肉鸡动态生长模型的建立及相关参数的研究
摘要
本研究采用营养剖分原理系统的建立了肉鸡动态生长模型并确定了模型的相关参数。建模过程主要考虑了采食饲料中能量和蛋白质在体内的分配及沉积，将动物的生长过程抽象为体组成的变化，并主要围绕体蛋白和体脂肪的沉积来展开，动物体的其它组成成分体水分、体灰分与体蛋白之间有高度的相关性，所以在模型中可以利用这种相关性而不必对灰分和水分再单独研究。通过建立的模型，使用者只需输入饲喂日粮的天数、日粮蛋白质的含量和代谢能，就能预测0～6周内任何一天的生产性能及体组成。验证试验的结果表明，本研究所建立的生长模型具有一定的可靠性和实用性。
为了将所建立的模型进一步细化和完善，本论文还采用不同衡量指标研究了理想蛋白模式中参比氨基酸赖氨酸的需要量模型，为生长模型深入到氨基酸水平奠定基础，提供必需的理论参数。
试验一 理想饲养条件下肉鸡最大体蛋白日沉积量模型的建立
本试验的假设是在环境条件适宜、饲粮营养成分平衡且动物采食充分、无疾病应激的条件下所测得的蛋白质日沉积量可作为体蛋白日沉积上限的一种合理近似。选用200只AA肉仔鸡进行饲养和屠宰试验，分别模拟了描述体重与体蛋白之间关系的异速方程Y=aX~b和描述体重与日龄关系的Gompertz方程，通过两个方程的结合得到体蛋白与日龄之间的关系Pdmax≈Pd=C~*a~*b~*EBW~b~*In(A／EBW)。应用SPSS软件对试验数据进行拟合，建立的模型为：Pdmax≈Pd=0.036~*0.1166~*1.0639~*LBW~(1.0639)~*In(6130.87／LBW) (公鸡)Pdmax≈Pd=0.045~*0.1168~*1.0615~*LBW~(1.0615)~*In(3965.15／LBW) (母鸡)
试验二 日粮充分营养水平下采食量、体蛋白和体重、体组成之间相互关系数学模型的建立
采食量、体组成之间的关系、体蛋白和体重之间关系的数学模型是建立生长模型所必需的组成部分，这些模型参数建立的准确性直接影响着生长模型预测的准确性。本试验选用200只AA肉仔鸡进行饲养和屠宰试验，确定模型的参数。试验结果如下：
采食量的预测模型为:
Fl一0 .556*LBwo，，(公);Fl一0.53一3*LBwO7，(母)。
或者Fl二MEI胭Ep二(7.2394*LBwo，，)从Ep(公);Fl=MEI彻Ep一(6.9169*LBwo，，)zMEp(母)
MEI:代谢能采食量;MEp:日粮代谢能。
体蛋白量的预测模型为:
Pt一0 .1 592(LBw，o，，8)(公);Pt=0.1479(IJBwl，319)(母)。
体水分量、体灰分量和体脂肪的预测模型分别为:
似r一72756(Ptos，7，)(公);WAt一7.1274(Pt“，8’4)(母)。
Asht一0.1446(Pt’02，，)(公);Asht一0.1427一:Pt”，，2)(母)。
Lt=0 .3662(Pt，o，‘4)(公);Lt=o.276一(Pt‘，2，8)(母)。
试验三不同日粮条件下肉鸡动态生长模型的应用效果
为了评价肉鸡动态生长模型的有效性和实用性，本试验设计高低两种不同营养水平的日
粮，选择400只肉鸡进行饲养和屠宰试验，对生长模型进行验证。模拟结果显示，高营养水
平组肉鸡的采食量、日增重均高于低营养水平组，耗料增重比低于低营养水平组;从性别上
来看一，公鸡生长性能优于母鸡;体重和体组成的预测值与实测值比较接近，模型具有一定的
实用性和可靠性。
试验四不同赖氨酸添加水平对肉仔鸡生产性能、月同体品质和血液生化指标的影
响及赖氨酸需要量模型的建立
本试验研究了不同赖氨酸添加水平的日粮对0一3周龄AA雄性肉仔鸡生产性能、月同体品
质及血液生理生化指标的影响。将l日龄AA雄性肉仔鸡450只随机分成6个处理，每个处
理5个重复，每个重复巧只。各组的基础日粮相同，含赖氨酸0.65%，各处理组分别添加
赖氨酸盐酸盐0%、0.巧%、0.30%、0.45%、0.60%和0.75%。试验末检测生产性能、屠宰
性能及血液生理生化指标，试验结果表明:赖氨酸水平对0一3周龄雄性肉仔鸡采食量、平均
日增重、饲料转化效率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腹脂率均有显著影响，赖氨酸含量达到
1.1%一1.25%才能维持肉仔鸡正常快速生长及较好的胭体品质。赖氨酸含量对血液中尿酸、
甘油三酷、低密度脂蛋白、T4及IGF一I的浓度有显著影响。本试验还分别模拟了0一3周肉仔
公鸡日粮赖氨酸含量变化时平均日增重、饲料转化效率、采食量、胸肌率、腹脂率和全净膛
率的变化，从RZ以及生成图形本身进行比较分别建立了最佳的赖氨酸需要量模型。结果表
明，二次抛物线方程的模拟效果最好。
试验五以!G卜1 mRNA丰度为衡量指标建立赖氨酸需要量模型
采用反转录一聚合酶链式扩增反应(RT一PCR)的分子生物学技术研究了日粮赖氨酸对肉
仔鸡肝脏和胸肌中IGF一1 mRNA转录水平表达的影响，以探讨赖氨酸影响生长性能和血清中
