西欧村庄共同体研究
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摘要
村庄共同体作为西欧社会的基层组织,是西欧乡村社会中存在时间最长、也是最为基本的组织形式,它在西欧中世纪社会发展过程中扮演着十分重要的角色。通过对西欧村庄共同体的历时性研究,有利于我们对中世纪的西欧乡村社会得出全面的认识。同时,通过对西欧村庄共同体的详细解读,也让我们更加清楚的认识到,尽管它产生于西欧的中世纪,但它对近现代西方的民主政治以及社区组织都产生了深远的影响。
本文在明确了西欧村庄共同体的基本特征后指出,这种公共组织是以村庄为基础,并拥有自己独立的管理机构和管理人员以及行为规范的自治单位。它的基本内涵表现为对公共权利的肯定,这种公共权利包含两层含义:即附着于土地上的权利以及参与公共事务的权利。其中,土地上的公共权利是参与公共事务的基础,而对公共事务的参与又是拥有土地上公共权利的保障。在庄园解体后,村庄共同体承担起了管理乡村生活的职责,村民大会取代了庄园法庭,成为了村庄共同体的真正权力核心,同时,共同体成员在共同反对领主的斗争中,进一步地加强了内部的团结。而随着西欧农民个体力量的普遍增长,农民内部的分化以及民族国家的崛起,西欧的村庄共同体最终走向了衰落。
全文共分为三大部分:第一部分为引言,主要是在总结国内外研究状况的基础上,阐明本文的研究价值和意义,并指出论文的整体框架结构以及所使用的研究方法,从而为全文的论述奠定了学术背景。第二部分是论文的主体部分,共由七章组成。第一章在分析国内外学者的观点的基础上,提出了村庄共同体的基本特征和基本内涵,进而阐述了村庄共同体的形成以及公地制度与村庄共同体之间的关系。第二章重点论述庄园时代的村庄共同体。首先在明确了村庄与庄园关系的基础上,通过对村官、庄园法庭以及十户联保制等组织的分析,进一步明确了村庄共同体的内部结构。第三章论述了村庄共同体所具有的法人、治安、征税以及服军役等职能,从而阐明了村庄共同体在庄园时代的乡村生活中所起到的重要作用。第四章重点论述了村庄共同体的村规。通过对村规的制定、村规的内容以及村规监督员的详细论述,阐明了村规在中世纪西欧乡村生活中的重要作用,并指出了村规中所蕴含的民主因素和自治因素。第五章主要论述了庄园解体后,村庄共同体在西欧社会发展中的重要作用,指出村庄共同体并没有随着庄园的解体而衰落,而是继续在乡村生活中扮演着组织者的角色。第六章重点论述了村庄共同体的衰落。通过分析村民公共权利的丧失,阐明了村庄共同体衰落的标志以及内在原因。第七章则论述了现代西欧乡村治理中所蕴含的共同体因素。通过对现代西欧乡村的管理机构及其职能的考察,指出了村庄共同体对现代西欧乡村治理的重要影响。第三部分是余论。重点论述了村庄共同体对西欧社会所产生的深远影响。
The village community which was the longest and the most basic forms of organization in Western society was considered as a primary organizations at the same time it played a very important role in development of medieval society in Western Europe. Through the diachronic studying on the village community in Western Europe, will help us reach a comprehensive understanding of rural society in Western Europe of the Middle Ages. Meanwhile, by detailed explanation of the village community of Western European, we have a better understanding that is, although village Community generated in Western Europe of the Middle Ages, but it have had a profound impact on modern Western democratic political and community organizations
After defined the basic characteristics of the village community in Western Europe, the paper pointed out, this public organization was the village-based, and had their own independent administration and management of personnel and norms of self-government units. Performance of its basic connotation of certain public rights, which included two meanings of public rights: the rights attached to land and participation in public affairs. The public participation rights of land is a foundation in public affairs, at the same time participation in public affairs is the right to own land on the protection of the public. After the disintegration of the manor, the village community to assume responsibility for managing rural life, village meeting took place of Manor Court, became the real power in the core of the village community, while members of the Community in the common struggle against the feudal lords, and further strengthen the internal unity. With the power of Western Europe, the general growth of individual farmers, farmers within the division and the rise of nation-state, prompted the village community of Western Europe towards the end of the decline.
The thesis is divided into three parts: The first part is an introduction, mainly in the summary of the situation on the basis of domestic and foreign research to clarify the value and significance of this study, and pointed out the overall framework of the thesis structure and research methods used, so as to full text of the paper laid the academic background. The second part is the main part of the paper which was formed by seven chapters. The first chapter, on the basis of analysis of domestic and foreign scholars’views put forward the basic characteristics of the village community and the basic content, and then described the formation of the village community and the relationship between the public land system and the village community. The second chapter focuses on the era of the village community estate. First, on the basis of a clear relationship between the village and estate, through analysis of the village official, manor courts, and frankpledge, to further clarify the internal structure of the village community. The third chapter discusses the village community has the legal, security, taxation and military service and other functions, which sets out the village community in the manor in the era of rural life play an important role. ChapterⅣfocuses on the village by-laws of the village community. Through the description of village by-laws, its content and wardern in detail that village by-laws had expounded played important role of the village life in the Middle Ages of Western Europe, and pointed out the democratic and autonomous factors. ChapterⅤdiscussed after the dissolution of the manor, the social development of village community’s influential role in Western Europe, pointed out that the village community did not decline with the disintegration of the manor, but continued to play in village life organizer role. ChapterⅥfocuses on the decline of the village community. Through analyzed the forfeit of villagers public right, had expounded the village community declines symbol as well as immanent cause. ChapterⅦdiscussed the governance of modern Western European country factors inherent in the community. Through to the modern Western Europe village's management structure and the function inspection, has pointed out the village community to the modern Western Europe village government material effect.
The third part is more than theory. Focused on the village community of modern Western society have far-reaching influences.
本文在明确了西欧村庄共同体的基本特征后指出,这种公共组织是以村庄为基础,并拥有自己独立的管理机构和管理人员以及行为规范的自治单位。它的基本内涵表现为对公共权利的肯定,这种公共权利包含两层含义:即附着于土地上的权利以及参与公共事务的权利。其中,土地上的公共权利是参与公共事务的基础,而对公共事务的参与又是拥有土地上公共权利的保障。在庄园解体后,村庄共同体承担起了管理乡村生活的职责,村民大会取代了庄园法庭,成为了村庄共同体的真正权力核心,同时,共同体成员在共同反对领主的斗争中,进一步地加强了内部的团结。而随着西欧农民个体力量的普遍增长,农民内部的分化以及民族国家的崛起,西欧的村庄共同体最终走向了衰落。
全文共分为三大部分:第一部分为引言,主要是在总结国内外研究状况的基础上,阐明本文的研究价值和意义,并指出论文的整体框架结构以及所使用的研究方法,从而为全文的论述奠定了学术背景。第二部分是论文的主体部分,共由七章组成。第一章在分析国内外学者的观点的基础上,提出了村庄共同体的基本特征和基本内涵,进而阐述了村庄共同体的形成以及公地制度与村庄共同体之间的关系。第二章重点论述庄园时代的村庄共同体。首先在明确了村庄与庄园关系的基础上,通过对村官、庄园法庭以及十户联保制等组织的分析,进一步明确了村庄共同体的内部结构。第三章论述了村庄共同体所具有的法人、治安、征税以及服军役等职能,从而阐明了村庄共同体在庄园时代的乡村生活中所起到的重要作用。第四章重点论述了村庄共同体的村规。通过对村规的制定、村规的内容以及村规监督员的详细论述,阐明了村规在中世纪西欧乡村生活中的重要作用,并指出了村规中所蕴含的民主因素和自治因素。第五章主要论述了庄园解体后,村庄共同体在西欧社会发展中的重要作用,指出村庄共同体并没有随着庄园的解体而衰落,而是继续在乡村生活中扮演着组织者的角色。第六章重点论述了村庄共同体的衰落。通过分析村民公共权利的丧失,阐明了村庄共同体衰落的标志以及内在原因。第七章则论述了现代西欧乡村治理中所蕴含的共同体因素。通过对现代西欧乡村的管理机构及其职能的考察,指出了村庄共同体对现代西欧乡村治理的重要影响。第三部分是余论。重点论述了村庄共同体对西欧社会所产生的深远影响。
The village community which was the longest and the most basic forms of organization in Western society was considered as a primary organizations at the same time it played a very important role in development of medieval society in Western Europe. Through the diachronic studying on the village community in Western Europe, will help us reach a comprehensive understanding of rural society in Western Europe of the Middle Ages. Meanwhile, by detailed explanation of the village community of Western European, we have a better understanding that is, although village Community generated in Western Europe of the Middle Ages, but it have had a profound impact on modern Western democratic political and community organizations
After defined the basic characteristics of the village community in Western Europe, the paper pointed out, this public organization was the village-based, and had their own independent administration and management of personnel and norms of self-government units. Performance of its basic connotation of certain public rights, which included two meanings of public rights: the rights attached to land and participation in public affairs. The public participation rights of land is a foundation in public affairs, at the same time participation in public affairs is the right to own land on the protection of the public. After the disintegration of the manor, the village community to assume responsibility for managing rural life, village meeting took place of Manor Court, became the real power in the core of the village community, while members of the Community in the common struggle against the feudal lords, and further strengthen the internal unity. With the power of Western Europe, the general growth of individual farmers, farmers within the division and the rise of nation-state, prompted the village community of Western Europe towards the end of the decline.
The thesis is divided into three parts: The first part is an introduction, mainly in the summary of the situation on the basis of domestic and foreign research to clarify the value and significance of this study, and pointed out the overall framework of the thesis structure and research methods used, so as to full text of the paper laid the academic background. The second part is the main part of the paper which was formed by seven chapters. The first chapter, on the basis of analysis of domestic and foreign scholars’views put forward the basic characteristics of the village community and the basic content, and then described the formation of the village community and the relationship between the public land system and the village community. The second chapter focuses on the era of the village community estate. First, on the basis of a clear relationship between the village and estate, through analysis of the village official, manor courts, and frankpledge, to further clarify the internal structure of the village community. The third chapter discusses the village community has the legal, security, taxation and military service and other functions, which sets out the village community in the manor in the era of rural life play an important role. ChapterⅣfocuses on the village by-laws of the village community. Through the description of village by-laws, its content and wardern in detail that village by-laws had expounded played important role of the village life in the Middle Ages of Western Europe, and pointed out the democratic and autonomous factors. ChapterⅤdiscussed after the dissolution of the manor, the social development of village community’s influential role in Western Europe, pointed out that the village community did not decline with the disintegration of the manor, but continued to play in village life organizer role. ChapterⅥfocuses on the decline of the village community. Through analyzed the forfeit of villagers public right, had expounded the village community declines symbol as well as immanent cause. ChapterⅦdiscussed the governance of modern Western European country factors inherent in the community. Through to the modern Western Europe village's management structure and the function inspection, has pointed out the village community to the modern Western Europe village government material effect.
The third part is more than theory. Focused on the village community of modern Western society have far-reaching influences.
引文
①Eric.J.Hobsbawm,“Peasants and Politics”, Journal of Peasant Studies,Vol.1,1973,p.16-17.
②Paul Vinogradoff, English Society in the Eleventh Century, Oxford:larendon Press,1908,p.475.
③H.M.Cam,The Community of the Vill, in Medieval Studies presented to Rose Graham, Oxford,1950,p.1.
①Werner Rosene, The Peasantry of Europe, Oxford:UK and Cambridge, Mass, 1994,p.160.
②G. C.Homans, English villagers of the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge,Mass: Harvard University Press, 1941,p.338.
③喻希来:《中国地方自治论》,《战略与管理》,2002年第4期,第9页。
①朱寰:《略论日耳曼人的农村公社制度》,《史学月刊》,1991年第1期,第91页。
①马克垚:《西欧封建经济形态研究》,北京:人民出版社,2001年第2版,第263页。
②侯建新:《社会转型时期的西欧与中国》,北京:高等教育出版社,2005年第2版,第115页。
③同上,第209页。
④徐浩:《农民经济的历史变迁—中英乡村社会区域发展比较》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002年,第120页。
②李云飞:《中世纪英格兰庄园法庭探微》,《世界历史》,2005年第2期,第63页。
③陈日华:《中古英格兰地方自治研究》,博士学位论文,天津师范大学历史文化学院,2005。
④赵文洪:《中世纪欧洲村庄自治》,《世界历史》,2007年第3期,第85页。
⑤赵文洪:《庄园法庭、村规民约与中世纪欧洲“公地共同体”》,《历史研究》,2007年第4期,第149页。
①王玉亮:《中世纪晚期英国村庄共同体的法律“自治”》,《天津师范大学学报(社会科学版)》,2009年第4期。
②[英]贝内特:《英国庄园生活:1150—1400年农民生活状况研究》,龙秀清等译,侯建新校,上海:上海人民出版社,2005年,第10页。
③George Laurence Gomme, the village community:with Special Reference to the Origin and Form of Its Survivals in Britain ,London:The Walter Scott Publishing Company, Limited, 1890,p.5.
④C.Dyer,“The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline”, Journal of British Studies, 33, (October 1994),p.407.
①张广智、张广勇:《史学,文化中的文化——文化视野中的西方史学》,杭州:浙江人民出版社,1990年,第406页。
②W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.17.
③W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.11.
④Miriam Muller,“A divided class? Peasant and Peasant Communities in Later Medieval England”, Past and Present, 2007, Supplement2,p.117.
①Susan Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe:900-1300, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984,p.1.
②Ibid.,249.
③Sir William Holdsworth, A History of English Law, London: Methuen, 1922.
④Z. Razi,“family, land and village community in later medieval England”, past and present,No.93,1981,p.13.
①A. Macfarlane, the origins of English individualism:the Family, Property and Social Transition, Oxford: Basil Black- well,1978,p.162-3.
②J. A. Raftis,Warboys, two hundred years in the fife of an English medieval village,Toronto, 1974; E. Britton, the community of the vill:A study in the history of the family and village life in fourteenth century England,Toronto, 1977; J. A. Raftis,“changes in an English village after the Black Death”, Mediaeval Studies, 29,1967,pp.158-77.
③[英]贝内特:《英国庄园生活:1150—1400年农民生活状况研究》,龙秀清等译,侯建新校,上海:上海人民出版社,2005年,第30页。
①有关经济-社会史的详细论述,请参见徐浩、侯建新:《当代西方史学流派》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2009年,第278-294页。
①W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.208.
②H.M.Cam, the Community of the Vill, in Studies presented to Rose Graham, Oxford, 1950,p.1-14; Edward Britton, The Community of the Vill:a study in the history of the family and village life in fourteenth-century England, Toronto:Macmillan of Canada,1977.
③Susan Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe:900-1300, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984,Intruduction.
④W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.208.
⑤Maryanne Kowaleski,“vill, Guild, and Gentry: Forces of Community in Later Medieval England”, the Journal of British Studies, Vol. 33, No.4,(Oct., 1994),p.337.
①[德]滕尼斯:《共同体与社会》,林荣远译,北京:商务印书馆,1999年,第65页。
②马克垚:《英国封建社会研究》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年第2版,第12页。
③Maine, Village Community in the East and West, New York: Henry Holt, 1876;F.Seebohm, The English Village Community, Cambridge, 1926.
①马克垚:《西欧封建经济形态研究》,北京:人民出版社,2001年第2版,第248页。
②William Holdsworth, A History of English Law, 17 vols, London: Methuen, 1956- 1972.
③R.B.Goheen,“Peasant Politics? Village Community and the Crown in Fifteenth-Century England”, The American Historical Review,Vol.96,No.1,(Feb,1991).
④Susan Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe:900-1300, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984,Introduction.
⑤Peter Clark, English Provincial Society from the Reformation to the Revolution:Religion,Politics and Society in the Kent,1500-1640, Hassocks,1977; C.Dyer,“The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline”, Journal of British Studies, 33, (October 1994).
⑥Phillipp R. Schofield, Peasant and community: in medieval England , 1200-1500, New York: palgrave macmillan,2003,p.71.
①M. Rubin,“small groups: identity and solidarity in the late Middle Ages”in J.Kermode ed., Enterprise and Individuals in fifteenth Century England.stroud, 1991,p.134.
②Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the jouranl of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.542.
③J.E.A.Joliffe, The Constitutional History of Medieval England, Toronto: Macmillan, 1937, p.321.
④A. Macfarlane, the origins of English individualism:the Family, Property and Social Transition, Oxford: Basil Black- well,1978; see also: A. Macfarlane,‘the Myth of the Peasantry: Family and Economy in a Northern Parish”in R. M. Smith ed, Land, Kinship and Life-cycle, Cambridge, 1984, p.333-349.
⑤E.B.DeWindt, Land and People in Holywell-cum-Needleworth, Toronto,1972, p.275-278.
⑥J.Z.Titow, English Rural Society 1200-1350, London:Allen and Unwin, 1969, p.16.
