旅游产业集群形成和演进研究
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摘要
随着世界范围内旅游业的迅猛发展,旅游理论研究日益受到重视,而旅游现象的复杂性和旅游产业的多关联性,也决定了旅游理论研究需要多学科参与和多角度探讨。20世纪90年代以来,产业集群理论成为重要的区域经济发展理论,受到众多学科的青睐。但是产业集群理论一直多应用于制造业和高技术产业,在旅游业中的应用较少。近几年,随着旅游理论研究的深入和旅游实践的推动,国内外学者开始关注产业集群理论在旅游研究和区域旅游产业发展中的应用。从区域的角度来看,旅游产业客观存在着“产业集聚”和“产业联系”的特征,在具备了专业化分工和较长产业链的旅游地具备了形成旅游产业集群的条件。用集群的理论和方法展开对区域旅游产业和旅游目的地的分析,在案例总结的基础上构建旅游产业集群的理论和范式,同时用旅游产业集群理论指导区域旅游产业的发展,对目前处于“朝阳时期”的旅游经济可持续发展会起到重要的作用。
本文在总结国内外相关研究成果的基础上,运用归纳和演绎的方法,构建了分析旅游产业集群形成与演进的基础理论体系,并以世界文化遗产旅游地——平遥古城为案例进行了实证研究。本文工作的特色之处,在于尝试将产业集群理论运用于区域旅游产业发展研究,明确提出了旅游产业集群的性质和识别方法;较为系统地分析了旅游产业集群形成、发展、演进的因素和机制;以平遥古城旅游产业发展为案例进行实证分析,为旅游产业集群研究提供了一个生动的案例,同时也为旅游产业集群政策的制定和实施,提供了理论根据和操作思路。
论文共分九章。
第一章是绪论。主要分析选题背景和意义,指出旅游产业集群理论研究的必要性、迫切性及实践意义,导出本文的研究框架和方法。
第二章是相关研究文献综述。产业集群理论是旅游产业集群理论研究的基础,本章首先对国内外产业集群的理论研究和实践进行了梳理,其次重点对国内外旅游产业集群研究现状和存在问题进行了总结;在此基础上,提出了目前旅游产业集群研究应重点关注和研究的内容。
第三章是旅游产业集群内涵和性质。首先分析了旅游产业集群的特征和概念,认为旅游产业集群应同时具备外部、内部两方面特征,外部特征指具有一定的产业规模、较长的旅游产业链条及有较强的创新能力,内部特征指集群内部合作性竞争明显、企业间形成了共享的竞争规范和行为准则;其次阐述了与旅游产业集群相关的概念,对旅游产业链、旅游目的地与旅游产业集群的关系进行了辨析;再次讨论了旅游产业集群的组成和边界,包括组织边界和地理边界;最后根据产业集群的类型划分和目前对旅游产业集群的研究和实践,从推动集群发展的主导因素、集群内部企业联系和组织结构及集群所处区域等不同角度划分了旅游产业集群的类型。
第四章是旅游产业集群的判定研究。认为旅游产业集群的判定,可以通过定性考察和调查旅游产业链、旅游企业竞合关系及创新等方面内容,同时结合区位商系数、旅游业产值专业化指数以及旅游产业集群的创新能力评价等定量方法来进行。通过用定性和定量的方法对平遥古城旅游产业集聚发展现象进行测定,得出平遥古城初步形成了旅游产业集群的结论。
第五章是旅游产业集群形成因素分析。区域旅游产业的发展在空间上往往呈集聚特征,旅游企业初始的集聚动力主要源于旅游产业特性的要求、企业对外部经济效应的追求以及政府对旅游产业空间布局的规划等。旅游产业集聚并不一定都能形成集群,集群形成要受到多种因素的影响,而且不同类型和不同发展背景的集群,促其形成的主导因素也不尽相同。本章以平遥古城为案例,认为平遥古城旅游产业集群的形成,主要受到世界文化遗产的较强吸引力、本地的文化记忆和“惯例”、当地政府的促动等内部因素以及集群发展机会、旅游地在区域旅游空间结构中的区位等外部因素的影响。
第六章是旅游产业集群形成机制研究。集群形成的主要机制包括外部经济自增强机制、合作性竞争的形成机制和集群创新机制。随着集聚旅游企业的增加和产业链的扩展,外部规模经济和外部范围经济会产生自增强机制,促进集群产业分工的进一步深化和集群企业的进一步增加;集群合作性竞争是由企业长期的竞合博弈和基于集群社会资本对企业合作的激励形成的,而集群企业合作性竞争所形成的品牌效应又会增强外部经济效应;集群的创新包括政府对旅游产品的整体创新、管理和制度创新及旅游企业产品和服务的创新和管理创新等。群内企业创新的动力主要来源于市场需求的促动和企业“面对面”竞争压力引致的企业创新推力和创新激励和示范效应引致的对企业创新的拉力,同时集群也为创新提供了中介和平台;集群创新依靠知识学习,而来源于集群外部的知识和来源于内部的知识都是旅游产业集群知识学习和创新的重要渠道。最后以平遥古城为例,对集群形成机制进行了实证分析。
第七章是旅游产业集群演进分析。由于国内外旅游产业集群的研究刚刚开始,旅游产业集群的演进还缺乏相应的案例支撑,而且旅游地微观的经济数据和企业关系的历史数据较难获得,因此,本章主要是借鉴产业集群的演化和发展的相关理论和旅游地生命周期理论对旅游产业集群演进趋势进行演绎和推理,把旅游产业集群发展分为形成、发展、成熟和衰退阶段(升级阶段),提出在集群发展的每个阶段,都存在制约集群顺利演进的风险因素,包括拥挤成本、机会主义行为、社会资本的负效应、旅游需求增长惯性和偶然性事件。旅游产业集群也可以通过多种途径实现升级。平遥古城处于集群的刚刚形成阶段,目前也存在阻碍其演进的因素,未来的升级需要通过区域层面扩展旅游产业集群和提升集群功来实现。
第八章是旅游产业集群政策研究。集群政策指鼓励集群发展的整体政策和集群发展过程中有利于集群形成和发展条件的培育措施。在对国内外产业集群政策实践及旅游产业集群战略和政策分析的基础上,提出在旅游经济占重要地位的区域,应实施旅游产业集群战略,制定鼓励旅游产业集群发展的政策。对于单个旅游产业集群来说,应针对不同区域产业特征、不同集群发展阶段和不同集群发展类型,制定相应的集群政策和促进集群发展的措施。最后从全面启动旅游产业集群战略,制定相关投资政策吸引外资,加快集群内中介组织的创立和完善等方面,提出了当前促进平遥古城旅游产业集群顺利演进应采取的战略、政策和具体措施。第九章是结论和讨论,总结论文的主要结论、创新点、研究中存在的不足和今后需要进一步研究的问题。
