摘要
液膜萃取是二十世纪六十年代发展起来的一种样品前处理技术。它通过两液相间形成的界面一液相膜,将两种组成不同但又互相混溶的溶液隔开,经选择性渗透,使物质分离提纯。液膜萃取技术是一种高效、快速、经济的新型分离技术,且操作简单。这种新型的技术已经在多个领域得到应用,如气体分离、烃类提纯、湿法冶金、环境保护、生化产物的分离和提纯。不仅可以分离有机化合物还可以分离无机化合物。如农药残留分析、药物分析、环境分析、金属离子回收。
本文采用液膜萃取方法以苦参碱为分析物,考察了膜液溶剂的厚度、受体相pH值、温度、及萃取时间等影响萃取效率的因素。然后对山豆根提取液进行了前处理。结果表明,受体相酸度越高越利于分析物的接收;常温下萃取效率随时间的延长而增加,效率可达到100%;有机溶剂的厚度越薄萃取效率越高。在苦参碱的前处理过程中,使用厚体液膜与支撑液膜两种膜萃取方式,都采用三氯甲烷做膜液,厚体液膜比支撑液膜的稳定性好,但单位体积接触面积小使得萃取率比支撑液膜的小。采用双层支撑液膜装置,40℃受体相pH值为1萃取1 h,苦参碱萃取率达58%。采用双膜萃取虽然增加了苦参碱的迁移距离,但由于单位体积接触面积大在适宜的温度下仍能达到较高的萃取率。
双层支撑液膜装置在生物碱分离过程中具有较好的稳定性,能够采用易挥发的有机溶剂作膜液并能维持较高的萃取效率。与传统的液一液萃取相比,膜萃取技术具有步骤快捷简单,消耗有机溶剂少等优点,避免了液一液萃取过程中由于使用大量有机溶剂造成的污染。
Liquid membrane extraction is a sample pre-dealt technique which has developed in 1960s, It facilitates extraction without the mixing of two phases, thus eliminating emulsion formation and the need for high solvent usage.The attractive features of transport through membranes are their high selectivity and the simultaneous separation and preconcentration of elements, their simplicity, low operational costs, low energy consumption, and the fact that they can be used for a broad spectrum of elements by carefully selecting the carrier, it has becam widely used in medicine, biology, chemistry, biotechnology and water treatment.
In this paper, liquid membrane extraction was employed for analyzing matrine.The influencing factors such as the thickness of membrane liquid solvents, the pH value of the acceptor, the extraction temperature and extraction time were investigated.And then, Vietnamese Sophora Root was pre-dealt. The result shows that the lower pH of the accepter can be in favor of reception of the analyte, that organic liquid which is thiner can achieve higher extraction yields, the extraction efficiency increased with the time of up to 100% at room tempeature.In the pre-dealt process of matrine, trichloromethane was selected as the organic membrane liquid.Bulk liquid membrane and supported liquid membrane extraction devices were employed respectively and the former has better stability,however,the extraction efficiency is smaller than supported liquid membrane extraction,because the small contact area per unit volume,With the condition of phosphate buffer solution (pH=1)as accepter, matrine of Sophora Root was pre-dealt.The extracting time last 1 hours and the amount of extracted matrine get to 58.31%.Utilizing upported liquid membrane extraction system, the transferred distance of matrine extended, however, due to the high solubility of trichloromethane which was used as membrane liquid, we can still get high extraction efficiency.
In the process of separating alkaloids, supported liquid membrane extraction devices can offer better stability. So we can use volatile organic solvents as membrane liquid to maintain higher efficiency of extraction.Compared with the traditional pre-dealt methods of matrine, membrane extraction technique has many advantages such as simple and quick steps and less consumption of organic solvents, etc.It can avoid the pollution caused by using substantive organic solvents in liquid-liquid extraction process.