⑦马克垚:《西欧封建经济形态研究》,北京:人民出版社,2001年第2版,第263页。
⑧朱寰:《略论日耳曼人的农村公社制度》,《史学月刊》,1991年第1期。
①有关“公地共同体”的概念,请参阅赵文洪:《庄园法庭、村规民约与中世纪欧洲“公地共同体”》,《历史研究》,2007年第4期。
②《辞源》,北京:商务印书馆,1979年,第312页。
③《中国大百科全书——中国历史》,北京·上海中国大百科全书出版社,1992年,第910页。
④有关中西乡村基层组织比较的问题,可参见:侯建新:《中英封建晚期乡村组织比较》,《史学理论研究》,2000年第3期。
⑤《斯大林文选》,北京:人民出版社,1962年,第199页。
⑥罗荣渠:《现代化新论》,北京:北京大学出版社,1993年,第53页。
⑦马克垚:《西欧封建经济形态研究》,北京:人民出版社,2001年第2版,第244页。
①朱寰:《略论日耳曼人的农村公社制度》,《史学月刊》,1991年第1期,第91页。
②郝镇华编:《外国学者论亚细亚生产方式》,上册,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1981年,第9—10页。
③《马克思恩格斯全集》,第46卷,上册,北京:人民出版社,1979年,第472页。
④同上,第484,473,482页。
⑤同上,第484,473页。
⑥同上,第473,493,496页。
⑦同上,第478,475,484页。
①同上,第474, 480页。
②《马克思恩格斯全集》,第19卷,北京:人民出版社,1963年,第541,358-359页。
③同上,第541页。
④同上,第540页。
⑤同上,第363页。
⑥同上,第539,353页。
⑦《马克思恩格斯全集》,第20卷,北京:人民出版社,1971年,第197页。
⑧《马克思恩格斯全集》,第46卷,上册,北京:人民出版社,1979年,第484页。
①Jerome Blum,“The European village as community: origins and functions”, Agricultural History, vol. 45, No.3, (Jul., 1971), p.158.
①W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982), p.209.
②C.Dyer,“The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline”, Journal of British Studies, 33, (October 1994), p.408.
③Werner Rosener, Peasants in the Middle Ages, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992, p.150.
④Phillipp R. Schofield, Peasant and community: in medieval England , 1200-1500, New York: palgrave Macmillan,2003, p.71.
⑤Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the jouranl of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971, p.542.
⑥Perez Zagorin, Rebels and Rulers, 1500-1660, Vols2,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982,p.85-86.
⑦如方朝晖:《市民社会的两个传统及其在现代社会的汇合》,《社会科学战线》,1994年第5期;赵文洪:《公地制度中财产权利的公共性》,《世界历史》,2009年第2期,可作参考。
⑧William Allan Neilson, Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, Merriam Co. 1954.
⑨The New Encyclopedia Britannica.Encyclopedia Britannica, Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1989.
⑩John Simpson and Edmund Weiner, Oxford English Language, Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1993. 11 Langman Group Ltd, Longman Dictionary of the English Language, Merriam-Webster Inc. ,1984. 12 [英]米勒等:《布莱克威尔政治学大词典》,北京:中国政法大学出版社,1992年。
①[英]佩里·安德森:《从古代到封建主义的过渡》,郭方等译,上海:上海人民出版社,2001年,第153页。
①William Allan Neilson, Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, Merriam Co. 1954.
②Susan Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe:900-1300, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981,p.135,139.
③Maine, Village-communities in the East and West, New York: Arno Press, 1974,p.85.
④Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the jouranl of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971), p.543.
⑤L. D.Stamp and W. G. Hoskins, the common lands of England and Wales, London:Collins,1963, p.5-13.
①B. Wilkinson, Constitutional History of England, Vol. 3,London : Historical Assoc., 1953, p.9.
②[美]汤普逊:《中世纪经济社会史》,上册,耿淡如译,北京:商务印书馆,1984年,第43-44页。
①Susan Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe:900-1300, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984,p.79.
②W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.188.
③赵文洪:《中世纪欧洲村庄自治》,《世界历史》,2007年第3期,第85页。
④[德]汉斯-维尔纳·格茨:《欧洲中世纪生活》,王亚平译,上海:东方出版社,2002年,第143页。
⑤C.Dyer,“The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline”, Journal of British Studies, 33, (October 1994),p.408.
⑥[德]汉斯-维尔纳·格茨:《欧洲中世纪生活》,王亚平译,上海:东方出版社,2002年,第141页。
⑦王亚平:《西欧法律演变的社会根源》,北京:人民出版社,2009年,第209-210页。
⑧赵文洪:《中世纪欧洲村庄自治》,《世界历史》,2007年第3期,第86页。
①David Charles Douglas, English Historical Documents 2, Oxford:Oxford university press,1981,p.459-460.
②Ibid.405.
③Ibid.405.
④T. Madox, Firma Burgi, or an Historical Essay Concerning the Cities, Towns, and Buroughs of England Taken from Records, London: R. Gosling,1726,p.664-705.
⑤William Stubbs, Select Charters and Other Illustrations of English Constitutional History: From the Earliest Times to the Reign of Edward the First, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1900,p.394.
①Werner Rosener, Peasants in the Middle Ages, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992,p.150.
②Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England: TheTransformation of the Agrarian Economy,1500 -1850, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1996,p.192.
③如文礼朋:《中世纪和近代早期英格兰敞田经营制度再认识》,《史学月刊》,2006年第9期;赵文洪:《私人财产权利体系的发展——西方市场经济和资本主义的起源问题研究》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1998年;赵文洪:《中世纪欧洲村庄自治》,《世界历史》,2007年第3期。
④赵文洪:《公地制度中财产权利的公共性》,《世界历史》,2009年第2期,第69-71页。
⑤J. Thirsk,“the Common Fields”, Past and Present, No.29, (December,1964),p.3.
⑥Ibid.,4.
①L. D.Stamp and W. G. Hoskins, the common lands of England and Wales, London:Collins,1963,p.5-13.
②See H.L. Gray, English Field Systems, Cambridge, Massachusetts.1915.
③See C. S. and C.S. Orwin, the Open Fields, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.
④Robert A. Dodgshon,“The Landholding Foundations of the Open-Field System”, Past and Present, 1975 (2),p.3.
⑤可参见马克垚:《西欧封建经济形态研究》,北京:人民出版社,2002年第2版。
⑥C. S. Orwin,“Observations on the Open Fields”, The Economic History Review,1938(2),p.125-135.
⑦Liebermann,“Ine’s law”, I.106-9.这条法令的翻译和讨论是在F.M. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1947.
①G.C. Homans,“The Explanation of English Regional Differences”, Past and Present,1969(1),p.18-34.
②J. Thirsk,“the Common Fields”, Past and Present, No.29, (December,1964),p.35-58.
③[法]布洛赫:《法国农村史》,余中先等译,北京:商务印书馆,1991年,第75页。
④Dahlman, The Open-field System and Beyond: A Property Rights Analysis of an Economic Institution, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1995,p.16-64.
⑤Ibid.,93-145.
⑥J. Thirsk,“the Common Fields”, Past and Present, No.29, (December,1964),p.8.
①Susan Oosthuizen,“New Light on the Origins of Open-field Farming”, Medieval Archaeology,(49.2005),p.166-167.
②Slicher van Bath, Agrarian History of Western Europe AD 500-1850, London: Edward Arnold, 1963,p.61-62.
③J. Thirsk,“the Common Fields”, Past and Present, No.29, (December,1964),p.16.
④Ibid.,16.
⑤Ibid.,16-17; G. Youd,“the common fields of Lancashire”, Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashireand Cheshire, CXII,1962,p.10.
①L. C. Lloyd and D. M. Stenton, Sir Christopher Hatton’s Book of Seals, Oxford:Northamptonshire Record Society Publication,1950,p.14; SR Scargill-Bird, Custumals of Battle Abbey in the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II ,London: Camden Society, 1887,p.89; G. C. Homans, English villagers of the thirteenth century, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1941,p.57-8.
②M. W. Beresford,“Lot Acres”, Economic History Review., xiii,1943,p.74-9; Lord Ernle, English Farming Past and Present, Chicago: Quadrangle Books,1961,p.26,230; R. A. Butlin,“Northumberland Field Systems”, Agricultural History Review xii ,1964,p.99-120.
③G. C.Homans, English villagers of the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge,Mass: Harvard University Press, 1941,p.56.
①R. Herr, the Eighteenth Century Revolution in Spain, Princeton: Princeton University Press1958,p.103-4.
②J. Blum, Noble landowners and Agriculture in Austria, 1815-1848, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press,1948,p.157.
③W.G. East, An Historical Geography of Europe, London: Methuen,1935,p.102-5; M. Gray, the Highland Economy 1750-1850, Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd,1957,p.6-7; J. Saltmarsh and H. C. Darby,“the Infield-Outfield System on a Norfolk Manor”, Economic History 3, 1935,p.30-31.
④C.Dyer,“The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline”, Journal of British Studies, 33, (October 1994),p.410.
①Hilton, the Stoneleigh Leger Book, Dugdale Society Publications, vol. xxiv,1960; G. Elliott,“the system of Cultivation and Evidence of Enclosure in the Cumberland Open Fields in the Sixteenth Century”, Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, New Scries,1959(59),p.175-6.
②C. T. Smith, An Historical Geography of Western Europe before 1800, New York: Praeger, 1967,p.210.
③[德]巴德尔:《村庄联合体及村庄居民》,科隆:格拉茨,1962年,第40-41页,转引自王亚平:《西欧法律的社会根源》,北京:人民出版社,2009年,第53、54-60页。
①王亚平:《西欧法律演变的社会根源》,北京:人民出版社,2009年,第217-218页。
①海烈斯:《各国地方自治大纲》,上海:上海大东书局,1930年,第225页。
②HE Bracey, English Rural Life:Village Activities, Organizations and Institutions,London: Humanities Press, 1959,p.66.
③T.F.T.Plucknett, A Concise History of the Common Law,Boston: Little, Brown, 1956,p.79—80.
④有关堂区的内容,我们在下面的章节中进行详细的论述,这里暂不提及。
⑤徐浩:《农民经济的历史变迁—中英乡村社会区域发展比较》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002年,第101页。
①Susan Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe:900-1300, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984,p.79,101,103.
②C.Dyer,“The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline”, Journal of British Studies, 33, (October 1994),p.408.
③[美]汤普逊:《中世纪经济社会史》,上册,耿淡如译,北京:商务印书馆,1984年,第43-44页。
④[德]汉斯-维尔纳·格茨:《欧洲中世纪生活》,王亚平译,上海:东方出版社,2002年,第141页。
⑤[英]贝内特:《英国庄园生活:1150—1400年农民生活状况研究》,龙秀清等译,侯建新校,上海:上海人民出版社,2005年,第31页。
①[德]汉斯-维尔纳·格茨:《欧洲中世纪生活》,王亚平译,上海:东方出版社,2002年,第143页。
②R. S. Hoyt, Representation in the Administrative Practice of Anglo-Norman England, Album Helen Maud Cam Louvain, 1961,p.25.
③Douglas, English Historical Documents 2, London,1952,p.405..
④T. Madox, Firma Burgi, or an Historical Essay Concerning the Cities, Towns, and Buroughs of England Taken from Records, London: R. Goslin,1726,p.664-705.
⑤William Stubbs, Select Charters and Other Illustrations of English Constitutional History: From the Earliest Times to the Reign of Edward the First, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1900,p.394.
①[德]汉斯-维尔纳·格茨:《欧洲中世纪生活》,王亚平译,上海:东方出版社,2002年,第144-145页。
②[美]朱迪斯·M·本内特、C·沃伦·霍利斯特:《欧洲中世纪史》,杨宁,李韵译,上海:上海社会科学院出版社2007年,第172-173页。
①F. Seebohm, The English Village Community, London: Macmillan, 1883,p.21-31.
②P. Vinogradoff, Villeinage in England, London: Oxford University Press, 1892,p.218-220、397、409.
③[英]波斯坦:《剑桥欧洲经济史》,第一卷,郎立华、周荣国等译,北京:经济科学出版社,2002-2004年,第243页。
④F. W. Maitland, Domesday Book and Beyond Three Essays in the Early History of England, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1897,p.164.
⑤F. Pollock and F.W. Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2nd.ed. 1968,p.597.
⑥马克垚:《西欧封建经济形态研究》,北京:人民出版社,2001年第2版,第156页。
⑦Slicher Van Bath, The Agrarian History of Western Europe: A.D.500—1850, London, 1963,p.46.
⑧[英]克拉潘:《简明不列颠经济史》,范定九等译,上海:上海译文出版社,1980年,第127页。
①马克垚:《西欧封建经济形态研究》,北京:人民出版社,2001年第2版,第157页。
②同上。
③Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the jouranl of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.562.
①侯建新:《社会转型时期的西欧与中国》,北京:高等教育出版社,2005年第2版,第193页。
②关于堂区的具体作用,我们在下面的章节中重点介绍,这里暂不提及。
③徐浩:《中世纪英国农村的行政、司法及教区体制与农民的关系》,《历史研究》,1986年第1期,第190页。
④徐浩:《农民经济的历史变迁—中英乡村社会区域发展比较》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002年,第119页。
⑤侯建新:《社会转型时期的西欧与中国》,北京:高等教育出版社,2005年第2版,第209页。
⑥[英]波斯坦:《剑桥欧洲经济史》,第一卷,郎立华、周荣国等译,北京:经济科学出版社,2002-2004年,第491页。
①C. S. and C.S. Orwin, the open fields, 2nd ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press,1954,p.125.
②Razi,“The struggles between the abbots of Halesowen and their tenants in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries”, in TH Aston et al. (eds), Social Relations and Ideas: Essays in Honour of RH Hilton,Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1983,p.160.
③Frimannslund,“the old Norwegian Peasant Community: Farm Community and Neighbordood Community”, Scandinavian Economic History Review 4, 1956,p.76-77.
④Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the jouranl of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.557.
⑤G. C.Homans, English villagers of the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge,Mass: Harvard University Press, 1941,p.334.
①W. Cunningham, The Growth of English Industry and Commerce during the Early and Middle Ages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1915,p.273-276.
②[英]贝内特:《英国庄园生活:1150—1400年农民生活状况研究》,龙秀清等译,侯建新校,上海:上海人民出版社,2005年,第147页。
③Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the jouranl of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.558.
①L. Reymont, The Peasant: Autumn, New York: Alfred A. Knopf,1937,p.58.
②D. A. Hobbs, Manor Village and Individual in Medieval England[D]. University of Victoria, 2003,p.78.
③[英]贝内特.英国庄园生活:1150—1400年农民生活状况研究[M]:龙秀清等译,上海:上海人民出版社,2005.155.
④J.R.Kent. The Constable 1580—1640, The Nature and Dilemmas of the Office[J]. The Journal of British Studies pillageVo1.20, No.2, 1981.28-9.
①Ibid.79.
②[英]贝内特:《英国庄园生活:1150—1400年农民生活状况研究》,龙秀清等译,侯建新校,上海:上海人民出版社,2005年,第155页。
③See G. B. Adams and H. Morse Stephens, Selected,Documents of English Constitutional History, New York : The Macmillan Co, 1901,p.15、20—21.
④[英]贝内特:《英国庄园生活:1150—1400年农民生活状况研究》,龙秀清等译,侯建新校,上海:上海人民出版社,2005年,第184页。
⑤D. A. Hobbs, Manor Village and Individual in Medieval England[D]. University of Victoria, 2003,p.64.
⑥Ibid.,65.
⑦Sherri Olson,“Jurors of the Village Court”, Journal of British Studies, Vol.3,No.30, 1991,p.248.
⑧W. O. Ault, Private Jurisdiction in England, New Haven :Yale Historical Publications, 1923,p.166.
①李云飞:《中世纪英格兰庄园法庭探微》,《世界历史》,2005年第2期,第70页。
②R. H. Hilton, The English peasantry in the Later Middle ages, Oxford:Clarendon press,1975,p.56.
③F. W. Maitland, Select Pleas in Manorial Courts, London:Seldfen Society, 1888,p.88.
④Judith Bennett,“Women and men in the Brewers’Gild of London C.A. 1420”,In Edwin Brezette Dewindt, ed., Medieval Institute Publications,Western Michigan University: Kalamazoo, 1995,p.181-232.
⑤Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the jouranl of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.551.
⑥Peter Clark, the English Alehouse: A social history 1200-1830, Longman: London and New York, 1983,p.23.
⑦DeWindt, The Court Rolls of Ramsey Hepmangrove and Bury, 1268—1600, Toronto: Pontifical Institue of Mediaeval Studies, 1990,p.25-26.
①F. Pollock and F.W. Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, Vol.1,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2nd.ed. 1968,p.581-582.
②D. A. Hobbs, Manor Village and Individual in Medieval England [D]. University of Victoria, 2003,p.74.
③Ibid.
④Ibid.75.
⑤Peter Clark, The English Alehouse: A social history 1200—1830, Longman:London and New York, 1983,p.21.
⑥DeWindt, The Court Rolls of Ramsey Hepmangrove and Bury, 1268—1600, Toronto: Pontifical Institue of Mediaeval Studies, 1990,FP,1309(1), No.14.这里的所采用的资料是在达文特对庄园档案资料的缩微胶片整理的基础引用的。在他所编辑的书中都采用了缩写的形式来对档案资料编号的。例如:FP代表的就是frankpledge;而法庭所召开的年份和次数为1307(2).以下相同,特此说明。
⑦Ibid., FP,1316.200.
⑧Ibid.,FP, 1378,No.12.
⑨D. A. Hobbs, Manor Village and Individual in Medieval England [D]. University of Victoria, 2003,p.76.
⑩DeWindt, The Court Rolls of Ramsey Hepmangrove and Bury, 1268—1600, Toronto: Pontifical Institue ofMediaeval Studies, 1990.FP,1326, No.55.245.
①Dewindt, The Ramsey Abbey Banlieu Court of 1287, Toronto: Pontifical Institue of Mediaeval Studies,1981,p.41.
②Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the jouranl of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.554.
③DeWindt, The Court Rolls of Ramsey Hepmangrove and Bury, 1268—1600, Toronto: Pontifical Institue of Mediaeval Studies, 1990,FP,1326, No.95.60.
④[英]贝内特:《英国庄园生活:1150—1400年农民生活状况研究》,龙秀清等译,侯建新校,上海:上海人民出版社,2005年,第153页。
⑤F. Pollock and F.W. Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, 2nd.ed,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1968,p.85.
