletal muscles and improves depressive symptoms.This evidence supports that deficiency in MAPK signaling pathway is a biomarker of depression and suicide.In addition,we found that rats chronically expose to running wheel highly induced brain level ofcalsequestrin 2, one of the most abundant calcium binding proteins,in the frontal cortex and hippocampus.Surprisingly,we also found that rats stopped wheel running in days that lights were accidently kept on 24 hr/day for a week.This evidence implicated that constant lighting or extended lighting time may promote depressive pathology by affecting on locomotors activities.In the following studies,we report results from multiple behavior testing and brain levels of pERK and calsequestrin in rats exposed to normal,extended and reduced daily lighting time.
Objectives
The objectives were to determine how shorter daily lighting time and longer lighting time affect depressive measurements in behavioral test and brain levels of biomarkers associated with depression.
Methods
1.Experimental design:5 weeks old male Sprague Dawley rats were divided as five groups:control group,short time light group,long time light group,short time light reversal group,long time light reversal group.These groups were treated with different daily lighting hours for eight weeks.The control group was treated with 12 hours light on and 12 hours light off,the short time light group was treated with 8 hours light on and 16 hours light off and the long time light group was treated with 16 hours light on and 8 hours light off.Behavioral tests in short time light group and long time light group began immediately after the end of the treatment,while tests in short time light reversal group and long time light reversal group were conducted after one week after recovery from a lighting phase reversal at the end of the lighting treatment.
2.Behavioral test:Recording first 5 minutes behavior in rats' forced swimming test (FST),analyzing their climbing,swimming and immobility time,in order to determine their depression degree.Recording different judgment frequency and time of rats' learning and memory in Y-maze test,so that we can determine their learning and memory ability.
3.Protein immunoblotting:Rats were sacrificed in the next day of FST and Y-maze test.Brain tissue of HIP,PFC,FC,HT were dissected.Tissue contains of pERK and calsequestrin2(CASQ2) in multiple brain regions were determined by Western blot. All tests were done between 8:00 am and 12:00 am.
4.Statistic analysis:One-way ANOVA analysis was used to analyze each interclass mean difference,and chi square test was used to analyze each interelass percentage difference.
Results
1.The results of FST
Before light reverted,compared with control group rats,each experimental group rats was different in locomotery and immobility in FST and the difference was statistical significant,so did after light reverted.Among them,whenever before or after light reverted,compared with control group rats,the movement time was longer and the immobility time was shorter in short time light group;whereas,the long time light group had the opposite results.
2.The results of Y-maze test
Before light reverted,compared with control group rats,each experimental group rats was different in learning and memory in Y-maze test and the difference was statistical significant,so did after light reverted.Among them,whenever before or after light reverted,compared with control group rats,the total frequency,the error frequency and the cumulative time in learning and memory all reduced significantly in short time light group;whereas,the long time light group had the opposite results.
3.The results of Western blot
Before light reverted,compared with control group rats,experimental group rats were different in pERK1/2 level of the four brain regions,but the difference had no statistical significance,nor did after light reverted.Among them,whenever before or after light reverted,compared with control group rats,the pERK1/2 level of the four brain regions increased in short time light group;whereas,the long time light group had the opposite results.But compared with the long time light group,the protein level of pERK1/2 in the short time light group increased significantly and the difference had statistical significance.
Before light reverted,compared with control group rats,each experimental group rats was different in CASQ2 level of the four brain regions,and the difference had statistical significance,so did after light reverted.Among them,whenever before or after light reverted,compared with control group rats,the protein level of CASQ2 increased significantly in short time light group;whereas,the long time light group had the opposite results.
Conclusion
1.To alter lighting hours would have an effect on the behaviors in FST and in Y-maze test and the protein levels of pERK1/2,which suggests that altered lighting hours is an important factor to affect rats' emotion.
2.Treated with different lighting hours would affect the protein levels CASQ2,which imply that to alert lighting hours is an important factor to affect rats' basic activity.
3.To change lighting hours would have an effect on behaviors and biomarkers in brain of rats,furthermore,the effect would not be reverted by given normal lighting hours.
4.Altered lighting hours might change rats' emotion by changing their basic activity.
引文
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