引文
[1]罗旭彪.生物碱的分离分析及其液相色谱保留机理的研究[D].湖南大学:博士学位论文.2006:6
[2]卢艳花.中药有效成分提取分离技术[M].第一版,北京:化学工业出版社.2005,111-146
[3]谭仁祥.植物成分分析.第一版[M].北京:科学出版社.2004,363-385
[4]王强.中药分析学.第一版[M].福州:福建科技出版社.1996,224-244
[5]中国医学科学院药物研究所编.薄层层离及其在中草药分析中的应用[M].第一版.北京:科学出版社.1978,97-178
[6]徐楚江.中药炮制学[M].上海科学技术出版社.1985,126
[7]林文津,林励,陈康.麻黄的研究进展[J].基层中药杂志.2002,16(6):48-50
[8]郭素珍.麻黄能治遗尿[J].湖北中医杂志.1995,1(17):18
[9]刘国钧.麻黄[M].中国中医药出版社.2000,7
[10]柏超然.麻黄在眼科上的应用心得[J].吉林中医药.1994,(1):37-38
[11]Ali, A.,El Sayed, H.,Abdallah,O.,Steglich, W.,Oxocrinine and other alkaloids from Crinum americanum[J].Phytochemistry.1986,25,2399-2401
[12]徐睿,李源,黄熙.川芍嗦药物代谢动力学研究进展[J].安徽中医学院学报.2002,21(1):58-61
[13]叶云鹏,王世英.川芍嗦的代谢转化和结构改造研究[J].北京:中国协和医科大学&中国医学科学院.1993
[14]刘新泳,葛蔚颖,徐丽君.川芍嗦体内代谢产物的合成[J].山东医科大学学报.1997,35(1):80-83
[15]陈欣,董善年.川芍嗦在兔体内代谢产物的研究[J].药学学报.1996,31(8):617-621
[16]江骥,姜国辉,叶云鹏.川芍嚓的体内代谢[J].中国医学科学院学报.1993,15(2):79-82
[17]叶云鹏,王世真,江骥.人体尿中川芍嚓代谢产物的研究[J].中国医学科学院学报.1996,18(4):288-291
[18]陈学敏,许淑菊,马永雯.2-经甲基-3,5,6三甲基毗嗦的合成及其对血液流变性的影响[J].中国药物化学杂志.1996,6(4):254-256
[19]陈学敏,曹永孝,李官武.2-经甲基-3,5,6三甲基毗嗦对心血管系统的药理作用[J].中国医药工业杂志.1998,29(6):255-260
[20]岳宣峰,王凯,张延妮.川芍嗦的药理作用研究进展[J].榆林学院学报.2005,15(5):17-19
[21]黄秀梅,李波.六种苦豆子生物碱对炎症介质白三烯的影响[J].中成药,2003,25(10):242-261
[22]山东滨州肿瘤康复研究所.苦参的抗癌作用研究[EB/OL].http://www. sdbzd62999.com, 2002,07-131
[23]李建祥,刘立干.黄连药理作用临床评述[J].时珍国医国药,1999,10(10):83-85
[24]唐元清,吴克美,冯孝章,等.2-烯基-4(1H)-喹诺酮的合成及生物活性研究[J].药学学报.1998,33(4):269-274
[25]卢晓江.中药提取工艺与设备[M].北京:化学工业出版社.2004:37-38
[26]卢旭.生物碱提取技术研究及进展[J].天津化工.2007,21(3):4-6
[27]严伟,李淑芬,田松江.超声波协助提取技术[J].化工进展.2002,21(9):649-651
[28]王艳,张铁军.微波萃取技术在中药有效成分提取中的应用[J].中草药,2005,36(3):470-473
[29]朱自强.超临界流体技术原理和应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2000:18-20
[30]隋军,于红,刘丽杰.新工艺技术在中药制剂中应用[J].中成药,2001,23(4):297-299
[31]卢旭.生物碱提取技术研究及进展[J].天津化工.2007,21(3):04
[32]DickeyFH.ThePreParationofsPeeifieadsorbents[J].Proe.Natl.Aead.Sci.1949,35:227-229
[33]WulffqSarchanA,ZabroekiK.Enzymy-analogue buiit Polymers and their use for there solution of racemates[J].Tetrahedron lett.1973,14:4329-4332
[34]Wulff QSarchan A,Zabrocki K.Enzyme-analogue built polymers and their use for the resolution of racemates[J].TetrahedronLett.1972,44:4329-4332
[35]Zhi-Feng Guo, Ting-Ting Guo, Preparation of molecularly imprinted adsorptive resin for trapping of ligustrazine from the traditional Chinese herb Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort[J].Anal. Chim. Acta. 2008,6(12):136-143
[36]武玉学,孙小梅,李步海.现代分离技术在中草药有效成分分离中的研究进展[J].中南民族学院学报(自然科学版).1999,18(4):91-94
[37]袁黎明,吴平,夏滔等.高速逆流色谱制备分离中药黄柏中的生物碱[J].色谱.2002,20(2):185-186
[38]时均,袁权等.膜分离手册[M].北京:化学工业出版社.2001
[39]朱长乐.膜科学技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社.2004
[40]A.Kiani, R.R. Bhave, K. K. Sikar. Solvent extraction with immobilized interfaces in a microporous hydrophobic membrane[J].Membr. Sci.1984,20(2):125-145
[41]B.M. Kim. Membrane based so lvent extraction for selective removal and recovery of metals[J]. Membr. Sci.1984,21(1):5-19
[42]H.B.Park,J.K. Kim, S.Y. Nam, Y.M. Lee, Imide-siloxane block copolymer/silica hybrid membranes: preparation, characterization and gas separation properties[J].Membr. Sci.2003,220,59-73
[43]J.H. Kim,Y.M. Lee, Gas permeation properties of poly(amide-6-b-ethylene oxide)-silica hybrid membranes[J].Membr. Sci.2001,193,209-225
[44]D.Gomes, S.P.Nunes, K.-V. Peinemann, Membranes for gas separation based on poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne)-silica nanocomposites[J].Membr. Sci.2005,246,13-25
[45]G. Tishchenko, M. Bleha, Diffusion permeability of hybrid chitosan,polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSSTM) membranes to amino acids[J].Membr. Sci.2005,248,45-51