①DeWindt, The Court Rolls of Ramsey Hepmangrove and Bury, 1268—1600, Toronto: Pontifical Institue of Mediaeval Studies, 1990,p.483.
②Ibid., No.11.485.
③Ibid., No.4.483.
④Ibid.,FP,1377, No.42.480.
⑤Ibid., No.6.483.
⑥Ibid.No.8.484.
⑦Ibid.No.15.486.
①D.A.Hobbs, Manor Village and Individual in Medieval England[D]. University of Victoria,1998,p.121-122.
①B. H. Slicher van Bath,“Manor, Mark, and Village in the Eastern Netherlands”,Speculum 21, 1946,p.127.
②H. Thorpe,“the Influence of Inclosure on the Form and Pattern of rural Settlement in Denmark”,Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, No.17,1951,p.120;R. Herr, The Eighteenth Century Revolution in Spain,Princeton:N.J.,1958,p.103.
③Paul Vinogradoff, Villainage in England: Essays in English Mediaeval History, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1892,p.362.
④C.S.Orwin,“Observations on the Open Fields”,The Economic History Review,Vol8,No.2,(May.,1938),p.135.
⑤F. Pollock and F.W. Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, 2nd.ed,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1968,p.610-1.
⑥Ibid.,611.
①Joan Wake,“communitas villae, English”, Historical Review,Vol. 37,p.406-411.
②Miller, the Agrarian history of England and Wales 1350-1500, vol.2,Cambridge:Cambridge University press, 1991,p.211.
③[德]巴德尔:《中世纪村庄中的法律形式和地产用益的阶层》,第85、74—76,转引自王亚平:《西欧法律的社会根源》,北京:人民出版社,2009年,第220页。
④P. Vinogradoff, Villeinage in England, London: Oxford University Press, 1892,p.367.
⑤[英]贝内特:《英国庄园生活:1150—1400年农民生活状况研究》,龙秀清等译,侯建新校,上海:上海人民出版社,2005年,第176页。
⑥同上,第174页。
①马克垚:《西欧封建经济形态研究》,北京:人民出版社,2001年第2版,第187—191页。
②S. and B. Webb, English Local Government from the Revolution to the Municipal Corporation Act: the Manor and the Borough, London: Longmans, Green, 1908,p.9-20; cf. A. G. Ruston and D. Witney, Hooton Pagnell, the Agricultural Evolution of a Yorkshire Village, London : Arnold, 1934,p.169-72.
③参见侯建新:《中英封建晚期乡村组织比较》,《史学理论研究》,2000年第3期;徐浩:《农民经济的历史变迁—中英乡村社会区域发展比较》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002年第115页。
④G.G.Coulton, Medieval Village, Manor, and Monastery, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1925,p.71.
⑤C.Dyer,“The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline”, Journal of British Studies, 33, (October 1994),p.417.
⑥Susan Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe:900-1300, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984,p.59.
⑦R. H. Hilton, The English peasantry in the Later Middle ages, Oxford:Clarendon press,1975,p.58.
①Ibid.,55.
②Z. Razi,“family, land and village community in later medieval England”, past and present,No.93,1981,p.13.
③[意]奇波拉主编:《欧洲经济史》,贝昱等译,第1卷,北京:商务印书馆,1988年,第140页。
④RH Tawney,The Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century, New York: Burt Franklin,1912,p.125—131.
⑤徐浩:《农民经济的历史变迁—中英乡村社会区域发展比较》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002年,第114页。
⑥West Group, Black’s Law Dictionary, 7th ,St Paul, 1999,p.390.
⑦Susan Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe:900-1300, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984,p.16.
⑧DeWindt, The Court Rolls of Ramsey Hepmangrove and Bury, 1268—1600, Toronto: Pontifical Institue of Medieval Studies, 1990,p.16-18.
⑨Ibid.F.P.1297(1), No.24.90.
①[法]布洛赫:《法国农村史》,余中先等译,北京:商务印书馆,1991年,第85页。
②D.A.Hobbs, Manor Village and Individual in Medieval England[D]. University of Victoria,1998,p.121-122.
③李云飞:《中世纪英格兰庄园法庭探微》,《世界历史》,2005年,第2期,第64页。
①D. C. Douglas & G. W. Greenaway, English Historical Documents,1024 -1189, Volume II, Second Edition, Oxford :Oxford University Press, 1981,p.457.
②Baker, An Introduction to English Legal History, London: Butter- worths, 1990,p.8.
③W. A. Morris, the Frankpledge System, New York: Longmans, Green, and Co.,1910,p.4-5.
④W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.189.
⑤See:Dorothy Whitelock edited, English Historical Documents 500-1042,Volume I,Oxford: Oxford Uni-versity Press, 1979,p.430、457.
①W. A. Morris, the Frankpledge System, New York: Longmans, Green, and Co.,1910,p.132.
②F. Pollock and F.W. Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, 2nd.ed,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1968,p.580.
③F. W. Maitland, Select Pleas in Manorial and Other Seignorial Courts, London: Professional Books Limited, 1974.xxix.
④W. Stubbs, Select Charters and Other Illustrations of English Constitutional History from the Earliest Times to the Reign of Edward the First, Oxford: Clarendon,1913,p.170.
⑤D.A.Hobbs, Manor Village and Individual in Medieval England [D]. University of Victoria,1998,p.8.
⑥W. A. Morris, the Frankpledge System, New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1910,p.110.
⑦DeWindt, The Court Rolls of Ramsey Hepmangrove and Bury, 1268—1600, Toronto: Pontifical Institue of Mediaeval Studies, 1990,F.P.1333, No.37.269.
⑧W. A. Morris, the Frankpledge System, New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1910,p.104.
⑨DeWindt, The Court Rolls of Ramsey Hepmangrove and Bury, 1268—1600, Toronto: Pontifical Institue of Mediaeval Studies, 1990,F.P.1294, No.60.68.
①F.Pollock and F.W. Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, 2nd.ed,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1968,p.570-571.
②DeWindt, The Court Rolls of Ramsey Hepmangrove and Bury, 1268—1600, Toronto: Pontifical Institue of Medieval Studies, 1990,F.P.1337, No.45.298.
③Ibid.,F.P.1312[1], No.5.164.
①[英]贝内特:《英国庄园生活:1150—1400年农民生活状况研究》,龙秀清等译,侯建新校,上海:上海人民出版社,2005年,第190—191页。
②F.M.Maitland, Select Pleas in Manorial and Other Seignorial Courts: Reigns of Henry III and Edward I, Selden Society 2 London: B.Quaritch,1889,p.88.
③DeWindt, The Court Rolls of Ramsey Hepmangrove and Bury, 1268—1600, Toronto: Pontifical Institue of Medieval Studies, 1990,F.P.1383[1], No.2.506.
④C. Dyer, Lords and Peasants in a Changing Society: the Estates of Bishopric of Worcester, 680-1540, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1980,p.356.
⑤McIntosh, Autonomy and Community: The Royal Manor of Havering,1200-1500,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1986,p.222,128.
⑥W. A. Morris, the Frankpledge System, New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1910,p.140.
①Mark Bailey, The English Manor:1200-1500, Manchester:Manchester University Press, 2002,p.221-222.
②DeWindt, The Court Rolls of Ramsey Hepmangrove and Bury, 1268—1600, Toronto: Pontifical Institue of Medieval Studies, 1990,F.P.1312[2], No.68.189.
③Ibid.,FP,1312[2],No.92.193.
④Ibid.,FP,1321,No.9.227.
⑤Ibid.,FP,1354[2],No.43.363.
⑥Ibid.,FP,1359,No.34.403.
⑦Ibid.,449.
⑧W. A. Morris, the Frankpledge System, New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1910,p.164.
⑨Ibid.,164-165.
①Susan Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe:900-1300, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984,p.134.
②Ibid.,62.
③Werner Rosene, The Peasantry of Europe, Oxford:UK and Cambridge, Mass, 1994,p.160.
④C.Dyer,“The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline”, Journal of British Studies, 33, (October 1994),p.411.
⑤Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the jouranl of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.545.
①W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.191.
②H.G. Richardson and G. O.Sayles, Select Cases of Procedure Without Writ under HenryⅢ, Selden Society 60, London: Bernard,1940,p.91-92.
③Ibid.,92.
④W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.192.
⑤[德]汉斯-维尔纳·格茨:《欧洲中世纪生活》,王亚平译,上海:东方出版社,2002年,第145页。
①W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.192.
②F. Pollock and F.W. Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, 2nd.ed,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1968,p.632-633.
③F.W. Maitland, Select pleas in manorial and other seigneurial courts, London:Quaritch, 1889,p.150.1275.
④W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.193.
①H.G. Richardson and G. O.Sayles, Select Cases of Procedure Without Writ under HenryⅢ, Selden Society 60, London: Bernard,1940,p.42-56; F.M.Powicke, HenryⅢand the Lord Edward : The Community of the Realm in the Thirteenth Century ,Oxford:Oxford University press, 1947,p.509-510.
②R Finberg and Joan Thirsk, The Agrarian History of England and Wales,8 vols, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967,p.514.
③William Stubbs, Select Charters and Other Illustrations of English Constitutional History: From the Earliest Times to the Reign of Edward the First, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1900,p.363.
④DeWindt, The Court Rolls of Ramsey Hepmangrove and Bury, 1268—1600, Toronto: Pontifical Institue of Mediaeval Studies, 1990,p.201.
⑤W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.199.
①DeWindt, The Court Rolls of Ramsey Hepmangrove and Bury, 1268—1600, Toronto: Pontifical Institue of Medieval Studies, 1990,p.188.
②W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.199.
③王亚平:《西欧法律演变的社会根源》,北京:人民出版社,2009年,第212页。
④William Stubbs, Select Charters and Other Illustrations of English Constitutional History: From the Earliest Timesto the Reign of Edward the First, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1900,p.184.
①Ibid.,275.
②W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.200.
③Ibid.,200.
④F.M.Stenton, Anglo-saxon England, Oxford Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1947,p.375.
⑤W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.200.
①Ibid.,201.
②Ibid.
③Ibid.
④Ibid.,437.
⑤F.W.Maitland and W.P.Baildon, the Court Baron, Selden Society, London,1892,p.141.
①F.M.Stenton, Anglo-saxon England, Oxford Oxford: Clarendon Press,1947,p.637.
②A.L.Poole, From Domesday Book to Magna Cart:1087- 1216, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1951,p.418.
③William Stubbs, Select Charters and Other Illustrations of English Constitutional History: From the Earliest Times to the Reign of Edward the First, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1900,p.184.
④Ibid.,278.
⑤Ibid.,352-353.
①Ibid.,356.
②William Stubbs, Select Charters and Other Illustrations of English Constitutional History: From the Earliest Times to the Reign of Edward the First, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1900,p.358-359.
③W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.203.
④Ibid.,203.
①G. C.Homans, English villagers of the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge,Mass: Harvard University Press, 1941,p.454.
②J.A.Raftis, Tenure and Mobility : studies in the social history of the mediaeval English village,Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies,1964,p.252.
①R.B.Goheen,“Peasant Politics? Village Community and the Crown in Fifteenth-Century England”, The American History Review, Vol.96,No.1,(Feb.,1991),p.60.
②W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.12.
③F. W. Maitland, Township and Borough, Cambridge: University Press,1898,p.25-6.
④P.Vinogradoff, English Society in the Eleventh Century: Essays in English Medieval, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908,p.136-578,582-3.
⑤Holdsworth, History of English Law, vol2., n. 5, 3rd London:Methuen, 1972,p.57.
⑥See: W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.81-174.
①W.O. Ault,“Some by-laws”, The English historical Review, vol.45.No.178, (Apr., 1930),p.208.
③H.M.Cam,The Community of the Vill, in Medieval Studies presented to Rose Graham, Oxford,1950,p.1.
④Frances and Joseph Gies, Life in a Medieval Village, New York: HarperCollins, 1990,p.132.
⑤Jerome Blum,“The European village as community: origins and functions”, Agricultural History, vol. 45, No.3, (Jul., 1971),p.547,548.
⑥Documents.1.以下所有档案(Documents)均来自W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws一书,本文所引用的档案编号与原文一致。
①Document.27.
②F. Pollock and F.W. Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, 2nd.ed,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1968,p.358.
③Z. Razi and R. Smith,“the Origins of the Rolls as a Written Record”, In Razi and Smith ed., Medieval Society and the Manor Court, Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1996, p.36-68.
④赵文洪:《中世纪欧洲村庄自治》,《世界历史》,2007年第3期,第91页。
⑤W.O. Ault,“Some by-laws”, The English historical Review, vol.45.No.178, (Apr., 1930),p.209.
⑥[英]波斯坦:《剑桥欧洲经济史》,第一卷,郎立华、周荣国等译,北京:经济科学出版社,2002-2004年,第552页。
⑦同上,第533页。
①R. N. Swanson, The Twelfth-Century Renaissance, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999,p.207-213.
②D. A. Hobbs, Manor Village and Individual in Medieval England [D]. University of Victoria, 2003,p.93.
③侯建新:《社会转型时期的西欧与中国》,北京:高等教育出版社,2005年第2版,第39页。
④W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.12.
①P. Vinogradoff, Villeinage in England, London: Oxford University Press, 1892,p.362.
②W.O. Ault,“Some by-laws”, The English historical Review, vol.45.No.178, (Apr., 1930),p.231.
③有关村民大会的情况,我们将在后文详细谈及,这里只作简要介绍。
④F. Pollock and F.W. Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, 2nd.ed,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1968,p.64,67.
⑤[英]波斯坦:《剑桥欧洲经济史》,第一卷,郎立华、周荣国等译,北京:经济科学出版社,2002-2004年,第446页。
⑥Document.36.
①B. Wilkinson, Constitutional History ot England in the Fifteenth Century (1399-1485) With Illustrative Documents, London: Longmans, Green and Co., Ltd., 1964,p.188-189.
②W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.59.
③Ibid.
①W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.12.
①W. W. Skeat, The Books of Husbandry, London: English Dialect Society,1882,p.38.
②W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.13.
③Ibid.,13.
④W.O. Ault,“Some by-laws”, The English historical Review, vol.45.No.178, (Apr., 1930),p.213.
⑤维诺格拉道夫已经把这种村规排列出来了,大约有12条,主要是来自1427年的。
①W.O. Ault,“By-Laws of Gleaning and the Problems of Harvest”, The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 14, No. 2(1961),p.211.
②Ibid.,212.
③Ibid.,212-213.
④Documents. 5.
⑤Documents. 22.
⑥W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.14.
⑦Documents, 61.
①F.J.Baigent and J.E.Millard, History of the Ancient Town and Manor of Basingstoke, Basingstoke: Cambridge University press,1889,p.217.
②见Ault, Open-field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-laws in Medieval England一书第14页注20。
③W.O. Ault,“By-Laws of Gleaning and the Problems of Harvest”, The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 14, No. 2(1961),p.213.
④Ibid.,213.
⑤F. W. Maitland and W.P.Baildon, The Court Baron: Precedents of Pleading in Manorial and Other Local Courts,Selden :Selden Society, 1889,p.46.
⑥W.O. Ault,“By-Laws of Gleaning and the Problems of Harvest”, The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 14, No. 2(1961),p.214.
⑦W.O. Ault,“Some by-laws”, The English Historical Review, vol.45.No.178, (Apr., 1930),p.215.
①Ibid.,213.
②W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.15-16.
③Documents.24.
④Documents.8.
⑤Document.21.
⑥W.O. Ault,“By-Laws of Gleaning and the Problems of Harvest”, The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 14, No. 2(1961),p.215.
⑦Ibid.,215-216.
①Ibid.,216.
②W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.14.
③Ibid.,15.
④F. W. Maitland and W.P.Baildon, The Court Baron: Precedents of Pleading in Manorial and Other Local Courts, Selden :Selden Society, 1889,p.128.
⑤W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.15.
⑥Ibid.,13.
①Blackstone, Commentary on the Laws of England, Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 2002,p.212.
②G. C.Homans, English villagers of the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge,Mass: Harvard University Press, 1941,p.372.
③G. G. Coulton, The Medieval Village, Cambridge: Cambridge University press ,1925,p.479.
④W.O. Ault,“By-Laws of Gleaning and the Problems of Harvest”, The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 14, No. 2(1961),p.215.
⑤Ibid.,214-215.
①W.O. Ault,“Some by-laws”, The English historical Review, vol.45.No.178, (Apr., 1930),p.226.
②Ibid.,223.
③Documents.8.
④W.O. Ault,“By-Laws of Gleaning and the Problems of Harvest”, The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 14, No. 2(1961),p.214.
⑤G. G. Coulton, The Medieval Village, Cambridge: Cambridge University press ,1925,p.479.
⑥C.Dyer,“The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline”, Journal of British Studies, 33, (October 1994),p.416.
①W. O. Ault,‘By-laws by Common Consent”, Speculum, xxix, 1954,p378-394.
②B. Wilkinson, Constitutional History of England, Vol. 3,London : Historical Assoc., 1953,p.9.
③侯建新:《社会转型时期的西欧与中国》,北京:高等教育出版社,2005年第2版,第195页。
④W.O. Ault,“Some by-laws”, The English historical Review, vol.45.No.178, (Apr., 1930),p.219.
⑤P.Vinogradoff, Growth of the Manor, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908,p.169-70.
⑥W.O. Ault,“Some by-laws”, The English historical Review, vol.45.No.178, (Apr., 1930),p.219.
①H.L.Gray, English Open Fields, Cambridge:Mass,1955,p.47.
②J. Thirsk,“the Common Fields”, Past and Present, No.29, (December,1964),p.15.