IGF一I浓度的分子机理并建立以IGF一1 mRNA丰度为衡量指标的赖氨酸需要量模型。将1日
龄AA雄性肉仔鸡450只随机分成6个处理，每个处理5个重复，每个重复15只。各组的
基础日粮相同，含赖氨酸0.65%，各组分别添加赖氨酸盐酸盐0%、0.巧%、0.30%、0.45%、
0.60%和0.75%。结果表明，赖氨酸对IGF一1 mRNA丰度有影响，随着赖氨酸添加水平的增
加，IGF一1 mRNA的丰度先高后低，肝脏IGF一1 mRNA的丰度在添加量为1 .1%的组最高，肌
肉IGF一1 mRNA的丰度在添加量为0.95%时最高。这说明赖氨酸通过调?
Five experiments were conducted to determine dynamic growth model of broilers by use of nutrition partition principle and lysine requirement model.
Experiment 1 Model for the maximum body protein deposition of broiler
Two hundreds of AA broilers were selected to simulate the relationship of live weight and body protein. All broilers were supplied the same balanced diet and ideal environment.Daily body protein deposition could be seen as a reasonable close to maximum body protein deposition. Power function combined Gompertz function can get a better result. The final models were showed as follows:
Pdmax=Pd=C*a*b*EBWb*In(A/EBW)=0.036*0.1166*1.0639*LBW1.0639*In(61 30.87/LBW (male)
Pdmax=Pd=0.045*0.1168*1.0615*LBW1.0615*In(3965.15/LBW) (female)
Experiment 2 Models for feed intake, protein and live weight, relationship of body composition of broiler
Mathematics models of feed intake, body protein and live weight, relationship of body composition are the necessary composition of dynamic growth model. Two hundreds of AA broilers were selected to determinate parameters of models. The results indicated: power function has a better effect. The model of predicting feed intake by live weight is FI=0.556*LBW0.75(male), FI=0.5313*LBW0.75(female). The model of predicting feed intake by metabolism energy is FI=MEI/MEp= (7.2394*LBW0.75)/MEp (male), FI=MEI/MEp= (6.9169*LBW075)/MEp(female) MEp is metabolism energy in feed .The relationship of body protein and live weight is Pt =0.1592 (LBW1.0258) (male), Pt =0.1479 (LBW1.0319) (female). The relationship of body water and body protein is WAt=7.2756 (Pt0.8775) (male), WAt=7.1274 (Pt0.8814) (female).The relationship of body ash and body protein is Asht=0.1446 (Pt1.0225) (male), Asht=0.1427 (Pt1.0332) (female). The relationship of body fat and body protein is Lt=0.3662 (Pt1.0214) (male),Lt=0.2761 (Pt1.1238) (famale).