Along with the worldwide speedy development of tourism, the researches of tourism theories have been given sufficient attention in a variety of countries. The complexity of tourism phenomena and the multi-associations of tourism call for a multi-disciplinary and multi-perspective research of tourism theories. Since the late 20th century, industrial cluster has developed into a significant theory of regional economic development and attached importance to in various disciplines. Nonetheless, the theory of industrial cluster has been applied more in manufacturing and high-technical industries than in tourism. In recent years,along with the profound researches of tourism theories and promotion of tourism practice,scholars in and outside China turn their attention to the application of the theory of industrial cluster in the researches of tourism and regional tourism industries. From the regional perspective,tourism is characterized by‘the agglomeration of industries’and‘the association of industries’and conditioned with the tourism cluster in the tourist sites which are qualified with the professional divisions and the relatively elongated industrial chains. It will be of great significance for the current consistent development of the prosperous tourism economics to analyze regional tourism and the goals of tour by means of the theories and methodologies of cluster,constructing the theories and paradigms of tourism cluster which guide the development of regional tourism. By adopting the inductive and deductive approaches,this dissertation proposes the fundamental theories of tourism cluster on the basis of summarizing both the domestic and abroad researches,taking Pingyao Ancient City,a tourist site of the worldwide cultural relic,as the case study. The innovation of this research lies in that it it is a tentiative attempt to apply the theory of industrial cluster to the study of regional tourism industry, putting forward its substance, properties and a method of identification. It also analyzes systematically the factors and mechanism of the formation, development and evolution of tourism industry. Besides, it offers a conving case study based on a research of the tourism industry of Ping Yao Ancient City one the one hand, and provides with a theoretical framework and an operational procedures for the establishment and actualization of the policy of tourism industry on the other.