③一般尿液中含有大量的氮和钾,是植物生长的主要肥料,但是如果它暴露在空气中,在48小时内就会挥发一半以上。See: L.S.Thompson, Iowa State University, Soils and Soil Feitility, New York,1957,p.10.
④Documents.65.
①W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.41.
②Documents.24.
③Documents.46.
④Documents.39.
⑤W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.21.
⑥Documents.122.1411,Septermber, 8th.
⑦Documents.109.September 29th.
⑧W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England,
London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.21.
①Documents.8.
②Documents.49.
③Documents.90.
④Documents.92.
⑤Documents.114.
⑥Documents.51.1332; Documents.80.1389.
⑦Documents.101.
⑧Documents.121.
⑨Documents.153.
⑩Documents.170.1498.
11 Documents.44.
12 Documents.83.1373.
13 W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.44.
14 Documents.44. 15 Documents.48.1331.
①Documents.64.1332.
②Documents.119.1410.
③W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.50.
④W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd ,p.45.
①[法]布洛赫:《法国农村史》,余中先等译,北京:商务印书馆,1991年,第51页。
②Documents.8.
③Documents.43.
④Documents.42.1327.
⑤W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.30.
⑥王亚平:《西欧法律演变的社会根源》,北京:人民出版社,2009年,第215页。
⑦P. Vinogradoff, The Growth of the Manor, New York: Macmillan,1911,p.184-5.
①W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.55.
②W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.38.
③W.O. Ault,“Some by-laws”, The English historical Review, vol.45.No.178, (Apr., 1930),p.221.
④W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.56.
⑤W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.39.
⑥Ibid.
①Documents.118.
②W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd ,p.57.
③Documents.95.1389.
④Documents.152.1453.
⑤Documents, 142.
⑥T. E.Scrutton, Commons and Common Fields,Cambridge : University Press,1887,p.12.
⑦Miller, E.& Hatcher, Medieval England Rural Society and Economic Change 1086-1348,London: Longman, 1978,p.101.
②See: W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd.
③See:W.O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.46-49.
①Documents.43-54.
②W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.61.
③W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.45.
④F. Pollock and F.W. Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, 2nd.ed,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1968,p.64, 67.
⑤W.O. Ault,“Some by-laws”, The English historical Review, vol.45.No.178, (Apr., 1930),p.223.
⑥[英]波斯坦:《剑桥欧洲经济史》,第一卷,郎立华、周荣国等译,北京:经济科学出版社,2002-2004年,第446页。
③W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.60.
④W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.45.
⑤W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.62.
⑥W.O. Ault,“Some by-laws”, The English historical Review, vol.45.No.178, (Apr., 1930),p.224.
②Documents.89.
③W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.65.
④Ibid.
⑤Miller, E.& Hatcher, Medieval England Rural Society and Economic Change 1086-1348, London: Longman, 1978,p.88-89,102-103.
①Document.52,1332.
②W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd ,p.28.
③Document,80.1364.
④Document,152,1453.
⑤W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.57.
①关于富裕农民的兴起,详见:侯建新:《社会转型时期的西欧与中国》,北京:高等教育出版社,2005年第2版,第114—119页。
②R. H. Hilton, The English peasantry in the Later Middle ages, Oxford:Clarendon press,1975,p.57-58.
①W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.61.
②W.O.Ault,“Village By-Laws by Common Consent”, Speculum ,Vol. 29, No. 2,(Apr.,1954),p.388.
①W.O. Ault,“Some by-laws”, The English historical Review, vol.45.No.178, (Apr., 1930),p.230, 231.
②W.O.Ault,“Village By-Laws by Common Consent”, Speculum ,Vol. 29, No. 2,(Apr.,1954),p.389.
①[英]波斯坦:《剑桥欧洲经济史》,第一卷,郎立华、周荣国等译,北京:经济科学出版社,2002年。
②Duby, Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West, London: Edward Arnold, 1968,p.312.
③Miller, Agrarian History of England and Wales 1348-1500, vol.3,Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991,p.639.
④Britnell, the Commercialization of English Society 1000-1500, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993,p.188.
①A. Macfarlane, the origins of English individualism:the Family, Property and Social Transition, Oxford: Basil Black- well,1978,p.162-3.
②A. Macfarlane, the origins of English individualism:the Family, Property and Social Transition, Oxford: Basil Black- well,1978; see also: A. Macfarlane,“the Myth of the Peasantry: Family and Economy in a Northern Parish”in R. M. Smith, ed., Land, Kinship and Life-cycle, Cambridge, 1984,p.333-49.
③J.A.Raftis, Warboys: two hundred years in the life of an English mediaeval village, Toronto, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1974,p.216-23; E.B.DeWindt, Land and People in Holywell-cum-Needleworth, Toronto,1972,p.263-75.
④E.B.DeWindt, Land and People in Holywell-cum-Needleworth, Toronto,1972,p.274.
⑤Z.Razi,“the Toronto school’s Reconstitution of medieval peasant society: A Critical View”, Past and Present, No.85,(Nov,1979),p.149-57.
①H. Thorpe,“the Influence of Inclosure on the Form and Patterns of Rural Settlement in Denmark”, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, No. 17, 1951,p.120.
②J. E. Handley, Scottish Farming in the Eighteenth Century, London: Faber and Faber, 1953,p.46, 48; M. Gray,“the Abolition of Runrig in the Highlands of Scotland”, Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 5, 1952,p.46-48.
③Jerome Blum,“The European village as community: origins and functions”, Agricultural History, vol. 45, No.3, (Jul., 1971),p.172.
④M. W. Beresford,“lot Acres”, Economic History Review, No.13,1943,p.75.
①在《末日审判书》中这样的例子很多。See:F.W.Maitland, Domesday Bookand beyond: three essays in the early history of England, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1897,p.146; R.S.Hoyt,“Farm of the manor and community of the vill in domesday book”, Speculum,19,1955,p.154.
②C.Dyer,“The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline”, Journal of British Studies, 33, (October 1994),p.411.
③Ibid.
④W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.204.
⑤W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.68.
①Jerome Blum,“The European village as community: origins and functions”, Agricultural History, vol. 45, No.3, (Jul., 1971),p.169.
②C.Dyer,“The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline”, Journal of British Studies, 33, (October 1994),p.413.
③R.H.Hilton, A Medieval Society: the West Midlands at the end of the thirteenth century, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1966,p.29.
①Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the journal of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.554.
②Ibid.
③W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.206.
①Ibid.
②Ibid.
③See for instance : J. A. Raftis,Warboys, two hundred years in the fife of an English medieval village,Toronto, 1974; E. Britton, the community of the vill:A study in the history of the family and village life in fourteenth century England,Toronto, 1977; J. A. Raftis,“changes in an English village after the Black Death”, Mediaeval Studies, 29,1967,pp.158-77.
①Z.Razi,“Family, Land and Village Community in Later Medieval England”, Past and Present,No.93,1981,p.4.
①Ibid.,16.
②Z. Razi,“family, land and village community in later medieval England”, past and present,No.93,1981,p.17.
③Fatih,“Peasant Families and inheritance customs in Medieval England”, Agricultural History Review,Vol.14, 1966,p.89-91.
④C.Dyer, Lords and peasants in a changing society: The Estates of the Bish opric of Worcester 680 -1540, Cambridge :Cambridge University Press, 1980,p.302.
⑤Z. Razi,“family, land and village community in later medieval England”, past and present,No.93,1981,p.18.
①Ibid.,35.
②Miriam Muller,“A divided class? Peasant and Peasant Communities in Later Medieval England”, Past and Present, 2007, Supplement2,p.128.
③Ibid.
④熊芳芳:《近代早期法国的乡村共同体与村民自治》,《世界历史》,2010年第1期,第9—10页。
①G. C.Homans, English villagers of the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1941,p.276-82.
②Z. Razi,“family, land and village community in later medieval England”, past and present,No.93,1981,p.34.
③Ibid.,35.
④Elaine Clark,“Social Welfare and Mutual Aid in the Medieval Countryside”, Journal of British Studies, Vo1.33,No.4, (Oct., 1994),p.401.
①马克垚:《英国封建社会研究》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年,第214年。
②Helen M. Cam,“the theory and Practice of Representation in Medieval England”, In E. B. Fryde and Edward Miller, ed., Historical Studies of the English Parliament, Cambridge, 1970,p.269.
③R.M, Smith,“the manorial court and the elderly tenant in late medieval England”, In M. Pelling and R.M.Smith,ed., life, death and the elderly, London,1991,p.39-61.
④C.Dyer,“The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline”, Journal of British Studies, 33, (October 1994),p.416.
⑤Elaine Clark,“Social Welfare and Mutual Aid in the Medieval Countryside”, Journal of British Studies, Vo1.33,No.4,(Oct., 1994),p.392.
①Ibid.,397.
②Ibid.,393.
③Pound John, Poverty and Vagrancy in Tudor England, Harlow:Longman,1982,p.3-24.
①Elaine Clark,“Social Welfare and Mutual Aid in the Medieval Countryside”, Journal of British Studies, Vo1.33,No.4, (Oct., 1994),p.402.
②E. Lamond, Walter of Henley's Husbandry, London: Longmans Green,1890,p.5.
③N.J.G,.Pounds, A History of the English Parish: The Culture of Religion from Augustine to Victoria, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000,p.4.
④戴维.M.沃克:《牛津法律大辞典》(中译本),北京社会与科技发展研究所组织翻译,光明日报出版,1998年,第5页。
⑤C.Dyer,“The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline”, Journal of British Studies, 33, (October 1994),p.413.
①W. O. Ault,‘Manor Court and Parish Church in Fifteenth-Century England: A Study of Village By-Laws”, Speculum, Vol. 42, No. 1 (Jan., 1967),p.54.
②Ibid.,56.
③Ibid.,61.
④Ibid.,78.
⑤W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.63.
①H. F. Westlake, the Parish Gilds of Medieval England, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1919,p.160-61.
①See for instance: J. A. Raftis,Warboys, two hundred years in the fife of an English medieval village,Toronto, 1974; E. Britton, the community of the vill:A study in the history of the family and village life in fourteenth century England,Toronto, 1977; J. A. Raftis,“changes in an English village after the Black Death”, Medieval Studies, 29,1967,pp.158-77.
①Z. Razi,“the Toronto School’s Reconstruction of Medieval Peasant Society: A Critical View”, Past and Present, No.85,1979,p.141-56.
②C.Dyer,“The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline”, Journal of British Studies, 33, (October 1994),p.418; C. Dyer,“power and conflict in the medieval English village”, In C. Dyer, Everyday life in Medieval England, London, 2000 ,p.1.
③Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the journal of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.542.
④A. Macfarlane, the origins of English individualism:the Family, Property and Social Transition, Oxford: Basil Black- well,1978; see also: A. Macfarlane,“the Myth of the Peasantry: Family and Economy in a Northern Parish”, In R. M. Smith, ed., Land, Kinship and Life-cycle, Cambridge, 1984,p.333-49.
⑤有关“公地共同体”的概念,请参阅赵文洪:《庄园法庭、村规民约与中世纪欧洲“公地共同体”》一文。
⑥赵文洪:《庄园法庭、村规民约与中世纪欧洲“公地共同体”》,《历史研究》,2007年第4期,第138页。
⑦熊芳芳:《近代早期法国的乡村共同体与村民自治》,《世界历史》,2010年第1期,第19页。
①Overton, Mark.,Agricultural Revolution in England:the Transformation of the Agrarian Economy, 1500—1800, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1996,p.148.
②Gregory & Clark,“Anthony, Common Rights to Land in England,1475—1839”, The Journal of Economic History,2001,p.61.
③[英]莫尔顿:《人民的英国史》,:谢琏造等译,上海:三联书店,1958年,第130页。
④Birrell,Jean,“Common Rights in the Medieval Forest: Disputes and Conflicts in the Thirteenth Century”, Past and Present, 1987,p.42.
⑤Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the journal of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.574.
①程西筠:《关于英国圈地运动的若干资料》,《世界史研究动态》,1981年,第948页。
②Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen, Modernization of Rural Fance1870-1914, London: Chatto & Windus,1979,p.128.
③Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the journal of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.545.
④Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen, Modernization of Rural Fance1870-1914, London: Chatto & Windus,1979,p.120.
⑤郭爱民:《土地产权的变革与英国农业革命》,《史学月刊》,2003年第11期,第68页。
⑥Phillipp.R. Schofield, Peasant and community: in Medieval England 1200-1500, New York:palgrave macmillan,2003,p.55.
①E.Miller, & Hatcher, Medieval England Rural Society and Economic Change 1086-1348, London: Longman, 1978,p.145.
②R. H. Hilton, the Economic Development of some Leicestershire Estates in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries ,Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1947.5.
③J.D.Chambers and GE Mingay, The Agricultural Revolution, 1750-1880, London: Batsford, 1966.5.
④E.L.Jones, Agricultural and the Industrial Revolution, Bristol:Western Printing Services Ltd.,1974,p.67.
⑤许平:《法国农村社会转型研究》,北京:北京大学出版社,2001年,第111页。
①A. Soboul,“The French Rural Community in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries”, Past and Present, No.10, (Nov., 1956),p.92.
①孙娴:《试论彻底与妥协》,《世界历史》,1989年第2期,第49页。
②Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen, Modernization of Rural France 1870-1914, Stanford,California: Stanford University Press. 1976,p.129.
③A. Soboul,“The French Rural Community in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries”, Past and Present, No.10, (Nov., 1956),p.83.
④V. I. Lenin, the development of Capitalism in Russia, 2nd edn, Moscow, 1977; R. H. Hilton,“Reasons for Inequality among Medieval Peasants”, In Hilton, Class Conflict and the Crisis of Feudalism, London: Verso,1985,p.66-78; or Hilton,“Introductory comments”, In T. H. Aston and C. H. E. Philpin,eds., the Brenner Debate. Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-industrial Europe, Cambridge, reprinted, 1991,p.1-9.
①R. H. Hilton, The English peasantry in the Later Middle ages, Oxford:Clarendon press,1975,p.20-36.
②C.Dyer, Everyday Life in Medieval England, London: Hambledon Press, 1994,p.1-11; C. Dyer,“Taxation and Communities in Late Medieval England”, In J. Hatcher and R. Britnell eds., Progress and Problems in Medieval England Essays in Honour of Edward Miller, Cambridge, 1996,p.168-190.
③R. M. Smith,“Kin and Neighbors in a Thirteenth-century Suffolk Community”, Journal of Family History,No.4,1979,p.219-56, reprinted in: G.Crow ed, the sociology of Rural Communities, vol.1, Cheltenham, 1996,p. 244-81; B. A. Hanawalt,“the Peasant Family and Crime in Fourteenth-century England”, Journal of British Studies,No.13,1974,p.1-8; B.A.Hanawalt, Crime and Conflict in English Communities: 1300-1348, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979; B.A. Hanawalt, The Ties that Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1986.
④P. R. Schofield,“Dearth, Debt and the Local Land Market in a late thirteenth-century village community”, Agriculture History Review, No.45,1997,p.1-17;“Access to Credit in the Early Fourteenth-Century Countryside”, In P. R. Schofield and N. J. Mayhew eds., Credit and Debt in Medieval England c.1180-c.1350, Oxbow Books, 2002; Hilton, the English peasantry in the Later Middle Ages, Clarendon Press, 1975,p.44-53.
⑤G. C.Homans, English villagers of the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1941,p.205-206.
⑥[英]波斯坦:《剑桥欧洲经济史》,(第三卷)周荣国译,北京:经济科学出版社,2002年,第529-540页。
⑦马克垚:《英国封建社会研究》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年第2版,第317页。
①J.A.Sharpe, Early Modern England:A Social History1550-1760, London: Edward Arnold, 1987,p.91.
②W.G.Hosins,“the Leicestershire Farmer in the Sixteenth Century”, Essays in Leicestershire History, Liverpool,1950,p.129.
①M. Bailey,“Trade and Town in Medieval England: New Insights from Familiar Sources”, the local Historian, 29, 1999,p.194-211.
②Miriam Muller,“A divided class? Peasant and Peasant Communities in Later Medieval England”, Past and Present, 2007, Supplement2,p.121.
③Ibid.,122.
④Ibid.
⑤马克垚:《英国封建社会研究》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年,第2版,第316页。
①侯建新:《社会转型时期的西欧与中国》,北京:高等教育出版社,2005年第2版,第115-116页。
②E.F.Heckscher, An Economic History of Sweden, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,1954,p.154,163.
③有关富裕农民的问题,可参见侯建新先生的著作《社会转型时期的西欧与中国》一书中的第六章、第十章。
④Z. Razi,“family, land and village community in later medieval England”, past and present,No.93,1981,p.31.
⑤Ibid.,10.
⑥J.A.Sharpe, Early Modern England:A Social History1550-1760, London: Edward Arnold, 1987,p.92.
①R.H.Hilton,“A Crisis of Feudalism”, Past and Present, No.80,(Aug.,1978),p.9.
②E. B. Dewindt, Land and people in Holywell-cum-Needingworth: structures of tenure and patterns of social organization in an East Midlands village 1252-1457,Toronto,1972,p.240-241.
③Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the journal of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.570.
④Ibid.,571.
⑤Jerome Blum,“The European village as community: origins and functions”, Agricultural History, vol. 45, No.3, (Jul., 1971),p.175.
⑥Thirsk, English Peasant Farming: the Agrarian History of Lincolnshire from Tudor to Recent Times, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul,1957,p.116.
⑦A. Soboul,“The French Rural Community in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries”, Past and Present, No.10, (Nov., 1956),p.90.
①李宏图:《西欧近代民族主义思潮研究》,上海:上海社会科学出版社,1997年,第249-250页。
②Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen, Modernization of Rural France 1870-1914, Stanford,California: Stanford University Press,1976,p.46.
③Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the journal of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.568.
