埃及Faiyum盆地沉积物记录的晚全新世气候变化
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摘要
近些年来,季风的形成、演化及其对区域与全球气候变化的影响已是目前全球变化研究的热点之一。非洲地区对于气候-季风变化的响应尤为显著,非洲撒哈拉沙漠早中全新世气候较现在温暖湿润,绿洲满目,古文明兴旺发达,而晚全新世以来,随着季风减弱,尼罗河流域水源缺乏,气候开始向干旱转化,最终导致埃及古文明走向衰落。可见,气候-季风的变化深刻影响着人类文明的进程,对于尼罗河流域气候-季风的研究具有重要意义。
埃及Faiyum盆地背靠撒哈拉沙漠,又是尼罗河下游的一泛滥平原,长期以来一直是埃及重要的农业区,既能接受撒哈拉沙漠的物源,尼罗河的物源也能在此沉积,因而沉积物记录了丰富的区域环境演化信息。尼罗河流量主要受控于其上游地区的季风降雨量,太阳辐射控制下ITCZ的南北移动以及印度洋季风的强弱,导致其上游地区季风降水的变化。本文通过对埃及Faiyum盆地东北部取得的FAYM钻孔进行了现场岩性描述、14C测年、粒度实验、磁学实验、粘土矿物实验、石英、石膏及碳酸盐颗粒统计分析,旨在通过对埃及Faiyum盆地的钻孔沉积物进行沉积学分析,判断物质来源以及沉积环境的变化,从而反演该区对非洲北部晚全新世气候-季风活动的响应。
研究结果显示晚全新世以来该区沉积物记录了气候-季风波动过程：
3800-3200cal.yr BP,沉积物以粘土质粉砂为主,砂的含量极少,频率曲线以双峰为主,细峰高,粗峰低,各磁性参数处于较高值,源自尼罗河的石英颗粒较多,石膏、碳酸盐的含量较低。这些记录表明该时期沉积物受到流水和风沙的双重作用,但流水作用较强,尼罗河流量较多,说明该时期ITCZ位置偏北,印度洋季风增强。
3200-2500cal.yr BP,沉积物粒度变粗,粒度频率曲线为低细缝和高粗峰组合成的双峰或者尖而高的粗单峰形态,各个磁性参数值都出现低值,粘土矿物蒙脱石、伊利石的含量增加,高岭石的含量减少,源自沙漠的石英颗粒含量增加,石膏的含量也增加,碳酸盐颗粒的含量减少,这些表明该时期沙漠来源的物质增多,风沙活动强,尼罗河流域来水量剧减气候干旱。推测原因为该段时期ITCZ南移,印度洋季风减弱所致。
2500-2000cal.yr BP,该时期沉积物粒度突然变细,砂的含量急剧减少,粒度频率曲线变为细单峰或者细峰高,粗峰低的双峰,就磁性特征而言,从3,30-2.86m处各磁性参数值升高,且来源于河流搬运的棱角状石英含量急剧增加,说明来自流水搬运来的细粒尼罗河沉积物增多,从2.86-2.60m各磁性参数出现低值,说明有抗磁性矿物存在,碳酸盐颗粒的含量在该层最高也证实了这一点,同时也说明此时期水深增大,气候变得更加湿润。另外,粘土矿物高岭石含量的增加和蒙脱石、伊利石含量的减少也表明气候向湿润转化。上述说明该时期气候湿润,尼罗河流量增加,洪水频繁,这与该时期ITCZ北移,印度洋季风增强有关。
2000cal.yr BP以来,磁性参数处于高值,源自沙漠的石英颗粒比例较前期有所增加,石膏含量增加,碳酸盐含量减少,说明该时期气候向干旱转化,湖水变浅,沙漠物质供应有所增加。同时,由于大力兴建水利工程,修建大坝,开辟灌溉渠道,人为调节尼罗河洪水对于该区的影响,使得该区沉积物重新被搬运至湖泊沉积,可能对于沉积物磁性增强也有一定的贡献。综合看来,该时期尼罗河流量减少,ITCZ南移,印度洋季风有所减弱,同时人类活动的影响加剧。
Recently, formation and evolution of monsoon and its impact on regional or global climate have become hot research spots. African is one of area affected remarkably by climate-monsoon change. During the early and mid- Holocene, Sahra Desert was totally not like today, where oasis prevailed and ancient civilization flourished. However, monsoon began to weaken from late Holocene and Nile River became drought, which resulted in collapes of ancient Egypt civilization. It is not difficult to understand that climate-monsoon change have a profound impact on the process of human civilization, which is necciserily needed to be studied further.