The dissertation consists of nine chapters.
Chapter One is the introduction. It analyzes the motivation and significance of the dissertation,points out the necessity and practical significance of the research of the tourism cluster and sketches the framework and methodologies of the present research as well.
Chapter Two is literature review. Owing to the fact that the theory of industrial cluster is the foundation of tourism cluster,this chapter first overviews the theoretical and practical researches of industrial cluster in and outside China. Then it follows to summarize the current researches and problems of tourism cluster,on the basis of which,the dissertation puts forward the presumed concerns of the future researches of the tourism cluster.
Chapter Three sheds light on the substance and properties of the tourism cluster. It first analyzes the properties and concepts of the tourism cluster,holding that the tourism cluster is characterized by the exterior features of a certain scale of industry and a elongated tourism chain with the enhanced creativity and the interior feature of an evident cooperative competition within the cluster so that the competitive and demeanor regulations are shared by enterprises. Beside,this section interprets some concepts relevant to the tourism cluster,analyzing the relationship between the tourism cluster and such factors as the tourism chain and the termination of the tour. Thirdly,it discusses the composition and the boundary of the tourism cluster,including the organization boundary and geography boundary. Lastly,it categorizes the tourism cluster from different perspectives with reference to the relevant theories of industrial cluster and the researches and practices of the current tourism cluster.
Chapter Four moves on to the identification of the tourism cluster, maintaining that the tourism cluster can be identified via both the qualitative and the quantitative explorations; the former investigates the tourism chains,the creativity and the competitive and cooperative relations between tourism enterprises and the informal stipulations within the cluster; the latter probes into the regional business modulus,the professional exponential of the tourism industry and the evaluation of the creativity of the tourism cluster. In the case study of Pingyao Ancient City by means of both qualitative and quantitative approaches,this dissertation draws a tentative conclusion that Pingyao Ancient City has formed a crude tourism cluster in accordance with the evaluation of the developmental phenomena of tourism gathering of Pingyao Ancient City.
Chapter Five explores the factors that impact the cohesion impetus and the cluster formation of the tourism industry. The development of regional tourism is spatially featured by cohesion,whose stimulus at the initial stage of the tourism enterprise is to meet the requirement of the properties of the tourism industry,the enterprises’pursuit of the exterior economical effect and the government’s programming of the spatial layout of the tourism industry. Nonetheless,the gathering of the tourism industry does not necessarily form a cluster since the formation of a cluster is affected by a number of factors; moreover,the formation of the different types of clusters with different development backgrounds is affected by distinguishing dominant factors. The case study of Pingyao Ancient City in this chapter claims that the formation of the tourism cluster of Pingyao Ancient City is affected by such interior factors as the features of tourism attractions,the local cultural memories and conventions,namely,the legacy of‘Jin’businessmen,and the demeanors of the local government; besides,it also affected by such exterior factors as developmental opportunities of the cluster and the spatial location of the tourist site in the organization of the regional tourism.