①G. Slater, the English Peasantry and the Enclosure of the Common Fields, New York: AM Kelley, 1968,p.8.
②A. Soboul,“The French Rural Community in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries”, Past and Present, No.10, (Nov., 1956),p.81.
③Ibid.
④Ibid.
①Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the journal of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.561.
②A. Soboul,“The French Rural Community in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries”, Past and Present, No.10, (Nov., 1956),p.81-82.
③Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the journal of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.561.
④Chiva, Rural Communities problems, methods and types of research, Paris:Unesco, 1959,p.19.
⑤A. Soboul,“The French Rural Community in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries”, Past and Present, No.10, (Nov., 1956),p.84.
①Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the journal of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.568-569.
②Patricel.R.Higoment, Pont-de-Montvert: Social Structure and Politics in a French Village, 1700-1914, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971,p.116.
③Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the journal of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.569.
①A. Soboul,“The French Rural Community in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries”, Past and Present, No.10, (Nov., 1956),p.91.
②“前原始积累”这一概念是侯建新先生最先提出来的,相关论述可参见侯建新:《社会转型时期的西欧与中国》,北京:高等教育出版社,2005年,第2版,第34页。
③A. Soboul,“The French Rural Community in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries”, Past and Present, No.10, (Nov., 1956),p.89.
①《马克思恩格斯选集》,第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1995年,第2版,第585页。
②Peter John, Local governance in Western Europe, London:Athenaeum press,2001,p.29.
③陈日华:《中古英格兰教区行政》,《世界历史》,2007年,第l期。
①Stephen Friar, The local History Companion, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing Ltd.,2001,p.310.
③刘健:《基于城乡统筹的法国乡村开发建设及其规划管理》,《国际城市规划》,第25卷,2001年,第2期,第5页。
①陈家刚:《法制框架下德国地方治理:权利、责任与财政》,《公共管理学报》,第3卷,2006年,第2期,第15页。
①项继权:《外国农村基层建制》,上海:华中师范大学出版社,1995年,第48-50页。
②陈家刚:《德国地方治理中的公共品供给——以德国莱茵一法尔茨州A县为例的分析》,《经济社会体制比较》2006年,第1期,第100页。
①张要杰:《德国农村公共物品供给的经验研究》,《农业经济》,2009年,第6期,第74页。
②E. de Laveleye, Primitive Property, London: Macmillan,1878,p.63.
③罗伟雄,刘宗贤:《发达国家农村基层行政管理制度》,北京:时事出版社,2005年,第75页。
②陈家刚:《德国地方治理中的公共品供给——以德国莱茵一法尔茨州A县为例的分析》,《经济社会体制比较》,2006年,第1期,第103页。
①罗伟雄,刘宗贤:《发达国家农村基层行政管理制度》,北京:时事出版社,2005年,第63页。
②Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the journal of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.562.
③项继权:《外国农村基层建制》,上海:华中师范大学出版社,1995年,第33,48页。
④James Midgley, Social Wefaeer in Global context, Thousand oaks, California: Sage publication 1997,p.24.
①[英]布莱斯:《现代民主政体》,梅祖芬译,北京:商务印书馆,1923年,第176、179-180页。
②徐勇:《村干部的双重角色:代理人与当家》,《21世纪》(中国香港),1997年,第8页。
①Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the journal of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.576.
②E. de Laveleye, Primitive Property, London: Macmillan,1878,p.63.
③C. S. and C.S. Orwin, the Open Fields, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967,p.124.
④Ibid.,158.
⑤Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the journal of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.554.
⑥Ibid.
①W. O. Ault,‘Manor Court and Parish Church in Fifteenth-Century England: A Study of Village By-Laws”, Speculum, Vol. 42, No. 1 (Jan., 1967),p.55,56.
②[法]马克·布洛赫:《法国农村史》,余中先等译,北京:商务印书馆,1991年,第600-601页。
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[4]G. C. Homans. The Explanation of English Regional Differences [J].Past and Present,1969(1).
[5]J. A. Raftis, Changes in an English Village after the Black Death[J]. Mediaeval Studies, vol.29, 1967.
[6]Jerome Blum. The European Village as Community: Origins and Functions[J]. Agricultural History, No.3,vol. 45, Jul., 1971.
[7]Jerome Blum. the Internal Structure and Polit of the European Village Community from the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Century[J]. The Jouranl of Modern History, vol.43, No. 4, Dec., 1971.
[8]J.R.Kent. The Constable 1580—1640, The Nature and Dilemmas of the Office[J].The Journal of British Studies Pillage Vo1.20, No.2, 1981.
[9]M. W. Beresford. Lot Acres[J].Economic History Review., xiii,1943.
[10]M.Cam. The Community of the Vill[J]. Medieval Studies presented RoseGraham,Oxford,1950.
[11] M. Bailey. Trade and Town in Medieval England: New Insights from Familiar Sources[J].the Local Historian, 29, 1999.
[12]Miriam Muller. A Divided Class? Peasants and Peasant Communities in Later Medieval England[J].Past and Present 2007, Supplement 2.
[13] R.H.Hilton. A Crisis of Feudalism[J]. Past and Present, No.80,Aug.,1978.
[14]R.B.Goheen.Peasant Politics? Village Community and the Crown in Fifteenth-Century England[J].The American History Review,Vol.96, Feb,1991(1).
[15]W.O.Ault. Some Early Village By-laws[J].the English Historical Review, vol.45.No.178, Apr., 1930., 208-231.
[16] W.O.Ault. By-laws by Common Consent[J],Speculum,xxix,1954,378-394.
[17] W.O.Ault. By-Laws of Gleaning and the Problems of Harvest[J].The Economic History Review.New Series.Vol.14,No2.1961.
[18]W.O.Ault. Manor Court and Parish Church in Fifteenth-Century England: A Study of Village By-Laws[J].Speculum, Vol. 42, No. 1 (Jan., 1967).
[19]W.O.Ault. the Vill in Medieval England,Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society[J].Vol.126,No.3,Jun.1982(8).
[20]Z. Razi. the Toronto School’s Reconstruction of Medieval Peasant Society: A Critical View[J].Past and Present, 85, 1979.
②Paul Vinogradoff, English Society in the Eleventh Century, Oxford:larendon Press,1908,p.475.
③H.M.Cam,The Community of the Vill, in Medieval Studies presented to Rose Graham, Oxford,1950,p.1.
①Werner Rosene, The Peasantry of Europe, Oxford:UK and Cambridge, Mass, 1994,p.160.
②G. C.Homans, English villagers of the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge,Mass: Harvard University Press, 1941,p.338.
③喻希来:《中国地方自治论》,《战略与管理》,2002年第4期,第9页。
①朱寰:《略论日耳曼人的农村公社制度》,《史学月刊》,1991年第1期,第91页。
①马克垚:《西欧封建经济形态研究》,北京:人民出版社,2001年第2版,第263页。
②侯建新:《社会转型时期的西欧与中国》,北京:高等教育出版社,2005年第2版,第115页。
③同上,第209页。
④徐浩:《农民经济的历史变迁—中英乡村社会区域发展比较》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002年,第120页。
②李云飞:《中世纪英格兰庄园法庭探微》,《世界历史》,2005年第2期,第63页。
③陈日华:《中古英格兰地方自治研究》,博士学位论文,天津师范大学历史文化学院,2005。
④赵文洪:《中世纪欧洲村庄自治》,《世界历史》,2007年第3期,第85页。
⑤赵文洪:《庄园法庭、村规民约与中世纪欧洲“公地共同体”》,《历史研究》,2007年第4期,第149页。
①王玉亮:《中世纪晚期英国村庄共同体的法律“自治”》,《天津师范大学学报(社会科学版)》,2009年第4期。
②[英]贝内特:《英国庄园生活:1150—1400年农民生活状况研究》,龙秀清等译,侯建新校,上海:上海人民出版社,2005年,第10页。
③George Laurence Gomme, the village community:with Special Reference to the Origin and Form of Its Survivals in Britain ,London:The Walter Scott Publishing Company, Limited, 1890,p.5.
④C.Dyer,“The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline”, Journal of British Studies, 33, (October 1994),p.407.
①张广智、张广勇:《史学,文化中的文化——文化视野中的西方史学》,杭州:浙江人民出版社,1990年,第406页。
②W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.17.
③W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.11.
④Miriam Muller,“A divided class? Peasant and Peasant Communities in Later Medieval England”, Past and Present, 2007, Supplement2,p.117.
①Susan Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe:900-1300, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984,p.1.
②Ibid.,249.
③Sir William Holdsworth, A History of English Law, London: Methuen, 1922.
④Z. Razi,“family, land and village community in later medieval England”, past and present,No.93,1981,p.13.
①A. Macfarlane, the origins of English individualism:the Family, Property and Social Transition, Oxford: Basil Black- well,1978,p.162-3.
②J. A. Raftis,Warboys, two hundred years in the fife of an English medieval village,Toronto, 1974; E. Britton, the community of the vill:A study in the history of the family and village life in fourteenth century England,Toronto, 1977; J. A. Raftis,“changes in an English village after the Black Death”, Mediaeval Studies, 29,1967,pp.158-77.
③[英]贝内特:《英国庄园生活:1150—1400年农民生活状况研究》,龙秀清等译,侯建新校,上海:上海人民出版社,2005年,第30页。
①有关经济-社会史的详细论述,请参见徐浩、侯建新:《当代西方史学流派》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2009年,第278-294页。
①W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.208.
②H.M.Cam, the Community of the Vill, in Studies presented to Rose Graham, Oxford, 1950,p.1-14; Edward Britton, The Community of the Vill:a study in the history of the family and village life in fourteenth-century England, Toronto:Macmillan of Canada,1977.
③Susan Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe:900-1300, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984,Intruduction.
④W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.208.
⑤Maryanne Kowaleski,“vill, Guild, and Gentry: Forces of Community in Later Medieval England”, the Journal of British Studies, Vol. 33, No.4,(Oct., 1994),p.337.
①[德]滕尼斯:《共同体与社会》,林荣远译,北京:商务印书馆,1999年,第65页。
②马克垚:《英国封建社会研究》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年第2版,第12页。
③Maine, Village Community in the East and West, New York: Henry Holt, 1876;F.Seebohm, The English Village Community, Cambridge, 1926.
①马克垚:《西欧封建经济形态研究》,北京:人民出版社,2001年第2版,第248页。
②William Holdsworth, A History of English Law, 17 vols, London: Methuen, 1956- 1972.
③R.B.Goheen,“Peasant Politics? Village Community and the Crown in Fifteenth-Century England”, The American Historical Review,Vol.96,No.1,(Feb,1991).
④Susan Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe:900-1300, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984,Introduction.
⑤Peter Clark, English Provincial Society from the Reformation to the Revolution:Religion,Politics and Society in the Kent,1500-1640, Hassocks,1977; C.Dyer,“The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline”, Journal of British Studies, 33, (October 1994).
⑥Phillipp R. Schofield, Peasant and community: in medieval England , 1200-1500, New York: palgrave macmillan,2003,p.71.
①M. Rubin,“small groups: identity and solidarity in the late Middle Ages”in J.Kermode ed., Enterprise and Individuals in fifteenth Century England.stroud, 1991,p.134.
②Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the jouranl of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.542.
③J.E.A.Joliffe, The Constitutional History of Medieval England, Toronto: Macmillan, 1937, p.321.
④A. Macfarlane, the origins of English individualism:the Family, Property and Social Transition, Oxford: Basil Black- well,1978; see also: A. Macfarlane,‘the Myth of the Peasantry: Family and Economy in a Northern Parish”in R. M. Smith ed, Land, Kinship and Life-cycle, Cambridge, 1984, p.333-349.
⑤E.B.DeWindt, Land and People in Holywell-cum-Needleworth, Toronto,1972, p.275-278.
⑥J.Z.Titow, English Rural Society 1200-1350, London:Allen and Unwin, 1969, p.16.
⑦马克垚:《西欧封建经济形态研究》,北京:人民出版社,2001年第2版,第263页。
⑧朱寰:《略论日耳曼人的农村公社制度》,《史学月刊》,1991年第1期。
①有关“公地共同体”的概念,请参阅赵文洪:《庄园法庭、村规民约与中世纪欧洲“公地共同体”》,《历史研究》,2007年第4期。
②《辞源》,北京:商务印书馆,1979年,第312页。
③《中国大百科全书——中国历史》,北京·上海中国大百科全书出版社,1992年,第910页。
④有关中西乡村基层组织比较的问题,可参见:侯建新:《中英封建晚期乡村组织比较》,《史学理论研究》,2000年第3期。
⑤《斯大林文选》,北京:人民出版社,1962年,第199页。
⑥罗荣渠:《现代化新论》,北京:北京大学出版社,1993年,第53页。
⑦马克垚:《西欧封建经济形态研究》,北京:人民出版社,2001年第2版,第244页。
①朱寰:《略论日耳曼人的农村公社制度》,《史学月刊》,1991年第1期,第91页。
②郝镇华编:《外国学者论亚细亚生产方式》,上册,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1981年,第9—10页。
③《马克思恩格斯全集》,第46卷,上册,北京:人民出版社,1979年,第472页。
④同上,第484,473,482页。
⑤同上,第484,473页。
⑥同上,第473,493,496页。
⑦同上,第478,475,484页。
①同上,第474, 480页。
②《马克思恩格斯全集》,第19卷,北京:人民出版社,1963年,第541,358-359页。
③同上,第541页。
④同上,第540页。
⑤同上,第363页。
⑥同上,第539,353页。
⑦《马克思恩格斯全集》,第20卷,北京:人民出版社,1971年,第197页。
⑧《马克思恩格斯全集》,第46卷,上册,北京:人民出版社,1979年,第484页。
①Jerome Blum,“The European village as community: origins and functions”, Agricultural History, vol. 45, No.3, (Jul., 1971), p.158.
①W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982), p.209.
②C.Dyer,“The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline”, Journal of British Studies, 33, (October 1994), p.408.
③Werner Rosener, Peasants in the Middle Ages, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992, p.150.
④Phillipp R. Schofield, Peasant and community: in medieval England , 1200-1500, New York: palgrave Macmillan,2003, p.71.
⑤Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the jouranl of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971, p.542.
⑥Perez Zagorin, Rebels and Rulers, 1500-1660, Vols2,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982,p.85-86.
⑦如方朝晖:《市民社会的两个传统及其在现代社会的汇合》,《社会科学战线》,1994年第5期;赵文洪:《公地制度中财产权利的公共性》,《世界历史》,2009年第2期,可作参考。
⑧William Allan Neilson, Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, Merriam Co. 1954.
⑨The New Encyclopedia Britannica.Encyclopedia Britannica, Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1989.
⑩John Simpson and Edmund Weiner, Oxford English Language, Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1993. 11 Langman Group Ltd, Longman Dictionary of the English Language, Merriam-Webster Inc. ,1984. 12 [英]米勒等:《布莱克威尔政治学大词典》,北京:中国政法大学出版社,1992年。
①[英]佩里·安德森:《从古代到封建主义的过渡》,郭方等译,上海:上海人民出版社,2001年,第153页。
①William Allan Neilson, Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, Merriam Co. 1954.
②Susan Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe:900-1300, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981,p.135,139.
③Maine, Village-communities in the East and West, New York: Arno Press, 1974,p.85.
④Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the jouranl of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971), p.543.
⑤L. D.Stamp and W. G. Hoskins, the common lands of England and Wales, London:Collins,1963, p.5-13.
①B. Wilkinson, Constitutional History of England, Vol. 3,London : Historical Assoc., 1953, p.9.
②[美]汤普逊:《中世纪经济社会史》,上册,耿淡如译,北京:商务印书馆,1984年,第43-44页。
①Susan Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe:900-1300, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984,p.79.
②W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.188.
③赵文洪:《中世纪欧洲村庄自治》,《世界历史》,2007年第3期,第85页。
④[德]汉斯-维尔纳·格茨:《欧洲中世纪生活》,王亚平译,上海:东方出版社,2002年,第143页。
⑤C.Dyer,“The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline”, Journal of British Studies, 33, (October 1994),p.408.
⑥[德]汉斯-维尔纳·格茨:《欧洲中世纪生活》,王亚平译,上海:东方出版社,2002年,第141页。
⑦王亚平:《西欧法律演变的社会根源》,北京:人民出版社,2009年,第209-210页。
⑧赵文洪:《中世纪欧洲村庄自治》,《世界历史》,2007年第3期,第86页。
①David Charles Douglas, English Historical Documents 2, Oxford:Oxford university press,1981,p.459-460.
②Ibid.405.
③Ibid.405.
④T. Madox, Firma Burgi, or an Historical Essay Concerning the Cities, Towns, and Buroughs of England Taken from Records, London: R. Gosling,1726,p.664-705.
⑤William Stubbs, Select Charters and Other Illustrations of English Constitutional History: From the Earliest Times to the Reign of Edward the First, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1900,p.394.
①Werner Rosener, Peasants in the Middle Ages, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992,p.150.
②Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England: TheTransformation of the Agrarian Economy,1500 -1850, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1996,p.192.
③如文礼朋:《中世纪和近代早期英格兰敞田经营制度再认识》,《史学月刊》,2006年第9期;赵文洪:《私人财产权利体系的发展——西方市场经济和资本主义的起源问题研究》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1998年;赵文洪:《中世纪欧洲村庄自治》,《世界历史》,2007年第3期。
④赵文洪:《公地制度中财产权利的公共性》,《世界历史》,2009年第2期,第69-71页。
⑤J. Thirsk,“the Common Fields”, Past and Present, No.29, (December,1964),p.3.
⑥Ibid.,4.
①L. D.Stamp and W. G. Hoskins, the common lands of England and Wales, London:Collins,1963,p.5-13.