[46]I. Honma, S.Nomura, H. Nakajima, Protonic conducting organic/inorganic nanocomposites for polymer electrolyte membrane[J].Membr. Sci.2001,185,83-94
[47]J.-D.Kim, I. Honma, Proton conducting polydimethylsiloxane/zirconium oxide hybrid membranes added with phosphotungstic acid[J].Electrochim.Acta.2003,48,23633-3638
[48]O.Villamo, C.Barboiu, M. Barboiu, W. Yau-Chun-Wan,N. Hovnanian, Hybrid organic-inorganic membranes containing a fixed thio ether complexing agent for the facilitated transport of silver versus copper ions [J].Membr. Sci.2002,204,97-110
[49]N. C. Van de Merbel, J. J. Hageman, U. A. Th. Brinkman.Membrane-based sample preparation for chromatography[J].Chromatogr. A.1993,634:1-29
[50]J. A. Jonsson, L. Mathiasson. Membrane-based techniques for sample enrichment[J].Chromatogr. A. 2000,902:205-225
[51]N. C.Van de Merbel. Review membrane-based sample preparation coupled on-line to chromatography or electrophoresis[J].Chromatogr. A.1999,856:55-82
[52]B.M. Cordero,J. L. P. Pavon, C. G. Pinto,et al. Analytical applications of membrane extraction in chromatography and electrophoresis[J].Chromatogr. A.2000,902:195-204
[53]N. C.Van de Merbel. Review membrane-based sample preparation coupled on-line to chromatography or electrophoresis[J].Chromatogr. A.1999,856:55-82
[54]B.M. Cordero,J. L. P. Pavon, C. G. Pinto,et al. Analytical applications of membrane extraction in chromatography and electrophoresis[J].Chromatogr. A.2000,902:195-204
[55]R. Herraez-Hernandez, A. J. H. Louter, N. C. Van de Merbel,et al. Automated on-line dialysis for sample preparation for gas chromatography:determination of benzodiazepines in human plasma[J]. Pharm.Biomed. Anal.1996,14:1077-1087
[56]Y. Shen, L. Mathiasson, J. A. Jonsson. Automated capillary GC determination of local anaesthetics in plasma samples with supported liquid membranes for sample preparation[J].Microcol. Sep.1998,10, 107-113
[57]A. J. J. Debets,W. Th. Kok, K. P. Hupe,et al. Electrodialytic sample treatment coupled on-line with high-performance liquid chromatography[J].Chromatographia.1990,30:361-366
[58]A. J. J. Debets,W. Th. Kok, K. P. Hupe,et al. Electrodialytic sample treatment coupled on-line with column liquid chromatography for the determination of basic and acidic compounds in environmental samples[J].Chromatogr. A.1992,600:163-173
[59]M. G. M. Groenewegen, N. C. Van de Merbel, J. Slobodnik, et al. Automated determination of weakly acidic and basic pollutants in surface water by on-line electrodialysis sample treatment and column liquid chromatography[J].Analyst.1994,119:1753-1758
[60]C. Basheer, H.K. Lee.Analysis of endocrine disrupting alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol-A using hollow fiber-protected liquid-phase microextraction coupled with injection port-derivatization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Chromatogr. A.2004,1057(1-2):163-169
[61]H. J. Huang, S.Ramaswamy, U.W. Tschirner, et al. A review of separation technologies in current and future biorefineries[J].Sep.Purif. Technol.2008,62:1-21
[62]N. C.Van de Merbel. Review membrane-based sample preparation coupled on-line to chromatography or electrophoresis[J].Chromatogr. A.1999,856:55-82
[63]Li N N. USP:3410794,1968
[64]P R Danesi.A simplified model for the coupled transport of metal ions through hollow-fiber supported liquid membranes [J].Mem.Sci.1984(20):231
[65]N S Rathore,J V Sonawane.Hollow fiber supported liquid membrane:a novel technique for separation and recovery of plutonium from aqueous acidic wastes[J].Journal of Membrane Science. 2001,1(89):119-128
