高双折射聚合物光子晶体保偏光纤设计及制备与表征的初步结果
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摘要
保偏光纤不仅在光通信领域，而且在光纤传感、集成光学信息处理等领域均具有广泛的应用前景。传统应力型保偏光纤，如熊猫型、蝴蝶结型等，模式双折射较低，而且应力单元由掺B_2O_3组成，制备工艺复杂；另外，应力单元应力的大小与温度直接相关，致使其双折射温度稳定性差；并且纤芯掺G_eO_2，致使其抗辐射能力差，无法适应现代通信系统的需求。光子晶体光纤(PhotonicCrystal Fibers，PCFs)由单一材料和周期性空气孔构成，通过调整包层空气孔的大小、间距、形状及排列模式，可以在较大范围内调整纤芯与包层的折射率差，获得高双折射单模运行。与传统保偏光纤相比，光子晶体保偏光纤温度稳定性好，具有更强的偏振稳定性和抗辐射能力，能有效排除偏振模色散，在未来全光网、光纤陀螺、光纤传感、可调谐光纤激光器等领域将起重要作用。
然而，石英光子晶体保偏光纤受预制棒制备和拉丝工艺的限制，一直阻碍着其实用化进程。2001年，澳大利亚悉尼大学Van Eijkelenborg等人首次报道了采用聚合物开发各种类型光子晶体光纤的研究结果，为光子晶体光纤的成功开发提出了新思路。受澳大利亚悉尼大学的启发，本论文对聚合物光子晶体光纤预制棒制备工艺和拉丝工艺进行了深入研究；并从理论角度对聚合物基材光子晶体保偏光纤进行了结构和参数设计研究；选取甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)为制备材料，采用本体聚合技术和套管法拉丝技术，成功制备了椭圆芯六角对称聚合物光子晶体光纤，并对其进行了光学特性和偏振特性的测试与表征。取得的研究成果如下：
(1)对光子晶体光纤理论分析方法进行了深入研究，提出采用全矢量平面波展开法(FV-PWM)模拟高双折射光子晶体保偏光纤偏振特性的研究思路。从Maxwell电磁波动方程出发，将介质介电常数和电磁波动方程的解采用傅立叶级数展开，得到光子带隙型光子晶体光纤的平面波分析模型，并将平面波分析模型演化到折射率导模型光子晶体光纤之中。
(2)采用全矢量平面波展开法，以聚合物为基材，对四种不同结构类型光子晶体光纤，即椭圆芯六角对称聚合物光子晶体光纤、椭圆芯非六角对称聚合物光子晶体光纤、矩形点阵聚合物光子晶体光纤和单模单偏振聚合物光子晶体光纤进行了参数设计和结构优化。
(3)首次提出了一种新型结构高双折射PCFs——椭圆芯非六角对称结构PCF。以聚合物为基材，采用全矢量平面波法(Full Vector Plane Wave Method，FV-PWM)，对该光纤的偏振特性和模场特性进行了模拟。结果发现，该光纤双折射是由芯和包层不对称性共同产生的。其偏振特性与不对称比例因子η=b／Λ存在强烈的依赖关系，(其中b表示y方向的孔间隔，Λ表示x方向的孔间隔，d表示孔直径)。若选取Λ=2.3μm，d／Λ=0.4，不对称比例因子μ=0.4时，该光纤可以在可见光和近红外波段以单模运行方式呈现高达1.294×10~(-3)的双折射，并有效抑制一阶偏振模色散。
(4)获得了具有自主知识产权的聚合物光子晶体光纤预制棒制备工艺和拉丝工艺。首次在国内将MMA单体的本体聚合技术移植到聚合物光子晶体光纤预制棒制备之中，研究了聚合物光子晶体光纤预制棒制备工艺，给出了聚合反应时间与反应温度之间的关系，成功制备了孔直径d=2mm，孔间隔Λ=5mm，预制棒直径D=70mm的近似椭圆芯六角对称聚合物PCF预制棒；提出预制棒套管拉丝技术，拉制了光纤直径D=125±5μm，孔直径d=3.5μm，孔间隔Λ=9.4μm的椭圆芯六角对称聚合物PCFs，研究了光纤拉丝塔中预制棒拉丝炉、光纤拉丝炉的温度场分布。
(5)对套管法拉制的椭圆芯聚合物PCF光学特性和偏振特性进行了表征研究。结果表明，该光纤具有机械柔韧性好，数值孔径小，模场直径大和弱双折射效应等特点。其传输损耗在632.8nm波长处为11.5dB／m，且弯曲损耗小，弯曲半径为10mm；双折射B只有4.65×10~(-1)。
以上研究结果为进一步研究聚合物光子晶体光纤制备技术和测试方法提供了方法上的借鉴和资源上的共享。
本文工作得到国家自然科学重点基金“宽带低损耗渐变折射率聚合物光纤及其器件的应用基础研究”(编号：60437020)的资助。
Polarization-maintaining fibers (PMFs) have been widely applied for telecommunication, fiber-optic sensor and integrated optics for information process. Generally, conventional stress PMFs, such as Panda and Bow-tie, have low stress birefringence due to stress effects of stress operation cell in core region and complicated fabrication techniques, temperature instability and weak resistance to nuclear radiation owing to GeO_2-doped core and B_2O_3-doped stress regions. So, conventional PMFs are not able to satisfy the requisitions of modern communication system. Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs), consisting of single material and an array air-holes running along the entire fiber length, can be obtained with high birefringence and single mode operation at larger wavelength range by simple tuning the diameter, shape, position and array mode of air-holes. So it is very easy to induce the larger different of refraction index between the fibers' core and the cladding. Compare with conventional PMFs, photonic crystal polarization maintaining fibers (PM-PCFs) have the advantages of higher resistance to nuclear radiation, better stability of temperature and polarization and lower polarization mode dispersion. Hence, PM-PCFs have potential application in the fields of all optical networks, fiber-optic gyroscope, fiber-optic sensor and optical fiber laser.