②See H.L. Gray, English Field Systems, Cambridge, Massachusetts.1915.
③See C. S. and C.S. Orwin, the Open Fields, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.
④Robert A. Dodgshon,“The Landholding Foundations of the Open-Field System”, Past and Present, 1975 (2),p.3.
⑤可参见马克垚:《西欧封建经济形态研究》,北京:人民出版社,2002年第2版。
⑥C. S. Orwin,“Observations on the Open Fields”, The Economic History Review,1938(2),p.125-135.
⑦Liebermann,“Ine’s law”, I.106-9.这条法令的翻译和讨论是在F.M. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1947.
①G.C. Homans,“The Explanation of English Regional Differences”, Past and Present,1969(1),p.18-34.
②J. Thirsk,“the Common Fields”, Past and Present, No.29, (December,1964),p.35-58.
③[法]布洛赫:《法国农村史》,余中先等译,北京:商务印书馆,1991年,第75页。
④Dahlman, The Open-field System and Beyond: A Property Rights Analysis of an Economic Institution, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1995,p.16-64.
⑤Ibid.,93-145.
⑥J. Thirsk,“the Common Fields”, Past and Present, No.29, (December,1964),p.8.
①Susan Oosthuizen,“New Light on the Origins of Open-field Farming”, Medieval Archaeology,(49.2005),p.166-167.
②Slicher van Bath, Agrarian History of Western Europe AD 500-1850, London: Edward Arnold, 1963,p.61-62.
③J. Thirsk,“the Common Fields”, Past and Present, No.29, (December,1964),p.16.
④Ibid.,16.
⑤Ibid.,16-17; G. Youd,“the common fields of Lancashire”, Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashireand Cheshire, CXII,1962,p.10.
①L. C. Lloyd and D. M. Stenton, Sir Christopher Hatton’s Book of Seals, Oxford:Northamptonshire Record Society Publication,1950,p.14; SR Scargill-Bird, Custumals of Battle Abbey in the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II ,London: Camden Society, 1887,p.89; G. C. Homans, English villagers of the thirteenth century, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1941,p.57-8.
②M. W. Beresford,“Lot Acres”, Economic History Review., xiii,1943,p.74-9; Lord Ernle, English Farming Past and Present, Chicago: Quadrangle Books,1961,p.26,230; R. A. Butlin,“Northumberland Field Systems”, Agricultural History Review xii ,1964,p.99-120.
③G. C.Homans, English villagers of the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge,Mass: Harvard University Press, 1941,p.56.
①R. Herr, the Eighteenth Century Revolution in Spain, Princeton: Princeton University Press1958,p.103-4.
②J. Blum, Noble landowners and Agriculture in Austria, 1815-1848, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press,1948,p.157.
③W.G. East, An Historical Geography of Europe, London: Methuen,1935,p.102-5; M. Gray, the Highland Economy 1750-1850, Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd,1957,p.6-7; J. Saltmarsh and H. C. Darby,“the Infield-Outfield System on a Norfolk Manor”, Economic History 3, 1935,p.30-31.
④C.Dyer,“The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline”, Journal of British Studies, 33, (October 1994),p.410.
①Hilton, the Stoneleigh Leger Book, Dugdale Society Publications, vol. xxiv,1960; G. Elliott,“the system of Cultivation and Evidence of Enclosure in the Cumberland Open Fields in the Sixteenth Century”, Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, New Scries,1959(59),p.175-6.
②C. T. Smith, An Historical Geography of Western Europe before 1800, New York: Praeger, 1967,p.210.
③[德]巴德尔:《村庄联合体及村庄居民》,科隆:格拉茨,1962年,第40-41页,转引自王亚平:《西欧法律的社会根源》,北京:人民出版社,2009年,第53、54-60页。
①王亚平:《西欧法律演变的社会根源》,北京:人民出版社,2009年,第217-218页。
①海烈斯:《各国地方自治大纲》,上海:上海大东书局,1930年,第225页。
②HE Bracey, English Rural Life:Village Activities, Organizations and Institutions,London: Humanities Press, 1959,p.66.
③T.F.T.Plucknett, A Concise History of the Common Law,Boston: Little, Brown, 1956,p.79—80.
④有关堂区的内容,我们在下面的章节中进行详细的论述,这里暂不提及。
⑤徐浩:《农民经济的历史变迁—中英乡村社会区域发展比较》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002年,第101页。
①Susan Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe:900-1300, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984,p.79,101,103.
②C.Dyer,“The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline”, Journal of British Studies, 33, (October 1994),p.408.
③[美]汤普逊:《中世纪经济社会史》,上册,耿淡如译,北京:商务印书馆,1984年,第43-44页。
④[德]汉斯-维尔纳·格茨:《欧洲中世纪生活》,王亚平译,上海:东方出版社,2002年,第141页。
⑤[英]贝内特:《英国庄园生活:1150—1400年农民生活状况研究》,龙秀清等译,侯建新校,上海:上海人民出版社,2005年,第31页。
①[德]汉斯-维尔纳·格茨:《欧洲中世纪生活》,王亚平译,上海:东方出版社,2002年,第143页。
②R. S. Hoyt, Representation in the Administrative Practice of Anglo-Norman England, Album Helen Maud Cam Louvain, 1961,p.25.
③Douglas, English Historical Documents 2, London,1952,p.405..
④T. Madox, Firma Burgi, or an Historical Essay Concerning the Cities, Towns, and Buroughs of England Taken from Records, London: R. Goslin,1726,p.664-705.
⑤William Stubbs, Select Charters and Other Illustrations of English Constitutional History: From the Earliest Times to the Reign of Edward the First, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1900,p.394.
①[德]汉斯-维尔纳·格茨:《欧洲中世纪生活》,王亚平译,上海:东方出版社,2002年,第144-145页。
②[美]朱迪斯·M·本内特、C·沃伦·霍利斯特:《欧洲中世纪史》,杨宁,李韵译,上海:上海社会科学院出版社2007年,第172-173页。
①F. Seebohm, The English Village Community, London: Macmillan, 1883,p.21-31.
②P. Vinogradoff, Villeinage in England, London: Oxford University Press, 1892,p.218-220、397、409.
③[英]波斯坦:《剑桥欧洲经济史》,第一卷,郎立华、周荣国等译,北京:经济科学出版社,2002-2004年,第243页。
④F. W. Maitland, Domesday Book and Beyond Three Essays in the Early History of England, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1897,p.164.
⑤F. Pollock and F.W. Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2nd.ed. 1968,p.597.
⑥马克垚:《西欧封建经济形态研究》,北京:人民出版社,2001年第2版,第156页。
⑦Slicher Van Bath, The Agrarian History of Western Europe: A.D.500—1850, London, 1963,p.46.
⑧[英]克拉潘:《简明不列颠经济史》,范定九等译,上海:上海译文出版社,1980年,第127页。
①马克垚:《西欧封建经济形态研究》,北京:人民出版社,2001年第2版,第157页。
②同上。
③Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the jouranl of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.562.
①侯建新:《社会转型时期的西欧与中国》,北京:高等教育出版社,2005年第2版,第193页。
②关于堂区的具体作用,我们在下面的章节中重点介绍,这里暂不提及。
③徐浩:《中世纪英国农村的行政、司法及教区体制与农民的关系》,《历史研究》,1986年第1期,第190页。
④徐浩:《农民经济的历史变迁—中英乡村社会区域发展比较》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002年,第119页。
⑤侯建新:《社会转型时期的西欧与中国》,北京:高等教育出版社,2005年第2版,第209页。
⑥[英]波斯坦:《剑桥欧洲经济史》,第一卷,郎立华、周荣国等译,北京:经济科学出版社,2002-2004年,第491页。
①C. S. and C.S. Orwin, the open fields, 2nd ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press,1954,p.125.
②Razi,“The struggles between the abbots of Halesowen and their tenants in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries”, in TH Aston et al. (eds), Social Relations and Ideas: Essays in Honour of RH Hilton,Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1983,p.160.
③Frimannslund,“the old Norwegian Peasant Community: Farm Community and Neighbordood Community”, Scandinavian Economic History Review 4, 1956,p.76-77.
④Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the jouranl of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.557.
⑤G. C.Homans, English villagers of the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge,Mass: Harvard University Press, 1941,p.334.
①W. Cunningham, The Growth of English Industry and Commerce during the Early and Middle Ages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1915,p.273-276.
②[英]贝内特:《英国庄园生活:1150—1400年农民生活状况研究》,龙秀清等译,侯建新校,上海:上海人民出版社,2005年,第147页。
③Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the jouranl of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.558.
①L. Reymont, The Peasant: Autumn, New York: Alfred A. Knopf,1937,p.58.
②D. A. Hobbs, Manor Village and Individual in Medieval England[D]. University of Victoria, 2003,p.78.
③[英]贝内特.英国庄园生活:1150—1400年农民生活状况研究[M]:龙秀清等译,上海:上海人民出版社,2005.155.
④J.R.Kent. The Constable 1580—1640, The Nature and Dilemmas of the Office[J]. The Journal of British Studies pillageVo1.20, No.2, 1981.28-9.
①Ibid.79.
②[英]贝内特:《英国庄园生活:1150—1400年农民生活状况研究》,龙秀清等译,侯建新校,上海:上海人民出版社,2005年,第155页。
③See G. B. Adams and H. Morse Stephens, Selected,Documents of English Constitutional History, New York : The Macmillan Co, 1901,p.15、20—21.
④[英]贝内特:《英国庄园生活:1150—1400年农民生活状况研究》,龙秀清等译,侯建新校,上海:上海人民出版社,2005年,第184页。
⑤D. A. Hobbs, Manor Village and Individual in Medieval England[D]. University of Victoria, 2003,p.64.
⑥Ibid.,65.
⑦Sherri Olson,“Jurors of the Village Court”, Journal of British Studies, Vol.3,No.30, 1991,p.248.
⑧W. O. Ault, Private Jurisdiction in England, New Haven :Yale Historical Publications, 1923,p.166.
①李云飞:《中世纪英格兰庄园法庭探微》,《世界历史》,2005年第2期,第70页。
②R. H. Hilton, The English peasantry in the Later Middle ages, Oxford:Clarendon press,1975,p.56.
③F. W. Maitland, Select Pleas in Manorial Courts, London:Seldfen Society, 1888,p.88.
④Judith Bennett,“Women and men in the Brewers’Gild of London C.A. 1420”,In Edwin Brezette Dewindt, ed., Medieval Institute Publications,Western Michigan University: Kalamazoo, 1995,p.181-232.
⑤Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the jouranl of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.551.
⑥Peter Clark, the English Alehouse: A social history 1200-1830, Longman: London and New York, 1983,p.23.
⑦DeWindt, The Court Rolls of Ramsey Hepmangrove and Bury, 1268—1600, Toronto: Pontifical Institue of Mediaeval Studies, 1990,p.25-26.
①F. Pollock and F.W. Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, Vol.1,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2nd.ed. 1968,p.581-582.
②D. A. Hobbs, Manor Village and Individual in Medieval England [D]. University of Victoria, 2003,p.74.
③Ibid.
④Ibid.75.
⑤Peter Clark, The English Alehouse: A social history 1200—1830, Longman:London and New York, 1983,p.21.
⑥DeWindt, The Court Rolls of Ramsey Hepmangrove and Bury, 1268—1600, Toronto: Pontifical Institue of Mediaeval Studies, 1990,FP,1309(1), No.14.这里的所采用的资料是在达文特对庄园档案资料的缩微胶片整理的基础引用的。在他所编辑的书中都采用了缩写的形式来对档案资料编号的。例如:FP代表的就是frankpledge;而法庭所召开的年份和次数为1307(2).以下相同,特此说明。
⑦Ibid., FP,1316.200.
⑧Ibid.,FP, 1378,No.12.
⑨D. A. Hobbs, Manor Village and Individual in Medieval England [D]. University of Victoria, 2003,p.76.
⑩DeWindt, The Court Rolls of Ramsey Hepmangrove and Bury, 1268—1600, Toronto: Pontifical Institue ofMediaeval Studies, 1990.FP,1326, No.55.245.
①Dewindt, The Ramsey Abbey Banlieu Court of 1287, Toronto: Pontifical Institue of Mediaeval Studies,1981,p.41.
②Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the jouranl of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.554.
③DeWindt, The Court Rolls of Ramsey Hepmangrove and Bury, 1268—1600, Toronto: Pontifical Institue of Mediaeval Studies, 1990,FP,1326, No.95.60.
④[英]贝内特:《英国庄园生活:1150—1400年农民生活状况研究》,龙秀清等译,侯建新校,上海:上海人民出版社,2005年,第153页。
⑤F. Pollock and F.W. Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, 2nd.ed,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1968,p.85.
①DeWindt, The Court Rolls of Ramsey Hepmangrove and Bury, 1268—1600, Toronto: Pontifical Institue of Mediaeval Studies, 1990,p.483.
②Ibid., No.11.485.
③Ibid., No.4.483.
④Ibid.,FP,1377, No.42.480.
⑤Ibid., No.6.483.
⑥Ibid.No.8.484.
⑦Ibid.No.15.486.
①D.A.Hobbs, Manor Village and Individual in Medieval England[D]. University of Victoria,1998,p.121-122.
①B. H. Slicher van Bath,“Manor, Mark, and Village in the Eastern Netherlands”,Speculum 21, 1946,p.127.
②H. Thorpe,“the Influence of Inclosure on the Form and Pattern of rural Settlement in Denmark”,Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, No.17,1951,p.120;R. Herr, The Eighteenth Century Revolution in Spain,Princeton:N.J.,1958,p.103.
③Paul Vinogradoff, Villainage in England: Essays in English Mediaeval History, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1892,p.362.
④C.S.Orwin,“Observations on the Open Fields”,The Economic History Review,Vol8,No.2,(May.,1938),p.135.
⑤F. Pollock and F.W. Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, 2nd.ed,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1968,p.610-1.
⑥Ibid.,611.
①Joan Wake,“communitas villae, English”, Historical Review,Vol. 37,p.406-411.
②Miller, the Agrarian history of England and Wales 1350-1500, vol.2,Cambridge:Cambridge University press, 1991,p.211.
③[德]巴德尔:《中世纪村庄中的法律形式和地产用益的阶层》,第85、74—76,转引自王亚平:《西欧法律的社会根源》,北京:人民出版社,2009年,第220页。
④P. Vinogradoff, Villeinage in England, London: Oxford University Press, 1892,p.367.
⑤[英]贝内特:《英国庄园生活:1150—1400年农民生活状况研究》,龙秀清等译,侯建新校,上海:上海人民出版社,2005年,第176页。
⑥同上,第174页。
①马克垚:《西欧封建经济形态研究》,北京:人民出版社,2001年第2版,第187—191页。
②S. and B. Webb, English Local Government from the Revolution to the Municipal Corporation Act: the Manor and the Borough, London: Longmans, Green, 1908,p.9-20; cf. A. G. Ruston and D. Witney, Hooton Pagnell, the Agricultural Evolution of a Yorkshire Village, London : Arnold, 1934,p.169-72.
③参见侯建新:《中英封建晚期乡村组织比较》,《史学理论研究》,2000年第3期;徐浩:《农民经济的历史变迁—中英乡村社会区域发展比较》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002年第115页。
④G.G.Coulton, Medieval Village, Manor, and Monastery, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1925,p.71.
⑤C.Dyer,“The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline”, Journal of British Studies, 33, (October 1994),p.417.
⑥Susan Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe:900-1300, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984,p.59.
⑦R. H. Hilton, The English peasantry in the Later Middle ages, Oxford:Clarendon press,1975,p.58.
①Ibid.,55.
②Z. Razi,“family, land and village community in later medieval England”, past and present,No.93,1981,p.13.
③[意]奇波拉主编:《欧洲经济史》,贝昱等译,第1卷,北京:商务印书馆,1988年,第140页。
④RH Tawney,The Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century, New York: Burt Franklin,1912,p.125—131.
⑤徐浩:《农民经济的历史变迁—中英乡村社会区域发展比较》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002年,第114页。
⑥West Group, Black’s Law Dictionary, 7th ,St Paul, 1999,p.390.
⑦Susan Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe:900-1300, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984,p.16.
⑧DeWindt, The Court Rolls of Ramsey Hepmangrove and Bury, 1268—1600, Toronto: Pontifical Institue of Medieval Studies, 1990,p.16-18.
⑨Ibid.F.P.1297(1), No.24.90.
①[法]布洛赫:《法国农村史》,余中先等译,北京:商务印书馆,1991年,第85页。
②D.A.Hobbs, Manor Village and Individual in Medieval England[D]. University of Victoria,1998,p.121-122.
③李云飞:《中世纪英格兰庄园法庭探微》,《世界历史》,2005年,第2期,第64页。
①D. C. Douglas & G. W. Greenaway, English Historical Documents,1024 -1189, Volume II, Second Edition, Oxford :Oxford University Press, 1981,p.457.
②Baker, An Introduction to English Legal History, London: Butter- worths, 1990,p.8.
③W. A. Morris, the Frankpledge System, New York: Longmans, Green, and Co.,1910,p.4-5.
④W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.189.
⑤See:Dorothy Whitelock edited, English Historical Documents 500-1042,Volume I,Oxford: Oxford Uni-versity Press, 1979,p.430、457.
①W. A. Morris, the Frankpledge System, New York: Longmans, Green, and Co.,1910,p.132.
②F. Pollock and F.W. Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, 2nd.ed,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1968,p.580.
③F. W. Maitland, Select Pleas in Manorial and Other Seignorial Courts, London: Professional Books Limited, 1974.xxix.
④W. Stubbs, Select Charters and Other Illustrations of English Constitutional History from the Earliest Times to the Reign of Edward the First, Oxford: Clarendon,1913,p.170.