[66]F F Zha,A G Fane,C J D Fell,et al.Instability mechanisms of supported liquid membranes in phenol transport process[J].Journal of Membrane Science.1995,107:59-74
[67]A M Neplenbroek,D Bargemanand,C A Smolders.Supported Liquid Membranes:Instability Effects[J]. MembrSci.1992,67:121-132
[68]A M Neplenbroek,D Bargemanand,C A Smolders.Mechanism of Supported Liquid membrane Degrada-tion:Emulsion Formation[J].MemberSci.1992,67:133-148
[69]Wang C C,Bunge A L.Multisolute extraction of organic acids by emulsion liquid membranes. [J].Membr.Sci.1990,53(12):71-103
[70]Li N N,Long R B,Henley E J,membrane separation processes[J].Journal of industrial and Engineering Chemistry.1965,57(3):18-29
[71]Gu Z M,Wasan D T,Li N N,Interfacial mass trasfer in ligand accelerated metal extraction by liguid surfactant membranes [J].Separation Science and Technology.1985,20(7-8):599-612.
[72]Izatt R M,McBride D W Jr,Brown P R,Lamb J D,Christensen J J.The influence of halocarbor solvent on macrocyle-mediated cation transport through liquid membranes[J].Journal of Membrane Science. 1986,28(1):69-76
[73]何鼎盛,马铭,王艳等,N235-二甲苯-醋酸铵-液膜体系萃取Cd((Ⅱ)的研究[J].无机化学学报.2000,16(6):893-898
[74]Lin S H,Chuang T S.Treatment of Textile Wastewater by Fentonps Reagent[J].J Environment Science Health,Part A:Environ Sci Eng.1994,29(3):547-550
[75]Debus O,WLB Wasser. UV Reactor Removes Phenols from Industrial Waste Water[J].WIB Wasser Luft.2002,46(7-8):33-35
[76]Wu Zucheng,Cong Yanqing,Zhou Minghua,et al. Removeal of Phenolic Compounds by Electro-Assisted Advanced Process for WastewaterPurification[J].Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2002,19(5):866-870
[77]Rappert M,Draxler J,Marr R. Liquid-membrane-perme-ation and its experiences in pilotplantand industrial scale[J].Separation Science and Technology.1988,23(12,13):1659-1666
[78]J. de Gyves and E.R. de San Miguel, Metal ion separation by supported liquid membrane[J].Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.1999,38,2182-2202
[79]T. Saito, Transportation of zinc (Ⅱ) ion through a supported liquid membrane[J].Sep.Sci. Technol. 1990,25(5)581-591
[80]《化学工程手册》编辑委员会.化学工程手册,第十八篇[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1987
[81]Sahlestrom Y, Karlberg B.An unsegmentde extraction system for flow injection analysis[J].A nal.Chim.Acta.1986,179:315
[82]Chimuka, L.,Megersa, N.,Jonsson, J. A.,Sample preparation of organic compounds in environmental analysis using membrane extraction. Recent Res.Devel[J].Anal.Chem.2002,2:13-31
[83]Liu J,LiangX,Jiang G, Cai Y,Zhou Q,Liu G.J.High performance liquid chromatography determination of 4-nonylphenol,4-tert-octylphenol, and their short ethoxyl chain polyethoxylates in water samples using a microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction sample pretreatment techniquSep[J].Sci.2003.26(9210):823-828
[84]Zhou Q,Liu J,Cai Y, Liu G, Jiang G, Li Z,Liang X. Micro-porous membrane liquid-liquid extraction as an enrichment step prior to nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis determination of sulfonylurea herbicides [J].Microchem.J.2003,74:157-163
[85]Norberg J,Thordarson E,Mathiasson L,J j nsson J@.J.membrane liquid-liquid extraction coupled on-line with normal-phase liquid chromatography for the determination of cationic surfactants in river and wastewater[J].Chromatogr. A.2000,869:523-529
[86]Ndung'u K, Mathiasson L. Microporous membrane liquid-liquid extraction technique combined with gas chromatography mass spectrometry for the determination of organotin compoundsA[J].jnal Chim. Acta.2000,404:319-328