Chapter Six discusses the formation mechanism of the tourism cluster,including the mechanism of the self-enhancement of the exterior economics,the formation mechanism of the cooperative competition and the creative mechanism of the cluster. The self-enhancement mechanism of the exterior economics indicates that the exterior scaled economics and the exterior scoped economics will develop a self-enhancement mechanism to promote the division of the cluster industry in depth and the increase of the cluster enterprises with the gathering of tourism enterprises and the extension of the industry chains. The cooperative competition of the cluster,on the one hand,is formed by the long-term competition between enterprises and the inspiration to the cooperation between enterprises on the basis of the reliance and relations of the social capital of the cluster; on the other hand,the effect of the brand produced by the cooperation of the enterprises in the cluster and the competitive and demeanor regulations shared by the enterprises promote the exterior economic effect. The creativity of the cluster includes the government’s macro creativity of the tourism products and the creativity of the products and service of the tourism enterprises. The force of the creativity within the cluster,on the one hand,derives from the creative promotion and the creative stimulus of the enterprises enhanced by the pressure of the face-to-face competition that the enterprises are confronted with; on the other hand,the cluster provides the medium and platform for the creativity of the cluster which is achieved by the acquisition of knowledge. It is argued that the knowledge both in and outside the cluster are considered as the vital channel of the acquisition and the creativity of the tourism cluster. The last part of this section is a practical study of the cluster formation mechanism of Pingyao Ancient City.
Chapter Seven investigates the evolution of the tourism cluster. Owing to the fact that the researches of tourism cluster is on its initial way,the evolution of tourism cluster lacks the case evidence so that it is difficult to obtain the micro economic data and historical data of the relationships between enterprises of the tourist sites. Based on this observation,this chapter conducts a deductive analysis of the evolution tendency of the tourism cluster with reference to the relevant evolutionary theories of the industrial cluster and the theory of the life cycle of the tourist site,dividing the development of tourism cluster into the stages of formation,development,maturity and declination or promotion,each stage of which comprises the factors that restrict the evolution of the cluster, including the pressing cost,opportunism behaviors, the negative effect of the social capital,the increasing inertia of the tour requests and the accidental events. It should not be neglected that the tourism cluster can be promoted by various means as well. With regard to Pingyao Ancient City,its cluster is still at the stage of formation and therein the factors that impede its evolution are included inevitably.
Chapter Eight is the policy study of the tourism cluster,claiming that the policies of the cluster denote the macro policies that uphold the development of the cluster and the cultivating measures that benefit the formation and development of the cluster in the course of its development. Based on the analysis of the policies of the domestic and abroad industrial clusters and their practice and the strategies and policies of the tourism cluster,this chapter puts forward that the policies that encourage the development of the tourism cluster should be established and that the strategies of tourism cluster should be carried out in the region where the tourism economics take precedence. As for the individual tourism cluster,the corresponding policies of the cluster and different measures should be adopted to promote the development of the cluster in terms of different properties of the regional industry,different developmental stages of the cluster and different types of the cluster. The last section of this chapter proposes the strategies,the policies and the practical measures that promote the evolution of the tourism cluster of Pingyao Ancient City.
