跨学科视角下的口译交际策略研究
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摘要
随着各国交往的日益加深,对于口译的研究也越来越重视。口译是指用口头表达方式将原语信息转换为译语信息的一种即席翻译活动,是动态的跨文化口头交际的过程,具有即时性,不可预测性。译员往往面临着巨大的压力,是交际双方是否交际成功的关键。但与只有译者在场的笔译相比,口译交际的双方都在场,也有利于交际的顺利进行。
口译活动的即席性决定了译员必须在较短的时间内完成解码、编码的全过程。而在口译交际现场,译员常会遇到困难,有心理因素,也有语言因素,还有可能来自跨文化交际中的文化因素。这些因素对译员的理解,记忆,表达造成困难,出现错译漏译的情况,影响口译交际效果,译员必须采取交际策略来克服这些障碍。
口译策略的研究涉及了众多学科,如普通语言学、心理语言学、认知心理学、跨文化交际等有关理论。本文主要从心理学、语言学及跨文化交际研究的角度,对口译现场障碍的应变交际策略进行了跨学科研究。口译对策论是介乎认识论和方法论之间的一个分析平面,一方面它可以使理论的指导意义落到实处,另一方面它也能使实际操作不至于失去理论指导。由于策略的研究能使口译译者具有更明确的理论指导意识,所以本文主要侧重于口译的理论分析和归纳性分析,同时结合具体实例,将理论与实例相结合,进行理论指导下的口译策略研究。
Bachman认为人的交际能力包括三大部分:语言能力、策略能力和心理生理机制。从这一模式中我们不难看出策略能力是交际能力的一部分。策略能力的研究有助于我们更全面地了解交际能力,包括口头将原语信息转化为译语信息的即席翻译的能力。本文依照Bachmann的语言交际模式提出了口译交际能力的模式,即口译交际能力也包括三大部分:语言能力、策略能力及心理素质。口译中的交际策略能力是译员翻译能力的重要体现,用以实现具体的交际目的,它的有效使用依赖于多方面知识体系的掌握。除了需要掌握丰富的语言知识,作为一种语言心理计划,交际策略的运用既受认知机制的限制,也受心理因素的制约,还会受到交际现场的时间、空间等因素的制约。另一方面由于口译为跨文化交际,其交际策略的使用必定会受跨文化背景的制约。
本文通过参考大量论著的资料,结合口译特点,从交际策略的角度研究了译员在口译现场解决心理、语言及跨文化等因素造成的问题时的具体应变策略,并对口译策略的选择原则进行了研究,指出合格的译员不仅必须具备丰富的知识,更需要善于选择交际策略去应对各种问题可能层出不穷的口译现场。这些具体交际策略有推理策略、拖延策略、回避策略、笔记策略、修复策略、补偿策略、合作策略、非语言策略等。
本文中提出的交际策略适用于一般性的口译活动,更主要是针对连续传译。因为连续传译在日常生活交往中用处广泛,而且与同声传译相比,连续传译具有面对面的交流及在听与说的之间的有暂停时间,可以更适合于某些交际策略比如笔记策略、合作策略、非语言策略的使用。当遇到现场困难时,译员会运用策略来帮助自己实现交际目的,策略能力属于交际能力的一部分,研究口译者的交际策略对提高口译者的交际能力,实现跨文化交际具有现实意义。
With the increasing communication and cooperation between countries in the world, much attention has been paid to the study of interpretation. Interpretation is an extempore and unpredictable oral activity in which information is transformed from a source language into a target language. It is regarded as a dynamic cross-cultural oral communication process. As the work of the interpreter is the key to the success of the cross-cultural communication, the interpreter is usually faced with much stress. However, different from written translation in which only the translator is present, the presence of all the parties involved in the interpreting communication brings pressure as well as some advantages in communication.
The nature of interpretation requires an interpreter to complete the decoding and encoding processes in a fairly short time. During interpreting, the interpreter often encounters difficulties caused by psychological problems, insufficient knowledge of the language and the cultural gap. These problems will impede the interpreter’s understanding, memorizing and re-expression, resulting in misinterpretation or leakage in the interpretation and undermining the performance. Thus, the interpreter has to employ communication strategies to achieve the goal of communication.