[87]LIUJ F,CHAO J B,WEN MJ,et al. Automatic trace-enrichment of bisphenol A by a novel continuous flow liquid membrane extraction technique[J].Sep Sci.2001,24(10-11):1-6
[88]LIUJ F,CHAOJ B,J IANG GB.Continuous flowliquid membrane extraction:A novel automatic trace-enrichment technique based on continuous flowliquid-liquid extraction combined with supported liquid membrane[J].Anal Chim Acta.2002,455(1):93-101
[89]J, NSSONJ, MATHIASSON L. Membrane-based techiniques for sample enrichment[J].Chromatogr, A.2000,902(1):205-225
[90]KARLBERGB,THELANDER S.Extraction based on the flowinjection principle,Part 1:Description of the extraction system[J].Anal Chim Acta.1978,98(1)):1-7
[91]D. Khastgir, H.S.Maiti, P.C.Bandyopadhyay, Polystyrene-titania composite as a dielectric material, Mater[J].Sci. Eng.1988,100:245-253
[92]U. Schubert, Catalyst made of organic-inorganic hybrid materials[J].New J.Chem.1994,18:1049-1058
[93]G.P. Demopoulos, G. Pouskouleli, P.J. Prud'homme, Direct recovery of precious metals by solvent extraction and selective removal[P].US Patent.1987,4(654):145
[94]G.Audunsson. Aqueous/aqueous extraction by means of a liquid membrane for sample cleanup and preconcentration of amines in a flow system[J].Anal. Chem.1986,58:2714-2723
[95]J. A. Jonsson, L. Mathiasson. Liquid membrane extraction in analytical sample preparation:Ⅰ. Principles[J].Trends Anal. Chem.1999,18(5):318-325
[96]J. A. Jonsson, L. Mathiasson. Liquid membrane extraction in analytical sample preparation:Ⅱ. Applications [J].Trends Anal. Chem.1999,18(5):325-334
[97]J. A. Jonsson, P. Lovkvist, G Audunsson, et al. Mass transfer kinetics for analytical enrichment and sample preparation using supported liquid membranes in a flow system with stagnant acceptor liquid[J].Anal. Chim.Acta.1993,277(1):9-24
[98]M. Knutsson, L. Mathiasson and J. A. Jonsson. Supported liquid membrane work-up in combination with liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection for the determination of chlorinated phenols in natural water samples[J].Chromatographia.1996,42:165-170
[99]G Audunsson. Determination of low parts per billion levels of amines in urine by liquid membrane sample cleanup directly coupled to a gas-liquid chromatograph[J].Anal. Chem.1988,60:1340-1347
[100]J. Norberg, A. Zander and J. A. Jonsson. Fully automated on-line supported liquid membrane-liquid chromatographic determination of aniline derivates in environmental waters[J].Chromatographia. 1997,46:483-488
[101]P. Wieczorek, J. A. Jonsson, L. Mathiasson.Concentration of amino acids using supported liquid membranes with di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid as a carrier[J].Anal. Chim.Acta. 1997,346(2):191-197
[102]P. Wieczorek, J. A. Jonsson, L. Mathiasson.Extraction of dansylated amino acids using the supported liquid membrane technique[J].Anal. Chim. Acta.1997,337(2):183-189
[103]R. Carabias Martinez, E. Rodriguez Gonzalo, E. Hernandez Fernandez, et al. Membrane extraction-preconcentration cell coupled on-line to flow-injection and liquid chromatographic systems.Determination of triazines in oils[J].Anal. Chim. Acta.1995,304(3):323-332
[104]F. C.Dominguez-Lledo & Maria D. Galindo-Riano & I.C.Diaz-Lopez & M. Garcia-Vargas & M. D. Granado-Castro Applicability of a liquid membrane in enrichment and determination of nickel traces from natural waters[J].Anal Bioanal Chem.2007,389:653-659