⑤D.A.Hobbs, Manor Village and Individual in Medieval England [D]. University of Victoria,1998,p.8.
⑥W. A. Morris, the Frankpledge System, New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1910,p.110.
⑦DeWindt, The Court Rolls of Ramsey Hepmangrove and Bury, 1268—1600, Toronto: Pontifical Institue of Mediaeval Studies, 1990,F.P.1333, No.37.269.
⑧W. A. Morris, the Frankpledge System, New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1910,p.104.
⑨DeWindt, The Court Rolls of Ramsey Hepmangrove and Bury, 1268—1600, Toronto: Pontifical Institue of Mediaeval Studies, 1990,F.P.1294, No.60.68.
①F.Pollock and F.W. Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, 2nd.ed,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1968,p.570-571.
②DeWindt, The Court Rolls of Ramsey Hepmangrove and Bury, 1268—1600, Toronto: Pontifical Institue of Medieval Studies, 1990,F.P.1337, No.45.298.
③Ibid.,F.P.1312[1], No.5.164.
①[英]贝内特:《英国庄园生活:1150—1400年农民生活状况研究》,龙秀清等译,侯建新校,上海:上海人民出版社,2005年,第190—191页。
②F.M.Maitland, Select Pleas in Manorial and Other Seignorial Courts: Reigns of Henry III and Edward I, Selden Society 2 London: B.Quaritch,1889,p.88.
③DeWindt, The Court Rolls of Ramsey Hepmangrove and Bury, 1268—1600, Toronto: Pontifical Institue of Medieval Studies, 1990,F.P.1383[1], No.2.506.
④C. Dyer, Lords and Peasants in a Changing Society: the Estates of Bishopric of Worcester, 680-1540, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1980,p.356.
⑤McIntosh, Autonomy and Community: The Royal Manor of Havering,1200-1500,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1986,p.222,128.
⑥W. A. Morris, the Frankpledge System, New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1910,p.140.
①Mark Bailey, The English Manor:1200-1500, Manchester:Manchester University Press, 2002,p.221-222.
②DeWindt, The Court Rolls of Ramsey Hepmangrove and Bury, 1268—1600, Toronto: Pontifical Institue of Medieval Studies, 1990,F.P.1312[2], No.68.189.
③Ibid.,FP,1312[2],No.92.193.
④Ibid.,FP,1321,No.9.227.
⑤Ibid.,FP,1354[2],No.43.363.
⑥Ibid.,FP,1359,No.34.403.
⑦Ibid.,449.
⑧W. A. Morris, the Frankpledge System, New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1910,p.164.
⑨Ibid.,164-165.
①Susan Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe:900-1300, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984,p.134.
②Ibid.,62.
③Werner Rosene, The Peasantry of Europe, Oxford:UK and Cambridge, Mass, 1994,p.160.
④C.Dyer,“The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline”, Journal of British Studies, 33, (October 1994),p.411.
⑤Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the jouranl of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.545.
①W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.191.
②H.G. Richardson and G. O.Sayles, Select Cases of Procedure Without Writ under HenryⅢ, Selden Society 60, London: Bernard,1940,p.91-92.
③Ibid.,92.
④W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.192.
⑤[德]汉斯-维尔纳·格茨:《欧洲中世纪生活》,王亚平译,上海:东方出版社,2002年,第145页。
①W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.192.
②F. Pollock and F.W. Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, 2nd.ed,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1968,p.632-633.
③F.W. Maitland, Select pleas in manorial and other seigneurial courts, London:Quaritch, 1889,p.150.1275.
④W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.193.
①H.G. Richardson and G. O.Sayles, Select Cases of Procedure Without Writ under HenryⅢ, Selden Society 60, London: Bernard,1940,p.42-56; F.M.Powicke, HenryⅢand the Lord Edward : The Community of the Realm in the Thirteenth Century ,Oxford:Oxford University press, 1947,p.509-510.
②R Finberg and Joan Thirsk, The Agrarian History of England and Wales,8 vols, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967,p.514.
③William Stubbs, Select Charters and Other Illustrations of English Constitutional History: From the Earliest Times to the Reign of Edward the First, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1900,p.363.
④DeWindt, The Court Rolls of Ramsey Hepmangrove and Bury, 1268—1600, Toronto: Pontifical Institue of Mediaeval Studies, 1990,p.201.
⑤W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.199.
①DeWindt, The Court Rolls of Ramsey Hepmangrove and Bury, 1268—1600, Toronto: Pontifical Institue of Medieval Studies, 1990,p.188.
②W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.199.
③王亚平:《西欧法律演变的社会根源》,北京:人民出版社,2009年,第212页。
④William Stubbs, Select Charters and Other Illustrations of English Constitutional History: From the Earliest Timesto the Reign of Edward the First, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1900,p.184.
①Ibid.,275.
②W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.200.
③Ibid.,200.
④F.M.Stenton, Anglo-saxon England, Oxford Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1947,p.375.
⑤W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.200.
①Ibid.,201.
②Ibid.
③Ibid.
④Ibid.,437.
⑤F.W.Maitland and W.P.Baildon, the Court Baron, Selden Society, London,1892,p.141.
①F.M.Stenton, Anglo-saxon England, Oxford Oxford: Clarendon Press,1947,p.637.
②A.L.Poole, From Domesday Book to Magna Cart:1087- 1216, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1951,p.418.
③William Stubbs, Select Charters and Other Illustrations of English Constitutional History: From the Earliest Times to the Reign of Edward the First, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1900,p.184.
④Ibid.,278.
⑤Ibid.,352-353.
①Ibid.,356.
②William Stubbs, Select Charters and Other Illustrations of English Constitutional History: From the Earliest Times to the Reign of Edward the First, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1900,p.358-359.
③W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.203.
④Ibid.,203.
①G. C.Homans, English villagers of the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge,Mass: Harvard University Press, 1941,p.454.
②J.A.Raftis, Tenure and Mobility : studies in the social history of the mediaeval English village,Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies,1964,p.252.
①R.B.Goheen,“Peasant Politics? Village Community and the Crown in Fifteenth-Century England”, The American History Review, Vol.96,No.1,(Feb.,1991),p.60.
②W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.12.
③F. W. Maitland, Township and Borough, Cambridge: University Press,1898,p.25-6.
④P.Vinogradoff, English Society in the Eleventh Century: Essays in English Medieval, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908,p.136-578,582-3.
⑤Holdsworth, History of English Law, vol2., n. 5, 3rd London:Methuen, 1972,p.57.
⑥See: W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.81-174.
①W.O. Ault,“Some by-laws”, The English historical Review, vol.45.No.178, (Apr., 1930),p.208.
③H.M.Cam,The Community of the Vill, in Medieval Studies presented to Rose Graham, Oxford,1950,p.1.
④Frances and Joseph Gies, Life in a Medieval Village, New York: HarperCollins, 1990,p.132.
⑤Jerome Blum,“The European village as community: origins and functions”, Agricultural History, vol. 45, No.3, (Jul., 1971),p.547,548.
⑥Documents.1.以下所有档案(Documents)均来自W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws一书,本文所引用的档案编号与原文一致。
①Document.27.
②F. Pollock and F.W. Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, 2nd.ed,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1968,p.358.
③Z. Razi and R. Smith,“the Origins of the Rolls as a Written Record”, In Razi and Smith ed., Medieval Society and the Manor Court, Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1996, p.36-68.
④赵文洪:《中世纪欧洲村庄自治》,《世界历史》,2007年第3期,第91页。
⑤W.O. Ault,“Some by-laws”, The English historical Review, vol.45.No.178, (Apr., 1930),p.209.
⑥[英]波斯坦:《剑桥欧洲经济史》,第一卷,郎立华、周荣国等译,北京:经济科学出版社,2002-2004年,第552页。
⑦同上,第533页。
①R. N. Swanson, The Twelfth-Century Renaissance, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999,p.207-213.
②D. A. Hobbs, Manor Village and Individual in Medieval England [D]. University of Victoria, 2003,p.93.
③侯建新:《社会转型时期的西欧与中国》,北京:高等教育出版社,2005年第2版,第39页。
④W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.12.
①P. Vinogradoff, Villeinage in England, London: Oxford University Press, 1892,p.362.
②W.O. Ault,“Some by-laws”, The English historical Review, vol.45.No.178, (Apr., 1930),p.231.
③有关村民大会的情况,我们将在后文详细谈及,这里只作简要介绍。
④F. Pollock and F.W. Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, 2nd.ed,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1968,p.64,67.
⑤[英]波斯坦:《剑桥欧洲经济史》,第一卷,郎立华、周荣国等译,北京:经济科学出版社,2002-2004年,第446页。
⑥Document.36.
①B. Wilkinson, Constitutional History ot England in the Fifteenth Century (1399-1485) With Illustrative Documents, London: Longmans, Green and Co., Ltd., 1964,p.188-189.
②W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.59.
③Ibid.
①W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.12.
①W. W. Skeat, The Books of Husbandry, London: English Dialect Society,1882,p.38.
②W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.13.
③Ibid.,13.
④W.O. Ault,“Some by-laws”, The English historical Review, vol.45.No.178, (Apr., 1930),p.213.
⑤维诺格拉道夫已经把这种村规排列出来了,大约有12条,主要是来自1427年的。
①W.O. Ault,“By-Laws of Gleaning and the Problems of Harvest”, The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 14, No. 2(1961),p.211.
②Ibid.,212.
③Ibid.,212-213.
④Documents. 5.
⑤Documents. 22.
⑥W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.14.
⑦Documents, 61.
①F.J.Baigent and J.E.Millard, History of the Ancient Town and Manor of Basingstoke, Basingstoke: Cambridge University press,1889,p.217.
②见Ault, Open-field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-laws in Medieval England一书第14页注20。
③W.O. Ault,“By-Laws of Gleaning and the Problems of Harvest”, The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 14, No. 2(1961),p.213.
④Ibid.,213.
⑤F. W. Maitland and W.P.Baildon, The Court Baron: Precedents of Pleading in Manorial and Other Local Courts,Selden :Selden Society, 1889,p.46.
⑥W.O. Ault,“By-Laws of Gleaning and the Problems of Harvest”, The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 14, No. 2(1961),p.214.
⑦W.O. Ault,“Some by-laws”, The English Historical Review, vol.45.No.178, (Apr., 1930),p.215.
①Ibid.,213.
②W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.15-16.
③Documents.24.
④Documents.8.
⑤Document.21.
⑥W.O. Ault,“By-Laws of Gleaning and the Problems of Harvest”, The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 14, No. 2(1961),p.215.
⑦Ibid.,215-216.
①Ibid.,216.
②W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.14.
③Ibid.,15.
④F. W. Maitland and W.P.Baildon, The Court Baron: Precedents of Pleading in Manorial and Other Local Courts, Selden :Selden Society, 1889,p.128.
⑤W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.15.
⑥Ibid.,13.
①Blackstone, Commentary on the Laws of England, Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 2002,p.212.
②G. C.Homans, English villagers of the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge,Mass: Harvard University Press, 1941,p.372.
③G. G. Coulton, The Medieval Village, Cambridge: Cambridge University press ,1925,p.479.
④W.O. Ault,“By-Laws of Gleaning and the Problems of Harvest”, The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 14, No. 2(1961),p.215.
⑤Ibid.,214-215.
①W.O. Ault,“Some by-laws”, The English historical Review, vol.45.No.178, (Apr., 1930),p.226.
②Ibid.,223.
③Documents.8.
④W.O. Ault,“By-Laws of Gleaning and the Problems of Harvest”, The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 14, No. 2(1961),p.214.
⑤G. G. Coulton, The Medieval Village, Cambridge: Cambridge University press ,1925,p.479.
⑥C.Dyer,“The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline”, Journal of British Studies, 33, (October 1994),p.416.
①W. O. Ault,‘By-laws by Common Consent”, Speculum, xxix, 1954,p378-394.
②B. Wilkinson, Constitutional History of England, Vol. 3,London : Historical Assoc., 1953,p.9.
③侯建新:《社会转型时期的西欧与中国》,北京:高等教育出版社,2005年第2版,第195页。
④W.O. Ault,“Some by-laws”, The English historical Review, vol.45.No.178, (Apr., 1930),p.219.
⑤P.Vinogradoff, Growth of the Manor, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908,p.169-70.
⑥W.O. Ault,“Some by-laws”, The English historical Review, vol.45.No.178, (Apr., 1930),p.219.
①H.L.Gray, English Open Fields, Cambridge:Mass,1955,p.47.
②J. Thirsk,“the Common Fields”, Past and Present, No.29, (December,1964),p.15.
③一般尿液中含有大量的氮和钾,是植物生长的主要肥料,但是如果它暴露在空气中,在48小时内就会挥发一半以上。See: L.S.Thompson, Iowa State University, Soils and Soil Feitility, New York,1957,p.10.
④Documents.65.
①W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.41.
②Documents.24.
③Documents.46.
④Documents.39.
⑤W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.21.
⑥Documents.122.1411,Septermber, 8th.
⑦Documents.109.September 29th.
⑧W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England,
London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.21.
①Documents.8.
②Documents.49.
③Documents.90.
④Documents.92.
⑤Documents.114.
⑥Documents.51.1332; Documents.80.1389.
⑦Documents.101.
⑧Documents.121.
⑨Documents.153.
⑩Documents.170.1498.
11 Documents.44.
12 Documents.83.1373.
13 W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.44.
14 Documents.44. 15 Documents.48.1331.
①Documents.64.1332.
②Documents.119.1410.
③W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.50.
④W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd ,p.45.
①[法]布洛赫:《法国农村史》,余中先等译,北京:商务印书馆,1991年,第51页。
②Documents.8.
③Documents.43.
④Documents.42.1327.
⑤W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.30.
⑥王亚平:《西欧法律演变的社会根源》,北京:人民出版社,2009年,第215页。
⑦P. Vinogradoff, The Growth of the Manor, New York: Macmillan,1911,p.184-5.
①W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.55.
②W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.38.
③W.O. Ault,“Some by-laws”, The English historical Review, vol.45.No.178, (Apr., 1930),p.221.
④W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.56.
⑤W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.39.
⑥Ibid.
①Documents.118.
②W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd ,p.57.
③Documents.95.1389.
④Documents.152.1453.
⑤Documents, 142.
⑥T. E.Scrutton, Commons and Common Fields,Cambridge : University Press,1887,p.12.
⑦Miller, E.& Hatcher, Medieval England Rural Society and Economic Change 1086-1348,London: Longman, 1978,p.101.
②See: W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd.
③See:W.O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.46-49.
①Documents.43-54.
②W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.61.
③W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.45.
④F. Pollock and F.W. Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, 2nd.ed,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1968,p.64, 67.
⑤W.O. Ault,“Some by-laws”, The English historical Review, vol.45.No.178, (Apr., 1930),p.223.
⑥[英]波斯坦:《剑桥欧洲经济史》,第一卷,郎立华、周荣国等译,北京:经济科学出版社,2002-2004年,第446页。
③W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.60.
④W. O. Ault, Open-Field Husbandry and the Village Community: A Study of Agrarian By-Laws in Medieval England, London: Allen and Unwin, 1965,p.45.
⑤W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.62.
⑥W.O. Ault,“Some by-laws”, The English historical Review, vol.45.No.178, (Apr., 1930),p.224.
②Documents.89.
③W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.65.
④Ibid.
⑤Miller, E.& Hatcher, Medieval England Rural Society and Economic Change 1086-1348, London: Longman, 1978,p.88-89,102-103.
①Document.52,1332.
②W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd ,p.28.
③Document,80.1364.
④Document,152,1453.
⑤W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.57.
①关于富裕农民的兴起,详见:侯建新:《社会转型时期的西欧与中国》,北京:高等教育出版社,2005年第2版,第114—119页。
②R. H. Hilton, The English peasantry in the Later Middle ages, Oxford:Clarendon press,1975,p.57-58.
①W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.61.
②W.O.Ault,“Village By-Laws by Common Consent”, Speculum ,Vol. 29, No. 2,(Apr.,1954),p.388.
①W.O. Ault,“Some by-laws”, The English historical Review, vol.45.No.178, (Apr., 1930),p.230, 231.
②W.O.Ault,“Village By-Laws by Common Consent”, Speculum ,Vol. 29, No. 2,(Apr.,1954),p.389.
①[英]波斯坦:《剑桥欧洲经济史》,第一卷,郎立华、周荣国等译,北京:经济科学出版社,2002年。
②Duby, Rural Economy and Country Life in the Medieval West, London: Edward Arnold, 1968,p.312.
③Miller, Agrarian History of England and Wales 1348-1500, vol.3,Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991,p.639.
④Britnell, the Commercialization of English Society 1000-1500, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993,p.188.
①A. Macfarlane, the origins of English individualism:the Family, Property and Social Transition, Oxford: Basil Black- well,1978,p.162-3.
②A. Macfarlane, the origins of English individualism:the Family, Property and Social Transition, Oxford: Basil Black- well,1978; see also: A. Macfarlane,“the Myth of the Peasantry: Family and Economy in a Northern Parish”in R. M. Smith, ed., Land, Kinship and Life-cycle, Cambridge, 1984,p.333-49.
③J.A.Raftis, Warboys: two hundred years in the life of an English mediaeval village, Toronto, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1974,p.216-23; E.B.DeWindt, Land and People in Holywell-cum-Needleworth, Toronto,1972,p.263-75.
④E.B.DeWindt, Land and People in Holywell-cum-Needleworth, Toronto,1972,p.274.
⑤Z.Razi,“the Toronto school’s Reconstitution of medieval peasant society: A Critical View”, Past and Present, No.85,(Nov,1979),p.149-57.
①H. Thorpe,“the Influence of Inclosure on the Form and Patterns of Rural Settlement in Denmark”, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, No. 17, 1951,p.120.