Experiment 3 Validation of dynamic growth model of broiler
The trial was designed to evaluate effectiveness and practicality of dynamic growing model. Four hundreds of AA broilers were selected to feed two different nutrition level feed. The growth model was debugged and validated in the experiment. In the debug process, different formulations and parameters were examinated and choose the suitable parameters. The simulation results showed that feed intake and daily weight gain of high nutrition group were higher than that of low nutrition group. From the simulation results, the dynamic growth model could meet requirement effectively in a certain range.
Experiment 4 Lysine requirement model of broiler
Four hundred and fifty AA broilers were fed to 21 days old to investigate the effects of dietary lysine levels on growth performance, body composition and blood biochemistry parameters of broilers. Six dietary lysine levels were 0.65%, 0.80%, 0.95%, 1.10%, 1.25% andl.4%o Results showed that: (1) Dietary lysine levels significantly influence the growth and body composition of broilers. (2) Lysine requirement for optimum growth performance and carcass quality is 1.1%~1.25%. (3) Uric acid, TG, LDL, T4, IGF-I concentrations are significantly affected by lysine levels. Plasma UC, TG and LDL levels are increased no matter dietary lysine is deficient or excessive. A lysine requirement model was developed. Quadratic function is better than linear, exponential and other functions.
Experiment 5 Effects of lysine levels on the IGF-I mRNA levels in liver and muscle of broiler
Four hundred and fifty AA broiler was fed to 21 days old to investigate the effects of dietary lysine levels on IGF-I mRNA level in liver and muscle of broilers by using of RT-PCR molecule technology. Dietary lysine levels were 0.65%,0.80%,0.95%. 1.10 %,1.25% and 1.4% Results showed that dietary lysine levels could affect IGF-I mRNA level. IGF-I mRNA level is the highest when lysine level is 1.1% in liver and 0.95% in musele.It showed that lysine levels affect broiler's growth by adjusting GH way. Lysine requirement model was Y=-4.7559+ 10.9489X+ -5.2348 X2. (R2=0.76)
为了将所建立的模型进一步细化和完善，本论文还采用不同衡量指标研究了理想蛋白模式中参比氨基酸赖氨酸的需要量模型，为生长模型深入到氨基酸水平奠定基础，提供必需的理论参数。