[105]Parthasarathy N, Pelletier M, Buffle J.Hollow fiber based supported liquid membrane a novel analytical system for trace metal analysis[J].Anal Chim Acta.1997,350:183-195
[106]Buffle J, Parthasarathy N, Djane NK, Matthiasson L In:Buffle J, Horvai G (eds) In situ monitoring of aquatic systems[J].chemical analysis and speciation.2000,6
[107]Fontas C, Pont N, Hidalgo M, Salvado V Desalination Separation and preconcentration of Cd(II) from chloride solutions using supported liquid membranes systems[J].Membr.Sci.2006,200:114-116
[108]H. KORKMAZ ALPOGUZ Bulk Liquid Membrane Transport of Hg(II) by a Crown Ether Derivative [J].Pure and Applied Chemistry.2006,43:1265-1272
[109]M. R. Yaftian, A. A. Zamani, and M. Parinejad Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran Facilitated Transport of Cadmium Ions from Hydrochloric Acid Solutions through a Liquid Membrane Containing Dicyclohexyl-18-Crown-6 as Extractant-Carrier[J]. Sepration Science and Technology.2005,40:2709-2719
[110]H. Korkmaz ALPO_GUZ_, Ahmet KAYA,Mehmet KARAKUS Mechanism and Kinetics of Copper(II) Transport through a Liquid Membrane Containing aDithiophosphonate Derivative as Carrier[J].Department of Chemistry.2005,29:345-353
[111]Strzelbicki, Strzelbicki, J. and Bartsch, R.A..Evaluation of permselectivity of a liquid anion-exchange membrane by diffusion dialysis[J].Membr.Sci.1982,10:35
[112]Alessi, P.,Canepa, B.and Kikic, I. Influence of operating parameters on selectivity in a separation process by liquid membrane permeation for the system styrene-ethylbenzene[J].Can. J. Chem. Eng. 1979,57(1):54
[113]A.N.Goswami and B.S.Rawat, Studies on the permeation of aromatic hydrocarbons through liquid surfactant membranes[J].Membrane Sci.1985,(24):145
[114]范锡英,任秀花,张金莲.山豆根中的微量元素含量分析[J].微量元素与健康研究.2002,(5):69
[115]范健,吕建峰.山豆根的化学成分与药理作用研究进展[J].实用医294农业工程学报.2008年技杂志.2003,10(11):1254-1255
[116]郑晓敏,杨官娥,郑佳林.山豆根类生药研究进展[J].山西职工医学院学报.2001,11(1):59-61
[117]姚新生.天然产物化学(第三版)[M].北京:人民卫生出版社.2001
[118]丁佩兰,陈道峰.中药山豆根及其制剂的药理作用,临床应用与不良反应[J].中国临床药学杂志.2003,12(5):315-318
[119]姚新生.天然药物化学(第二版)[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1998:1
[120]丁春霞,屠善军,应敏.浙贝母中生物碱提取方法以及条件的优化.现代中药研究与实践[J].2004,18(2):28-30
[121]张弦,潘杨.植物莲中生物碱类成分的研究概况[J].南京中医药大学学报(自然科学版)2002,18(6):382-384
[122]陈晓成.麻黄的药理作用研究进展[J].实用中医药杂志.2005,21(1):58-59
[123]刘翰,马志等.《开宝本草》[M].(公元973-974年,宋开宝6-7年)编著
[124]黄秀梅,李波.六种苦豆子生物碱对炎症介质白三烯的影响[J].中成药.2003,25(10):242-261
[125]山东滨州肿瘤康复研究所.苦参的抗癌作用研究[EB/OL].http://www.sdbzd62999.com2002-07-131
[126]Jonsson, J. A. Membrane extraction techniques in environmental analysis.Ecol[J].Chem.Eng.2005, 12:519-537
[127]J. A. Jonsson, L. Mathiasson, Membrane-based techniques for sample enrichment[J].Chromatogr. A. 2000,902:205-225
[128]Kamilah Hylton, Somenath Mitra,Automated, on-line membraneextraction[J].Journal of Chromatography A.2007,1152(1-2):199-214
[129]Faiz Ullah Shaha, Thaer Barri a, Jan A ke Jo nssona, Kerstin Skogb Determination of heterocyclic aromatic amines in human urine by using hollow-fibre supported liquid membrane extraction and liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection system[J].Journal of Chromatography B. 2008,8(2):203-208
[130]M. Marsin Sanagi,H.H. See,Wan Aini Wan Ibrahim,Ahmedy Abu Naim.Determination of pesticides in water by cone-shaped membrane protected liquid phase microextraction prior to micro-liquid chromatography[J].Journal of Chromatography A.2007,1152(1-2):215-219
[131]Patrick L. Hanks, Douglas R. Lloyd. Deterministic model for matrix solidification in liquid-liquid thermally induced phase separation[J].Journal of Membrane Science.2007,306(1-2):125-133