Chapter Nine is the conclusion of the dissertation,summarizing the current research of its innovations and problems and predicting the future researches in prospect as well.
本文在总结国内外相关研究成果的基础上,运用归纳和演绎的方法,构建了分析旅游产业集群形成与演进的基础理论体系,并以世界文化遗产旅游地——平遥古城为案例进行了实证研究。本文工作的特色之处,在于尝试将产业集群理论运用于区域旅游产业发展研究,明确提出了旅游产业集群的性质和识别方法;较为系统地分析了旅游产业集群形成、发展、演进的因素和机制;以平遥古城旅游产业发展为案例进行实证分析,为旅游产业集群研究提供了一个生动的案例,同时也为旅游产业集群政策的制定和实施,提供了理论根据和操作思路。
论文共分九章。
第一章是绪论。主要分析选题背景和意义,指出旅游产业集群理论研究的必要性、迫切性及实践意义,导出本文的研究框架和方法。
第二章是相关研究文献综述。产业集群理论是旅游产业集群理论研究的基础,本章首先对国内外产业集群的理论研究和实践进行了梳理,其次重点对国内外旅游产业集群研究现状和存在问题进行了总结;在此基础上,提出了目前旅游产业集群研究应重点关注和研究的内容。
第三章是旅游产业集群内涵和性质。首先分析了旅游产业集群的特征和概念,认为旅游产业集群应同时具备外部、内部两方面特征,外部特征指具有一定的产业规模、较长的旅游产业链条及有较强的创新能力,内部特征指集群内部合作性竞争明显、企业间形成了共享的竞争规范和行为准则;其次阐述了与旅游产业集群相关的概念,对旅游产业链、旅游目的地与旅游产业集群的关系进行了辨析;再次讨论了旅游产业集群的组成和边界,包括组织边界和地理边界;最后根据产业集群的类型划分和目前对旅游产业集群的研究和实践,从推动集群发展的主导因素、集群内部企业联系和组织结构及集群所处区域等不同角度划分了旅游产业集群的类型。
第四章是旅游产业集群的判定研究。认为旅游产业集群的判定,可以通过定性考察和调查旅游产业链、旅游企业竞合关系及创新等方面内容,同时结合区位商系数、旅游业产值专业化指数以及旅游产业集群的创新能力评价等定量方法来进行。通过用定性和定量的方法对平遥古城旅游产业集聚发展现象进行测定,得出平遥古城初步形成了旅游产业集群的结论。
第五章是旅游产业集群形成因素分析。区域旅游产业的发展在空间上往往呈集聚特征,旅游企业初始的集聚动力主要源于旅游产业特性的要求、企业对外部经济效应的追求以及政府对旅游产业空间布局的规划等。旅游产业集聚并不一定都能形成集群,集群形成要受到多种因素的影响,而且不同类型和不同发展背景的集群,促其形成的主导因素也不尽相同。本章以平遥古城为案例,认为平遥古城旅游产业集群的形成,主要受到世界文化遗产的较强吸引力、本地的文化记忆和“惯例”、当地政府的促动等内部因素以及集群发展机会、旅游地在区域旅游空间结构中的区位等外部因素的影响。
第六章是旅游产业集群形成机制研究。集群形成的主要机制包括外部经济自增强机制、合作性竞争的形成机制和集群创新机制。随着集聚旅游企业的增加和产业链的扩展,外部规模经济和外部范围经济会产生自增强机制,促进集群产业分工的进一步深化和集群企业的进一步增加;集群合作性竞争是由企业长期的竞合博弈和基于集群社会资本对企业合作的激励形成的,而集群企业合作性竞争所形成的品牌效应又会增强外部经济效应;集群的创新包括政府对旅游产品的整体创新、管理和制度创新及旅游企业产品和服务的创新和管理创新等。群内企业创新的动力主要来源于市场需求的促动和企业“面对面”竞争压力引致的企业创新推力和创新激励和示范效应引致的对企业创新的拉力,同时集群也为创新提供了中介和平台;集群创新依靠知识学习,而来源于集群外部的知识和来源于内部的知识都是旅游产业集群知识学习和创新的重要渠道。最后以平遥古城为例,对集群形成机制进行了实证分析。
第七章是旅游产业集群演进分析。由于国内外旅游产业集群的研究刚刚开始,旅游产业集群的演进还缺乏相应的案例支撑,而且旅游地微观的经济数据和企业关系的历史数据较难获得,因此,本章主要是借鉴产业集群的演化和发展的相关理论和旅游地生命周期理论对旅游产业集群演进趋势进行演绎和推理,把旅游产业集群发展分为形成、发展、成熟和衰退阶段(升级阶段),提出在集群发展的每个阶段,都存在制约集群顺利演进的风险因素,包括拥挤成本、机会主义行为、社会资本的负效应、旅游需求增长惯性和偶然性事件。旅游产业集群也可以通过多种途径实现升级。平遥古城处于集群的刚刚形成阶段,目前也存在阻碍其演进的因素,未来的升级需要通过区域层面扩展旅游产业集群和提升集群功来实现。
第八章是旅游产业集群政策研究。集群政策指鼓励集群发展的整体政策和集群发展过程中有利于集群形成和发展条件的培育措施。在对国内外产业集群政策实践及旅游产业集群战略和政策分析的基础上,提出在旅游经济占重要地位的区域,应实施旅游产业集群战略,制定鼓励旅游产业集群发展的政策。对于单个旅游产业集群来说,应针对不同区域产业特征、不同集群发展阶段和不同集群发展类型,制定相应的集群政策和促进集群发展的措施。最后从全面启动旅游产业集群战略,制定相关投资政策吸引外资,加快集群内中介组织的创立和完善等方面,提出了当前促进平遥古城旅游产业集群顺利演进应采取的战略、政策和具体措施。第九章是结论和讨论,总结论文的主要结论、创新点、研究中存在的不足和今后需要进一步研究的问题。
Along with the worldwide speedy development of tourism, the researches of tourism theories have been given sufficient attention in a variety of countries. The complexity of tourism phenomena and the multi-associations of tourism call for a multi-disciplinary and multi-perspective research of tourism theories. Since the late 20th century, industrial cluster has developed into a significant theory of regional economic development and attached importance to in various disciplines. Nonetheless, the theory of industrial cluster has been applied more in manufacturing and high-technical industries than in tourism. In recent years,along with the profound researches of tourism theories and promotion of tourism practice,scholars in and outside China turn their attention to the application of the theory of industrial cluster in the researches of tourism and regional tourism industries. From the regional perspective,tourism is characterized by‘the agglomeration of industries’and‘the association of industries’and conditioned with the tourism cluster in the tourist sites which are qualified with the professional divisions and the relatively