试验一 理想饲养条件下肉鸡最大体蛋白日沉积量模型的建立
本试验的假设是在环境条件适宜、饲粮营养成分平衡且动物采食充分、无疾病应激的条件下所测得的蛋白质日沉积量可作为体蛋白日沉积上限的一种合理近似。选用200只AA肉仔鸡进行饲养和屠宰试验，分别模拟了描述体重与体蛋白之间关系的异速方程Y=aX~b和描述体重与日龄关系的Gompertz方程，通过两个方程的结合得到体蛋白与日龄之间的关系Pdmax≈Pd=C~*a~*b~*EBW~b~*In(A／EBW)。应用SPSS软件对试验数据进行拟合，建立的模型为：Pdmax≈Pd=0.036~*0.1166~*1.0639~*LBW~(1.0639)~*In(6130.87／LBW) (公鸡)Pdmax≈Pd=0.045~*0.1168~*1.0615~*LBW~(1.0615)~*In(3965.15／LBW) (母鸡)
试验二 日粮充分营养水平下采食量、体蛋白和体重、体组成之间相互关系数学模型的建立
采食量、体组成之间的关系、体蛋白和体重之间关系的数学模型是建立生长模型所必需的组成部分，这些模型参数建立的准确性直接影响着生长模型预测的准确性。本试验选用200只AA肉仔鸡进行饲养和屠宰试验，确定模型的参数。试验结果如下：
采食量的预测模型为:
Fl一0 .556*LBwo，，(公);Fl一0.53一3*LBwO7，(母)。
或者Fl二MEI胭Ep二(7.2394*LBwo，，)从Ep(公);Fl=MEI彻Ep一(6.9169*LBwo，，)zMEp(母)
MEI:代谢能采食量;MEp:日粮代谢能。
体蛋白量的预测模型为:
Pt一0 .1 592(LBw，o，，8)(公);Pt=0.1479(IJBwl，319)(母)。
体水分量、体灰分量和体脂肪的预测模型分别为:
似r一72756(Ptos，7，)(公);WAt一7.1274(Pt“，8’4)(母)。
Asht一0.1446(Pt’02，，)(公);Asht一0.1427一:Pt”，，2)(母)。
Lt=0 .3662(Pt，o，‘4)(公);Lt=o.276一(Pt‘，2，8)(母)。
试验三不同日粮条件下肉鸡动态生长模型的应用效果
为了评价肉鸡动态生长模型的有效性和实用性，本试验设计高低两种不同营养水平的日
粮，选择400只肉鸡进行饲养和屠宰试验，对生长模型进行验证。模拟结果显示，高营养水
平组肉鸡的采食量、日增重均高于低营养水平组，耗料增重比低于低营养水平组;从性别上
来看一，公鸡生长性能优于母鸡;体重和体组成的预测值与实测值比较接近，模型具有一定的
实用性和可靠性。
试验四不同赖氨酸添加水平对肉仔鸡生产性能、月同体品质和血液生化指标的影
响及赖氨酸需要量模型的建立
本试验研究了不同赖氨酸添加水平的日粮对0一3周龄AA雄性肉仔鸡生产性能、月同体品
质及血液生理生化指标的影响。将l日龄AA雄性肉仔鸡450只随机分成6个处理，每个处
理5个重复，每个重复巧只。各组的基础日粮相同，含赖氨酸0.65%，各处理组分别添加
赖氨酸盐酸盐0%、0.巧%、0.30%、0.45%、0.60%和0.75%。试验末检测生产性能、屠宰
性能及血液生理生化指标，试验结果表明:赖氨酸水平对0一3周龄雄性肉仔鸡采食量、平均
日增重、饲料转化效率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腹脂率均有显著影响，赖氨酸含量达到
1.1%一1.25%才能维持肉仔鸡正常快速生长及较好的胭体品质。赖氨酸含量对血液中尿酸、
甘油三酷、低密度脂蛋白、T4及IGF一I的浓度有显著影响。本试验还分别模拟了0一3周肉仔
公鸡日粮赖氨酸含量变化时平均日增重、饲料转化效率、采食量、胸肌率、腹脂率和全净膛
率的变化，从RZ以及生成图形本身进行比较分别建立了最佳的赖氨酸需要量模型。结果表
明，二次抛物线方程的模拟效果最好。
试验五以!G卜1 mRNA丰度为衡量指标建立赖氨酸需要量模型
采用反转录一聚合酶链式扩增反应(RT一PCR)的分子生物学技术研究了日粮赖氨酸对肉
仔鸡肝脏和胸肌中IGF一1 mRNA转录水平表达的影响，以探讨赖氨酸影响生长性能和血清中
IGF一I浓度的分子机理并建立以IGF一1 mRNA丰度为衡量指标的赖氨酸需要量模型。将1日
龄AA雄性肉仔鸡450只随机分成6个处理，每个处理5个重复，每个重复15只。各组的
基础日粮相同，含赖氨酸0.65%，各组分别添加赖氨酸盐酸盐0%、0.巧%、0.30%、0.45%、
0.60%和0.75%。结果表明，赖氨酸对IGF一1 mRNA丰度有影响，随着赖氨酸添加水平的增
加，IGF一1 mRNA的丰度先高后低，肝脏IGF一1 mRNA的丰度在添加量为1 .1%的组最高，肌
肉IGF一1 mRNA的丰度在添加量为0.95%时最高。这说明赖氨酸通过调?
Five experiments were conducted to determine dynamic growth model of broilers by use of nutrition partition principle and lysine requirement model.