The strategic study covers many disciplines such as general linguistics, psycholinguistics, cognitive psychology, cross-cultural studies, etc. This dissertation focuses on the study of communication strategies in interpretation from the cross-disciplinary perspectives of psychology, linguistics and cross-cultural studies. The strategy is an analysis platform between epistemology and methodology, the transitional phase between theory and practice. Therefore, the study here focuses on the theoretical analysis and inductive analysis of those strategies together with examples of practical performance aimed at introducing theoretical guidelines to solve the specific problems.
Bachman proposed a model in which he believed that communicative competence includes three main parts: language competence, strategic competence and psychological mechanisms. In this model, we can see that the strategy is a part of communication competence. The study of strategies in cross-cultural interpretation can facilitate the study of communicative competence in bilingual communication. Communication strategies are one of the important aspects of an interpreter’s translation competence employed to achieve the communicative goal. The effective use of communication strategies relies on the interpreter’s mastery of systematic knowledge. Besides the language capacity, as a psychological plan of language, the usage of communication strategies is subject to the constraints of cognitive mechanisms and psychological factors, and it is also subject to the constraints of the working condition such as the time and place of the interpreting, etc. As interpretation is a bilingual communication, the use of communication strategies is bound to be under the constraints of cross-cultural factors.
Based on substantial related research, combined with the characteristics of interpretation, the author makes a detailed analysis on the coping strategies of the interpreter to deal with the problems caused by psychological, linguistic and cross-cultural factors from the perspective of communication strategies, analyzing frequently-used communication strategies in interpretation, such as inference strategies, stalling strategies, avoidance strategies, note-taking strategies, repair strategies, compensation strategies, cooperation strategies and non-verbal strategies. The author also describes the selection of the employment of the communication strategies. A competent interpreter does not just have a mastery of all kinds of knowledge, but he/she knows how to use various strategies for dealing with the numerous unknown problems awaiting him/her in interpreting.
Compared with simultaneous interpretation, the pause between the listening phase and the reformulation phase in consecutive interpretation,which is the more widely used interpretation in daily life, leaves interpreters free of heavy time constraints and makes it possible for them to use some communication strategies discussed here, such as note-taking strategies, cooperation strategies and non-verbal strategies to deal with possible communication breakdown. Thus, in this dissertation, the communication strategies discussed here are suitable for interpretation in general, but especially for consecutive interpretation. Most of the examples are taken from consecutive interpreting materials. As a part of communicative competence to facilitate communication, the study of the communication strategies employed in interpretation is of great significance.
口译活动的即席性决定了译员必须在较短的时间内完成解码、编码的全过程。而在口译交际现场,译员常会遇到困难,有心理因素,也有语言因素,还有可能来自跨文化交际中的文化因素。这些因素对译员的理解,记忆,表达造成困难,出现错译漏译的情况,影响口译交际效果,译员必须采取交际策略来克服这些障碍。
口译策略的研究涉及了众多学科,如普通语言学、心理语言学、认知心理学、跨文化交际等有关理论。本文主要从心理学、语言学及跨文化交际研究的角度,对口译现场障碍的应变交际策略进行了跨学科研究。口译对策论是介乎认识论和方法论之间的一个分析平面,一方面它可以使理论的指导意义落到实处,另一方面它也能使实际操作不至于失去理论指导。由于策略的研究能使口译译者具有更明确的理论指导意识,所以本文主要侧重于口译的理论分析和归纳性分析,同时结合具体实例,将理论与实例相结合,进行理论指导下的口译策略研究。
Bachman认为人的交际能力包括三大部分:语言能力、策略能力和心理生理机制。从这一模式中我们不难看出策略能力是交际能力的一部分。策略能力的研究有助于我们更全面地了解交际能力,包括口头将原语信息转化为译语信息的即席翻译的能力。本文依照Bachmann的语言交际模式提出了口译交际能力的模式,即口译交际能力也包括三大部分:语言能力、策略能力及心理素质。口译中的交际策略能力是译员翻译能力的重要体现,用以实现具体的交际目的,它的有效使用依赖于多方面知识体系的掌握。除了需要掌握丰富的语言知识,作为一种语言心理计划,交际策略的运用既受认知机制的限制,也受心理因素的制约,还会受到交际现场的时间、空间等因素的制约。另一方面由于口译为跨文化交际,其交际策略的使用必定会受跨文化背景的制约。
本文通过参考大量论著的资料,结合口译特点,从交际策略的角度研究了译员在口译现场解决心理、语言及跨文化等因素造成的问题时的具体应变策略,并对口译策略的选择原则进行了研究,指出合格的译员不仅必须具备丰富的知识,更需要善于选择交际策略去应对各种问题可能层出不穷的口译现场。这些具体交际策略有推理策略、拖延策略、回避策略、笔记策略、修复策略、补偿策略、合作策略、非语言策略等。
本文中提出的交际策略适用于一般性的口译活动,更主要是针对连续传译。因为连续传译在日常生活交往中用处广泛,而且与同声传译相比,连续传译具有面对面的交流及在听与说的之间的有暂停时间,可以更适合于某些交际策略比如笔记策略、合作策略、非语言策略的使用。当遇到现场困难时,译员会运用策略来帮助自己实现交际目的,策略能力属于交际能力的一部分,研究口译者的交际策略对提高口译者的交际能力,实现跨文化交际具有现实意义。