elongated industrial chains. It will be of great significance for the current consistent development of the prosperous tourism economics to analyze regional tourism and the goals of tour by means of the theories and methodologies of cluster,constructing the theories and paradigms of tourism cluster which guide the development of regional tourism. By adopting the inductive and deductive approaches,this dissertation proposes the fundamental theories of tourism cluster on the basis of summarizing both the domestic and abroad researches,taking Pingyao Ancient City,a tourist site of the worldwide cultural relic,as the case study. The innovation of this research lies in that it it is a tentiative attempt to apply the theory of industrial cluster to the study of regional tourism industry, putting forward its substance, properties and a method of identification. It also analyzes systematically the factors and mechanism of the formation, development and evolution of tourism industry. Besides, it offers a conving case study based on a research of the tourism industry of Ping Yao Ancient City one the one hand, and provides with a theoretical framework and an operational procedures for the establishment and actualization of the policy of tourism industry on the other.
The dissertation consists of nine chapters.
Chapter One is the introduction. It analyzes the motivation and significance of the dissertation,points out the necessity and practical significance of the research of the tourism cluster and sketches the framework and methodologies of the present research as well.
Chapter Two is literature review. Owing to the fact that the theory of industrial cluster is the foundation of tourism cluster,this chapter first overviews the theoretical and practical researches of industrial cluster in and outside China. Then it follows to summarize the current researches and problems of tourism cluster,on the basis of which,the dissertation puts forward the presumed concerns of the future researches of the tourism cluster.
Chapter Three sheds light on the substance and properties of the tourism cluster. It first analyzes the properties and concepts of the tourism cluster,holding that the tourism cluster is characterized by the exterior features of a certain scale of industry and a elongated tourism chain with the enhanced creativity and the interior feature of an evident cooperative competition within the cluster so that the competitive and demeanor regulations are shared by enterprises. Beside,this section interprets some concepts relevant to the tourism cluster,analyzing the relationship between the tourism cluster and such factors as the tourism chain and the termination of the tour. Thirdly,it discusses the composition and the boundary of the tourism cluster,including the organization boundary and geography boundary. Lastly,it categorizes the tourism cluster from different perspectives with reference to the relevant theories of industrial cluster and the researches and practices of the current tourism cluster.
Chapter Four moves on to the identification of the tourism cluster, maintaining that the tourism cluster can be identified via both the qualitative and the quantitative explorations; the former investigates the tourism chains,the creativity and the competitive and cooperative relations between tourism enterprises and the informal stipulations within the cluster; the latter probes into the regional business modulus,the professional exponential of the tourism industry and the evaluation of the creativity of the tourism cluster. In the case study of Pingyao Ancient City by means of both qualitative and quantitative approaches,this dissertation draws a tentative conclusion that Pingyao Ancient City has formed a crude tourism cluster in accordance with the evaluation of the developmental phenomena of tourism gathering of Pingyao Ancient City.