Experiment 1 Model for the maximum body protein deposition of broiler
Two hundreds of AA broilers were selected to simulate the relationship of live weight and body protein. All broilers were supplied the same balanced diet and ideal environment.Daily body protein deposition could be seen as a reasonable close to maximum body protein deposition. Power function combined Gompertz function can get a better result. The final models were showed as follows:
Pdmax=Pd=C*a*b*EBWb*In(A/EBW)=0.036*0.1166*1.0639*LBW1.0639*In(61 30.87/LBW (male)
Pdmax=Pd=0.045*0.1168*1.0615*LBW1.0615*In(3965.15/LBW) (female)
Experiment 2 Models for feed intake, protein and live weight, relationship of body composition of broiler
Mathematics models of feed intake, body protein and live weight, relationship of body composition are the necessary composition of dynamic growth model. Two hundreds of AA broilers were selected to determinate parameters of models. The results indicated: power function has a better effect. The model of predicting feed intake by live weight is FI=0.556*LBW0.75(male), FI=0.5313*LBW0.75(female). The model of predicting feed intake by metabolism energy is FI=MEI/MEp= (7.2394*LBW0.75)/MEp (male), FI=MEI/MEp= (6.9169*LBW075)/MEp(female) MEp is metabolism energy in feed .The relationship of body protein and live weight is Pt =0.1592 (LBW1.0258) (male), Pt =0.1479 (LBW1.0319) (female). The relationship of body water and body protein is WAt=7.2756 (Pt0.8775) (male), WAt=7.1274 (Pt0.8814) (female).The relationship of body ash and body protein is Asht=0.1446 (Pt1.0225) (male), Asht=0.1427 (Pt1.0332) (female). The relationship of body fat and body protein is Lt=0.3662 (Pt1.0214) (male),Lt=0.2761 (Pt1.1238) (famale).
Experiment 3 Validation of dynamic growth model of broiler
The trial was designed to evaluate effectiveness and practicality of dynamic growing model. Four hundreds of AA broilers were selected to feed two different nutrition level feed. The growth model was debugged and validated in the experiment. In the debug process, different formulations and parameters were examinated and choose the suitable parameters. The simulation results showed that feed intake and daily weight gain of high nutrition group were higher than that of low nutrition group. From the simulation results, the dynamic growth model could meet requirement effectively in a certain range.
Experiment 4 Lysine requirement model of broiler
Four hundred and fifty AA broilers were fed to 21 days old to investigate the effects of dietary lysine levels on growth performance, body composition and blood biochemistry parameters of broilers. Six dietary lysine levels were 0.65%, 0.80%, 0.95%, 1.10%, 1.25% andl.4%o Results showed that: (1) Dietary lysine levels significantly influence the growth and body composition of broilers. (2) Lysine requirement for optimum growth performance and carcass quality is 1.1%~1.25%. (3) Uric acid, TG, LDL, T4, IGF-I concentrations are significantly affected by lysine levels. Plasma UC, TG and LDL levels are increased no matter dietary lysine is deficient or excessive. A lysine requirement model was developed. Quadratic function is better than linear, exponential and other functions.
Experiment 5 Effects of lysine levels on the IGF-I mRNA levels in liver and muscle of broiler
Four hundred and fifty AA broiler was fed to 21 days old to investigate the effects of dietary lysine levels on IGF-I mRNA level in liver and muscle of broilers by using of RT-PCR molecule technology. Dietary lysine levels were 0.65%,0.80%,0.95%. 1.10 %,1.25% and 1.4% Results showed that dietary lysine levels could affect IGF-I mRNA level. IGF-I mRNA level is the highest when lysine level is 1.1% in liver and 0.95% in musele.It showed that lysine levels affect broiler's growth by adjusting GH way. Lysine requirement model was Y=-4.7559+ 10.9489X+ -5.2348 X2. (R2=0.76)
引文
1．艾景军，许万根等 1996生长猪营养代谢模型中若干概念初探 动物营养学报，(8)3，55～62
2．蔡辉益，文杰，杨禄良译 家禽营养需要(NRC)[M]．北京：中国农业科技出版社，1994．26-32．
3．蔡辉益1995肉鸡营养需要预测模型研究进展(专述)，饲料工业(16)6
4．陈金文，杨山，赵河山等 肉鸡血浆极低密度脂蛋白的双向选择效应：腹脂和屠体性状：中国家禽第七次学术讨论会论文集杭州，1995．77～79
5．陈金文等 血浆极低密度脂蛋白浓度的双向选择对肉鸡生长性能与血脂的影响 中国兽医学报 1998(18)2：199～202
6．成泳良，吴晓林，燕海峰等 四个乌骨鸡群体间胸肌蛋白质、氨基酸和矿物元素含量比较研究 [J]．中国家禽，1999，21(11)：4-5．
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