With the increasing communication and cooperation between countries in the world, much attention has been paid to the study of interpretation. Interpretation is an extempore and unpredictable oral activity in which information is transformed from a source language into a target language. It is regarded as a dynamic cross-cultural oral communication process. As the work of the interpreter is the key to the success of the cross-cultural communication, the interpreter is usually faced with much stress. However, different from written translation in which only the translator is present, the presence of all the parties involved in the interpreting communication brings pressure as well as some advantages in communication.
The nature of interpretation requires an interpreter to complete the decoding and encoding processes in a fairly short time. During interpreting, the interpreter often encounters difficulties caused by psychological problems, insufficient knowledge of the language and the cultural gap. These problems will impede the interpreter’s understanding, memorizing and re-expression, resulting in misinterpretation or leakage in the interpretation and undermining the performance. Thus, the interpreter has to employ communication strategies to achieve the goal of communication.
The strategic study covers many disciplines such as general linguistics, psycholinguistics, cognitive psychology, cross-cultural studies, etc. This dissertation focuses on the study of communication strategies in interpretation from the cross-disciplinary perspectives of psychology, linguistics and cross-cultural studies. The strategy is an analysis platform between epistemology and methodology, the transitional phase between theory and practice. Therefore, the study here focuses on the theoretical analysis and inductive analysis of those strategies together with examples of practical performance aimed at introducing theoretical guidelines to solve the specific problems.
Bachman proposed a model in which he believed that communicative competence includes three main parts: language competence, strategic competence and psychological mechanisms. In this model, we can see that the strategy is a part of communication competence. The study of strategies in cross-cultural interpretation can facilitate the study of communicative competence in bilingual communication. Communication strategies are one of the important aspects of an interpreter’s translation competence employed to achieve the communicative goal. The effective use of communication strategies relies on the interpreter’s mastery of systematic knowledge. Besides the language capacity, as a psychological plan of language, the usage of communication strategies is subject to the constraints of cognitive mechanisms and psychological factors, and it is also subject to the constraints of the working condition such as the time and place of the interpreting, etc. As interpretation is a bilingual communication, the use of communication strategies is bound to be under the constraints of cross-cultural factors.
Based on substantial related research, combined with the characteristics of interpretation, the author makes a detailed analysis on the coping strategies of the interpreter to deal with the problems caused by psychological, linguistic and cross-cultural factors from the perspective of communication strategies, analyzing frequently-used communication strategies in interpretation, such as inference strategies, stalling strategies, avoidance strategies, note-taking strategies, repair strategies, compensation strategies, cooperation strategies and non-verbal strategies. The author also describes the selection of the employment of the communication strategies. A competent interpreter does not just have a mastery of all kinds of knowledge, but he/she knows how to use various strategies for dealing with the numerous unknown problems awaiting him/her in interpreting.
Compared with simultaneous interpretation, the pause between the listening phase and the reformulation phase in consecutive interpretation,which is the more widely used interpretation in daily life, leaves interpreters free of heavy time constraints and makes it possible for them to use some communication strategies discussed here, such as note-taking strategies, cooperation strategies and non-verbal strategies to deal with possible communication breakdown. Thus, in this dissertation, the communication strategies discussed here are suitable for interpretation in general, but especially for consecutive interpretation. Most of the examples are taken from consecutive interpreting materials. As a part of communicative competence to facilitate communication, the study of the communication strategies employed in interpretation is of great significance.
引文
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