Chapter Five explores the factors that impact the cohesion impetus and the cluster formation of the tourism industry. The development of regional tourism is spatially featured by cohesion,whose stimulus at the initial stage of the tourism enterprise is to meet the requirement of the properties of the tourism industry,the enterprises’pursuit of the exterior economical effect and the government’s programming of the spatial layout of the tourism industry. Nonetheless,the gathering of the tourism industry does not necessarily form a cluster since the formation of a cluster is affected by a number of factors; moreover,the formation of the different types of clusters with different development backgrounds is affected by distinguishing dominant factors. The case study of Pingyao Ancient City in this chapter claims that the formation of the tourism cluster of Pingyao Ancient City is affected by such interior factors as the features of tourism attractions,the local cultural memories and conventions,namely,the legacy of‘Jin’businessmen,and the demeanors of the local government; besides,it also affected by such exterior factors as developmental opportunities of the cluster and the spatial location of the tourist site in the organization of the regional tourism.
Chapter Six discusses the formation mechanism of the tourism cluster,including the mechanism of the self-enhancement of the exterior economics,the formation mechanism of the cooperative competition and the creative mechanism of the cluster. The self-enhancement mechanism of the exterior economics indicates that the exterior scaled economics and the exterior scoped economics will develop a self-enhancement mechanism to promote the division of the cluster industry in depth and the increase of the cluster enterprises with the gathering of tourism enterprises and the extension of the industry chains. The cooperative competition of the cluster,on the one hand,is formed by the long-term competition between enterprises and the inspiration to the cooperation between enterprises on the basis of the reliance and relations of the social capital of the cluster; on the other hand,the effect of the brand produced by the cooperation of the enterprises in the cluster and the competitive and demeanor regulations shared by the enterprises promote the exterior economic effect. The creativity of the cluster includes the government’s macro creativity of the tourism products and the creativity of the products and service of the tourism enterprises. The force of the creativity within the cluster,on the one hand,derives from the creative promotion and the creative stimulus of the enterprises enhanced by the pressure of the face-to-face competition that the enterprises are confronted with; on the other hand,the cluster provides the medium and platform for the creativity of the cluster which is achieved by the acquisition of knowledge. It is argued that the knowledge both in and outside the cluster are considered as the vital channel of the acquisition and the creativity of the tourism cluster. The last part of this section is a practical study of the cluster formation mechanism of Pingyao Ancient City.
Chapter Seven investigates the evolution of the tourism cluster. Owing to the fact that the researches of tourism cluster is on its initial way,the evolution of tourism cluster lacks the case evidence so that it is difficult to obtain the micro economic data and historical data of the relationships between enterprises of the tourist sites. Based on this observation,this chapter conducts a deductive analysis of the evolution tendency of the tourism cluster with reference to the relevant evolutionary theories of the industrial cluster and the theory of the life cycle of the tourist site,dividing the development of tourism cluster into the stages of formation,development,maturity and declination or promotion,each stage of which comprises the factors that restrict the evolution of the cluster, including the pressing cost,opportunism behaviors, the negative effect of the social capital,the increasing inertia of the tour requests and the accidental events. It should not be neglected that the tourism cluster can be promoted by various means as well. With regard to Pingyao Ancient City,its cluster is still at the stage of formation and therein the factors that impede its evolution are included inevitably.
Chapter Eight is the policy study of the tourism cluster,claiming that the policies of the cluster denote the macro policies that uphold the development of the cluster and the cultivating measures that benefit the formation and development of the cluster in the course of its development. Based on the analysis of the policies of the domestic and abroad industrial clusters and their practice and the strategies and policies of the tourism cluster,this chapter puts forward that the policies that encourage the development of the tourism cluster should be established and that the strategies of tourism cluster should be carried out in the region where the tourism economics take precedence. As for the individual tourism cluster,the corresponding policies of the cluster and different measures should be adopted to promote the development of the cluster in terms of different properties of the regional industry,different developmental stages of the cluster and different types of the cluster. The last section of this chapter proposes the strategies,the policies and the practical measures that promote the evolution of the tourism cluster of Pingyao Ancient City.
Chapter Nine is the conclusion of the dissertation,summarizing the current research of its innovations and problems and predicting the future researches in prospect as well.
引文
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