The Faiyum Depression, a flood plain of the Nile downstream, lies in the margin of the Sahara Desert. It is feeded by sediments of the Nile and the Sahara Desert, so it has been an important agricultural area in Egypt history. The Nile runoff is mainly controlled by upstream monsoonal rainfall that depends heavily on ITCZ (Intertropical Convengence Zone) movement and intensity of the Indian Ocean monsoon. In this study, we got a late Holocene core FAYM in the northeast of Faiyum Depression. Through analysis of 14C dating, grain size, magnetism, clay mineral,as well as mineral statistic, the paper is aiming to discuss local response to late Holocene climate-monsoon change in northern Africa.
The result showed that Faiyum sediments of late Holocene recorded several changes of climate and monsoon:
During 3800-3200cal.yrBP, sediment is mainly composed of silt and clay and grain-size frequency shows biomodal distribution pattern:high peak with fine grain size and low one with with coarse grain size. Subangular quartze grains have a high propotion in the sediments and magnetism parameters of balk sediment are relatively high. All above indicates the Fayium receives more sediments from Nile River than Sahara, which further suggests northward movement of ITCZ and high intensity of Indian Ocean monsoon.
From 3200 to 2500cal.yrBP, sediment become coarse and grain-size distribution becomes from biomodal to unimodal pattern gradually which is characteristic of a very coarse high peak. The content of smectite and illite increase and kaolinite decreses. The eolian quartz and gypsum content increase, but the content of carbonate decreses. All these imply that Sahara Desert has been a major provenance of Faiyum and Nile runoff reduces sharply due to southward movement of ITCZ and weak Indian Ocean monsoon.
From 2500 to 2000cal.yrBP, sediment suddenly become fine with a biomodal pattern of sediment grain-size distribution. The high modal peak is located in fine grain size and the low peak in the coarse sediment. The magnetism increases in the earlier period (3.30-2.86m at depth) and largely decreases during the late period (2.86-2.60m), maybe indicating deeper water. This is also witnessed by high content of carbonate. Round quartz grains reduces remarkably, implying Nile sediment supply. All these changes indicate relative wet climate and large discharges of Nile River, which is benificial from northward movement of ITCZ and intensified Indian Ocean monsoon.
Since 2000cal BP, the magnetism parameter is the highest. In the mean time gypsum content increases and carbonate reduces. More round quartze grains are found. These suggest that climate begins to be dry and the lake becomes shallow. Besides, human activities become strong and frequent during this period which can be seen from water conservancy projects, dams, and irrigation channels. These activities can artifically regulat Nile flood and disturb surficial sediments in Faiyum, which is the possible reason of high magnetism. In short, these changes reveal that climate is dry and Nile runoff reduces, due to southward movement of ITCZ and weakened Indian Ocean monsoon.
埃及Faiyum盆地背靠撒哈拉沙漠,又是尼罗河下游的一泛滥平原,长期以来一直是埃及重要的农业区,既能接受撒哈拉沙漠的物源,尼罗河的物源也能在此沉积,因而沉积物记录了丰富的区域环境演化信息。尼罗河流量主要受控于其上游地区的季风降雨量,太阳辐射控制下ITCZ的南北移动以及印度洋季风的强弱,导致其上游地区季风降水的变化。本文通过对埃及Faiyum盆地东北部取得的FAYM钻孔进行了现场岩性描述、14C测年、粒度实验、磁学实验、粘土矿物实验、石英、石膏及碳酸盐颗粒统计分析,旨在通过对埃及Faiyum盆地的钻孔沉积物进行沉积学分析,判断物质来源以及沉积环境的变化,从而反演该区对非洲北部晚全新世气候-季风活动的响应。
研究结果显示晚全新世以来该区沉积物记录了气候-季风波动过程：
3800-3200cal.yr BP,沉积物以粘土质粉砂为主,砂的含量极少,频率曲线以双峰为主,细峰高,粗峰低,各磁性参数处于较高值,源自尼罗河的石英颗粒较多,石膏、碳酸盐的含量较低。这些记录表明该时期沉积物受到流水和风沙的双重作用,但流水作用较强,尼罗河流量较多,说明该时期ITCZ位置偏北,印度洋季风增强。
3200-2500cal.yr BP,沉积物粒度变粗,粒度频率曲线为低细缝和高粗峰组合成的双峰或者尖而高的粗单峰形态,各个磁性参数值都出现低值,粘土矿物蒙脱石、伊利石的含量增加,高岭石的含量减少,源自沙漠的石英颗粒含量增加,石膏的含量也增加,碳酸盐颗粒的含量减少,这些表明该时期沙漠来源的物质增多,风沙活动强,尼罗河流域来水量剧减气候干旱。推测原因为该段时期ITCZ南移,印度洋季风减弱所致。
2500-2000cal.yr BP,该时期沉积物粒度突然变细,砂的含量急剧减少,粒度频率曲线变为细单峰或者细峰高,粗峰低的双峰,就磁性特征而言,从3,30-2.86m处各磁性参数值升高,且来源于河流搬运的棱角状石英含量急剧增加,说明来自流水搬运来的细粒尼罗河沉积物增多,从2.86-2.60m各磁性参数出现低值,说明有抗磁性矿物存在,碳酸盐颗粒的含量在该层最高也证实了这一点,同时也说明此时期水深增大,气候变得更加湿润。另外,粘土矿物高岭石含量的增加和蒙脱石、伊利石含量的减少也表明气候向湿润转化。上述说明该时期气候湿润,尼罗河流量增加,洪水频繁,这与该时期ITCZ北移,印度洋季风增强有关。