②J. E. Handley, Scottish Farming in the Eighteenth Century, London: Faber and Faber, 1953,p.46, 48; M. Gray,“the Abolition of Runrig in the Highlands of Scotland”, Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 5, 1952,p.46-48.
③Jerome Blum,“The European village as community: origins and functions”, Agricultural History, vol. 45, No.3, (Jul., 1971),p.172.
④M. W. Beresford,“lot Acres”, Economic History Review, No.13,1943,p.75.
①在《末日审判书》中这样的例子很多。See:F.W.Maitland, Domesday Bookand beyond: three essays in the early history of England, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1897,p.146; R.S.Hoyt,“Farm of the manor and community of the vill in domesday book”, Speculum,19,1955,p.154.
②C.Dyer,“The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline”, Journal of British Studies, 33, (October 1994),p.411.
③Ibid.
④W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.204.
⑤W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.68.
①Jerome Blum,“The European village as community: origins and functions”, Agricultural History, vol. 45, No.3, (Jul., 1971),p.169.
②C.Dyer,“The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline”, Journal of British Studies, 33, (October 1994),p.413.
③R.H.Hilton, A Medieval Society: the West Midlands at the end of the thirteenth century, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1966,p.29.
①Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the journal of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.554.
②Ibid.
③W.O.Ault,“the vill in Medieval England”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.126, No.3, (Jun.8,1982),p.206.
①Ibid.
②Ibid.
③See for instance : J. A. Raftis,Warboys, two hundred years in the fife of an English medieval village,Toronto, 1974; E. Britton, the community of the vill:A study in the history of the family and village life in fourteenth century England,Toronto, 1977; J. A. Raftis,“changes in an English village after the Black Death”, Mediaeval Studies, 29,1967,pp.158-77.
①Z.Razi,“Family, Land and Village Community in Later Medieval England”, Past and Present,No.93,1981,p.4.
①Ibid.,16.
②Z. Razi,“family, land and village community in later medieval England”, past and present,No.93,1981,p.17.
③Fatih,“Peasant Families and inheritance customs in Medieval England”, Agricultural History Review,Vol.14, 1966,p.89-91.
④C.Dyer, Lords and peasants in a changing society: The Estates of the Bish opric of Worcester 680 -1540, Cambridge :Cambridge University Press, 1980,p.302.
⑤Z. Razi,“family, land and village community in later medieval England”, past and present,No.93,1981,p.18.
①Ibid.,35.
②Miriam Muller,“A divided class? Peasant and Peasant Communities in Later Medieval England”, Past and Present, 2007, Supplement2,p.128.
③Ibid.
④熊芳芳:《近代早期法国的乡村共同体与村民自治》,《世界历史》,2010年第1期,第9—10页。
①G. C.Homans, English villagers of the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1941,p.276-82.
②Z. Razi,“family, land and village community in later medieval England”, past and present,No.93,1981,p.34.
③Ibid.,35.
④Elaine Clark,“Social Welfare and Mutual Aid in the Medieval Countryside”, Journal of British Studies, Vo1.33,No.4, (Oct., 1994),p.401.
①马克垚:《英国封建社会研究》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年,第214年。
②Helen M. Cam,“the theory and Practice of Representation in Medieval England”, In E. B. Fryde and Edward Miller, ed., Historical Studies of the English Parliament, Cambridge, 1970,p.269.
③R.M, Smith,“the manorial court and the elderly tenant in late medieval England”, In M. Pelling and R.M.Smith,ed., life, death and the elderly, London,1991,p.39-61.
④C.Dyer,“The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline”, Journal of British Studies, 33, (October 1994),p.416.
⑤Elaine Clark,“Social Welfare and Mutual Aid in the Medieval Countryside”, Journal of British Studies, Vo1.33,No.4,(Oct., 1994),p.392.
①Ibid.,397.
②Ibid.,393.
③Pound John, Poverty and Vagrancy in Tudor England, Harlow:Longman,1982,p.3-24.
①Elaine Clark,“Social Welfare and Mutual Aid in the Medieval Countryside”, Journal of British Studies, Vo1.33,No.4, (Oct., 1994),p.402.
②E. Lamond, Walter of Henley's Husbandry, London: Longmans Green,1890,p.5.
③N.J.G,.Pounds, A History of the English Parish: The Culture of Religion from Augustine to Victoria, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000,p.4.
④戴维.M.沃克:《牛津法律大辞典》(中译本),北京社会与科技发展研究所组织翻译,光明日报出版,1998年,第5页。
⑤C.Dyer,“The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline”, Journal of British Studies, 33, (October 1994),p.413.
①W. O. Ault,‘Manor Court and Parish Church in Fifteenth-Century England: A Study of Village By-Laws”, Speculum, Vol. 42, No. 1 (Jan., 1967),p.54.
②Ibid.,56.
③Ibid.,61.
④Ibid.,78.
⑤W.O. Ault, Open-Field Farming in Medieval England: A Study of Village By-Laws, London and New York: George Allen and Unwin Ltd,p.63.
①H. F. Westlake, the Parish Gilds of Medieval England, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1919,p.160-61.
①See for instance: J. A. Raftis,Warboys, two hundred years in the fife of an English medieval village,Toronto, 1974; E. Britton, the community of the vill:A study in the history of the family and village life in fourteenth century England,Toronto, 1977; J. A. Raftis,“changes in an English village after the Black Death”, Medieval Studies, 29,1967,pp.158-77.
①Z. Razi,“the Toronto School’s Reconstruction of Medieval Peasant Society: A Critical View”, Past and Present, No.85,1979,p.141-56.
②C.Dyer,“The English Medieval Village Community and its Decline”, Journal of British Studies, 33, (October 1994),p.418; C. Dyer,“power and conflict in the medieval English village”, In C. Dyer, Everyday life in Medieval England, London, 2000 ,p.1.
③Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the journal of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.542.
④A. Macfarlane, the origins of English individualism:the Family, Property and Social Transition, Oxford: Basil Black- well,1978; see also: A. Macfarlane,“the Myth of the Peasantry: Family and Economy in a Northern Parish”, In R. M. Smith, ed., Land, Kinship and Life-cycle, Cambridge, 1984,p.333-49.
⑤有关“公地共同体”的概念,请参阅赵文洪:《庄园法庭、村规民约与中世纪欧洲“公地共同体”》一文。
⑥赵文洪:《庄园法庭、村规民约与中世纪欧洲“公地共同体”》,《历史研究》,2007年第4期,第138页。
⑦熊芳芳:《近代早期法国的乡村共同体与村民自治》,《世界历史》,2010年第1期,第19页。
①Overton, Mark.,Agricultural Revolution in England:the Transformation of the Agrarian Economy, 1500—1800, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1996,p.148.
②Gregory & Clark,“Anthony, Common Rights to Land in England,1475—1839”, The Journal of Economic History,2001,p.61.
③[英]莫尔顿:《人民的英国史》,:谢琏造等译,上海:三联书店,1958年,第130页。
④Birrell,Jean,“Common Rights in the Medieval Forest: Disputes and Conflicts in the Thirteenth Century”, Past and Present, 1987,p.42.
⑤Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the journal of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.574.
①程西筠:《关于英国圈地运动的若干资料》,《世界史研究动态》,1981年,第948页。
②Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen, Modernization of Rural Fance1870-1914, London: Chatto & Windus,1979,p.128.
③Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the journal of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.545.
④Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen, Modernization of Rural Fance1870-1914, London: Chatto & Windus,1979,p.120.
⑤郭爱民:《土地产权的变革与英国农业革命》,《史学月刊》,2003年第11期,第68页。
⑥Phillipp.R. Schofield, Peasant and community: in Medieval England 1200-1500, New York:palgrave macmillan,2003,p.55.
①E.Miller, & Hatcher, Medieval England Rural Society and Economic Change 1086-1348, London: Longman, 1978,p.145.
②R. H. Hilton, the Economic Development of some Leicestershire Estates in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries ,Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1947.5.
③J.D.Chambers and GE Mingay, The Agricultural Revolution, 1750-1880, London: Batsford, 1966.5.
④E.L.Jones, Agricultural and the Industrial Revolution, Bristol:Western Printing Services Ltd.,1974,p.67.
⑤许平:《法国农村社会转型研究》,北京:北京大学出版社,2001年,第111页。
①A. Soboul,“The French Rural Community in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries”, Past and Present, No.10, (Nov., 1956),p.92.
①孙娴:《试论彻底与妥协》,《世界历史》,1989年第2期,第49页。
②Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen, Modernization of Rural France 1870-1914, Stanford,California: Stanford University Press. 1976,p.129.
③A. Soboul,“The French Rural Community in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries”, Past and Present, No.10, (Nov., 1956),p.83.
④V. I. Lenin, the development of Capitalism in Russia, 2nd edn, Moscow, 1977; R. H. Hilton,“Reasons for Inequality among Medieval Peasants”, In Hilton, Class Conflict and the Crisis of Feudalism, London: Verso,1985,p.66-78; or Hilton,“Introductory comments”, In T. H. Aston and C. H. E. Philpin,eds., the Brenner Debate. Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-industrial Europe, Cambridge, reprinted, 1991,p.1-9.
①R. H. Hilton, The English peasantry in the Later Middle ages, Oxford:Clarendon press,1975,p.20-36.
②C.Dyer, Everyday Life in Medieval England, London: Hambledon Press, 1994,p.1-11; C. Dyer,“Taxation and Communities in Late Medieval England”, In J. Hatcher and R. Britnell eds., Progress and Problems in Medieval England Essays in Honour of Edward Miller, Cambridge, 1996,p.168-190.
③R. M. Smith,“Kin and Neighbors in a Thirteenth-century Suffolk Community”, Journal of Family History,No.4,1979,p.219-56, reprinted in: G.Crow ed, the sociology of Rural Communities, vol.1, Cheltenham, 1996,p. 244-81; B. A. Hanawalt,“the Peasant Family and Crime in Fourteenth-century England”, Journal of British Studies,No.13,1974,p.1-8; B.A.Hanawalt, Crime and Conflict in English Communities: 1300-1348, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979; B.A. Hanawalt, The Ties that Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England, Oxford: Oxford University Press,1986.
④P. R. Schofield,“Dearth, Debt and the Local Land Market in a late thirteenth-century village community”, Agriculture History Review, No.45,1997,p.1-17;“Access to Credit in the Early Fourteenth-Century Countryside”, In P. R. Schofield and N. J. Mayhew eds., Credit and Debt in Medieval England c.1180-c.1350, Oxbow Books, 2002; Hilton, the English peasantry in the Later Middle Ages, Clarendon Press, 1975,p.44-53.
⑤G. C.Homans, English villagers of the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1941,p.205-206.
⑥[英]波斯坦:《剑桥欧洲经济史》,(第三卷)周荣国译,北京:经济科学出版社,2002年,第529-540页。
⑦马克垚:《英国封建社会研究》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年第2版,第317页。
①J.A.Sharpe, Early Modern England:A Social History1550-1760, London: Edward Arnold, 1987,p.91.
②W.G.Hosins,“the Leicestershire Farmer in the Sixteenth Century”, Essays in Leicestershire History, Liverpool,1950,p.129.
①M. Bailey,“Trade and Town in Medieval England: New Insights from Familiar Sources”, the local Historian, 29, 1999,p.194-211.
②Miriam Muller,“A divided class? Peasant and Peasant Communities in Later Medieval England”, Past and Present, 2007, Supplement2,p.121.
③Ibid.,122.
④Ibid.
⑤马克垚:《英国封建社会研究》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年,第2版,第316页。
①侯建新:《社会转型时期的西欧与中国》,北京:高等教育出版社,2005年第2版,第115-116页。
②E.F.Heckscher, An Economic History of Sweden, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,1954,p.154,163.
③有关富裕农民的问题,可参见侯建新先生的著作《社会转型时期的西欧与中国》一书中的第六章、第十章。
④Z. Razi,“family, land and village community in later medieval England”, past and present,No.93,1981,p.31.
⑤Ibid.,10.
⑥J.A.Sharpe, Early Modern England:A Social History1550-1760, London: Edward Arnold, 1987,p.92.
①R.H.Hilton,“A Crisis of Feudalism”, Past and Present, No.80,(Aug.,1978),p.9.
②E. B. Dewindt, Land and people in Holywell-cum-Needingworth: structures of tenure and patterns of social organization in an East Midlands village 1252-1457,Toronto,1972,p.240-241.
③Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the journal of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.570.
④Ibid.,571.
⑤Jerome Blum,“The European village as community: origins and functions”, Agricultural History, vol. 45, No.3, (Jul., 1971),p.175.
⑥Thirsk, English Peasant Farming: the Agrarian History of Lincolnshire from Tudor to Recent Times, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul,1957,p.116.
⑦A. Soboul,“The French Rural Community in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries”, Past and Present, No.10, (Nov., 1956),p.90.
①李宏图:《西欧近代民族主义思潮研究》,上海:上海社会科学出版社,1997年,第249-250页。
②Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen, Modernization of Rural France 1870-1914, Stanford,California: Stanford University Press,1976,p.46.
③Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the journal of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.568.
①G. Slater, the English Peasantry and the Enclosure of the Common Fields, New York: AM Kelley, 1968,p.8.
②A. Soboul,“The French Rural Community in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries”, Past and Present, No.10, (Nov., 1956),p.81.
③Ibid.
④Ibid.
①Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the journal of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.561.
②A. Soboul,“The French Rural Community in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries”, Past and Present, No.10, (Nov., 1956),p.81-82.
③Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the journal of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.561.
④Chiva, Rural Communities problems, methods and types of research, Paris:Unesco, 1959,p.19.
⑤A. Soboul,“The French Rural Community in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries”, Past and Present, No.10, (Nov., 1956),p.84.
①Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the journal of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.568-569.
②Patricel.R.Higoment, Pont-de-Montvert: Social Structure and Politics in a French Village, 1700-1914, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971,p.116.
③Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the journal of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.569.
①A. Soboul,“The French Rural Community in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries”, Past and Present, No.10, (Nov., 1956),p.91.
②“前原始积累”这一概念是侯建新先生最先提出来的,相关论述可参见侯建新:《社会转型时期的西欧与中国》,北京:高等教育出版社,2005年,第2版,第34页。
③A. Soboul,“The French Rural Community in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries”, Past and Present, No.10, (Nov., 1956),p.89.
①《马克思恩格斯选集》,第一卷,北京:人民出版社,1995年,第2版,第585页。
②Peter John, Local governance in Western Europe, London:Athenaeum press,2001,p.29.
③陈日华:《中古英格兰教区行政》,《世界历史》,2007年,第l期。
①Stephen Friar, The local History Companion, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing Ltd.,2001,p.310.
③刘健:《基于城乡统筹的法国乡村开发建设及其规划管理》,《国际城市规划》,第25卷,2001年,第2期,第5页。
①陈家刚:《法制框架下德国地方治理:权利、责任与财政》,《公共管理学报》,第3卷,2006年,第2期,第15页。
①项继权:《外国农村基层建制》,上海:华中师范大学出版社,1995年,第48-50页。
②陈家刚:《德国地方治理中的公共品供给——以德国莱茵一法尔茨州A县为例的分析》,《经济社会体制比较》2006年,第1期,第100页。
①张要杰:《德国农村公共物品供给的经验研究》,《农业经济》,2009年,第6期,第74页。
②E. de Laveleye, Primitive Property, London: Macmillan,1878,p.63.
③罗伟雄,刘宗贤:《发达国家农村基层行政管理制度》,北京:时事出版社,2005年,第75页。
②陈家刚:《德国地方治理中的公共品供给——以德国莱茵一法尔茨州A县为例的分析》,《经济社会体制比较》,2006年,第1期,第103页。
①罗伟雄,刘宗贤:《发达国家农村基层行政管理制度》,北京:时事出版社,2005年,第63页。
②Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the journal of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.562.
③项继权:《外国农村基层建制》,上海:华中师范大学出版社,1995年,第33,48页。
④James Midgley, Social Wefaeer in Global context, Thousand oaks, California: Sage publication 1997,p.24.
①[英]布莱斯:《现代民主政体》,梅祖芬译,北京:商务印书馆,1923年,第176、179-180页。
②徐勇:《村干部的双重角色:代理人与当家》,《21世纪》(中国香港),1997年,第8页。
①Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the journal of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.576.
②E. de Laveleye, Primitive Property, London: Macmillan,1878,p.63.
③C. S. and C.S. Orwin, the Open Fields, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967,p.124.
④Ibid.,158.
⑤Jerome Blum,“the internal structure and polit of the European village community from the fifteenth to the Nineteenth century”, the journal of modern history, vol.43, No. 4, (Dec., 1971),p.554.
⑥Ibid.
①W. O. Ault,‘Manor Court and Parish Church in Fifteenth-Century England: A Study of Village By-Laws”, Speculum, Vol. 42, No. 1 (Jan., 1967),p.55,56.
②[法]马克·布洛赫:《法国农村史》,余中先等译,北京:商务印书馆,1991年,第600-601页。
③赵文洪:《庄园法庭、村规民约与中世纪欧洲“公地共同体”》,《历史研究》,2007年第4期,第149页。
①[美]华盛顿·欧文:《庄园见闻录》,高健译,上海:上海文艺出版社,2008年,第23页。
②Prat,Jean and Geoff Prat,Village Walks in Cambridgeshire, Berkshire:Countryside Books,1997.
①朱炯:《法国的乡村生活》,《文明》,2009年,第10期。
②Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen, Modernization of Rural France 1870-1914, Stanford,California: Stanford University Press. 1976,p.269.
①郝宏奎:《评英国犯罪预防的理论、政策和实践》,《公安大学学报》,1998年,第1期,第52页。
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