2000cal.yr BP以来,磁性参数处于高值,源自沙漠的石英颗粒比例较前期有所增加,石膏含量增加,碳酸盐含量减少,说明该时期气候向干旱转化,湖水变浅,沙漠物质供应有所增加。同时,由于大力兴建水利工程,修建大坝,开辟灌溉渠道,人为调节尼罗河洪水对于该区的影响,使得该区沉积物重新被搬运至湖泊沉积,可能对于沉积物磁性增强也有一定的贡献。综合看来,该时期尼罗河流量减少,ITCZ南移,印度洋季风有所减弱,同时人类活动的影响加剧。
Recently, formation and evolution of monsoon and its impact on regional or global climate have become hot research spots. African is one of area affected remarkably by climate-monsoon change. During the early and mid- Holocene, Sahra Desert was totally not like today, where oasis prevailed and ancient civilization flourished. However, monsoon began to weaken from late Holocene and Nile River became drought, which resulted in collapes of ancient Egypt civilization. It is not difficult to understand that climate-monsoon change have a profound impact on the process of human civilization, which is necciserily needed to be studied further.
The Faiyum Depression, a flood plain of the Nile downstream, lies in the margin of the Sahara Desert. It is feeded by sediments of the Nile and the Sahara Desert, so it has been an important agricultural area in Egypt history. The Nile runoff is mainly controlled by upstream monsoonal rainfall that depends heavily on ITCZ (Intertropical Convengence Zone) movement and intensity of the Indian Ocean monsoon. In this study, we got a late Holocene core FAYM in the northeast of Faiyum Depression. Through analysis of 14C dating, grain size, magnetism, clay mineral,as well as mineral statistic, the paper is aiming to discuss local response to late Holocene climate-monsoon change in northern Africa.
The result showed that Faiyum sediments of late Holocene recorded several changes of climate and monsoon:
During 3800-3200cal.yrBP, sediment is mainly composed of silt and clay and grain-size frequency shows biomodal distribution pattern:high peak with fine grain size and low one with with coarse grain size. Subangular quartze grains have a high propotion in the sediments and magnetism parameters of balk sediment are relatively high. All above indicates the Fayium receives more sediments from Nile River than Sahara, which further suggests northward movement of ITCZ and high intensity of Indian Ocean monsoon.
From 3200 to 2500cal.yrBP, sediment become coarse and grain-size distribution becomes from biomodal to unimodal pattern gradually which is characteristic of a very coarse high peak. The content of smectite and illite increase and kaolinite decreses. The eolian quartz and gypsum content increase, but the content of carbonate decreses. All these imply that Sahara Desert has been a major provenance of Faiyum and Nile runoff reduces sharply due to southward movement of ITCZ and weak Indian Ocean monsoon.
From 2500 to 2000cal.yrBP, sediment suddenly become fine with a biomodal pattern of sediment grain-size distribution. The high modal peak is located in fine grain size and the low peak in the coarse sediment. The magnetism increases in the earlier period (3.30-2.86m at depth) and largely decreases during the late period (2.86-2.60m), maybe indicating deeper water. This is also witnessed by high content of carbonate. Round quartz grains reduces remarkably, implying Nile sediment supply. All these changes indicate relative wet climate and large discharges of Nile River, which is benificial from northward movement of ITCZ and intensified Indian Ocean monsoon.
Since 2000cal BP, the magnetism parameter is the highest. In the mean time gypsum content increases and carbonate reduces. More round quartze grains are found. These suggest that climate begins to be dry and the lake becomes shallow. Besides, human activities become strong and frequent during this period which can be seen from water conservancy projects, dams, and irrigation channels. These activities can artifically regulat Nile flood and disturb surficial sediments in Faiyum, which is the possible reason of high magnetism. In short, these changes reveal that climate is dry and Nile runoff reduces, due to southward movement of ITCZ and weakened Indian Ocean monsoon.
引文
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