However, the application of photonic crystal PMFs based on silicon material is always restricted owing to the complexity of the capillary stack-and-draw fabrication technique. In 2001, Dr. Martijn A. van Eijkelenborg et. al. of University of Sydney of Australia reported the research results to develop various PCFs based on polymer for the first time. These results provide a kind of new idea for developing PCFs. We are enlightened deeply on the research of photonic crystal PMFs by them. In this dissertation, we first concentrate on the fabrication technique and the draw-stretching technology of preform of polymer PCFs. For the more, the optimum structure of polymer PM-PCFs was studied on the basis of theory. The polymer PCF with elliptical core hexangular symmetry structure was fabricated successfully under the method of in-situ monomer polymerization and sleeving draw-stretching based on methyl-methacrylate (MMA) material. Finally, we measure the optical property and polarization characteristics of the fabricated fiber. The main achievements are listed below:
(1) The idea of adopting full vector plane wave method (FV-PWM) to analyze polarization property of high birefringence PM-PCFs was presented by studying the theory model of PCFs. According to the equation of Maxwell, we divide E and H fields, and the dielectric permittivity by using Fourier series, and set up the theory modal of plane wave to analyze PCFs with band-gap effect. In the end, the theory modal of plane wave was applied in the PCF with index-guiding.
(2) According to FV-PWM, the four kinds of PCFs were numerical simulated based on polymer. They were the elliptical core hexangular symmetry polymer PCF, the elliptical core non-hexangular symmetry polymer PCF, the rectangular lattice polymer PCF and the single-polarization single-mode polymer PCF.
(3) A new kind of highly birefringent index-guiding PCF with elliptical core nonhexangular symmetry cladding was proposed for the first time. The polarization characteristics and mode field property of the PCFs being made of polymer material are numerically simulation to adopt FV-PWM. The results showed that the birefringence of the fiber had been induced by asymmetries of both the cladding and the core. Moreover, the polarization characteristics is strongly dependent on the non-symmetry ratio of cladding ofη=b/Λ, here, b is the holes-spacing of y direction,Λis the holes-spacing of x direction, the holes-diameter is defined as d. WhenΛ= 2.3μm, the ratio of holes-diameter and holes-spacing is d/Λ=0.4, and the non-symmetry ratio of claddingη=0.4, the fiber is possible to operate in single mode regime at wavelength ranges of near infrared and visible with high birefringence of 1.294×10~(-3), and limited polarization mode dispersion effectively.
(4) A new kind of PCF fabrication technique with independence knowledge property right is developed, including the fabrication and the draw-stretching technologies of the preform. The in-situ MMA monomer polymerization technique, for the first time, is transplanted to fabricate PCFs preform in China. A series of investigations have been carried out in the process of fabricating PCF, which included the preform fabricating and draw-stretching, the relationship of time and temperature in the polymerization reaction. The PCF preform with elliptical core hexagonal symmetry structure with diameter of 70 mm, hole-diameter of 2 mm and hole-spacing of 5 mm was developed successfully. Additional, the sleeving draw-stretching technique of preform was set up, and the elliptical core hexagonal symmetry structure polymer PCF with fiber diameter of D=125±5μm, average holes-diameter of 3.5μm and average holes-spacing 9.4μm was fabricated successfully. The temperature field distribution in the oven of preform draw-stretching and fiber draw-stretching were investigated.
(5) The optical and polarization properties of polymer PCF with elliptical core hexagonal symmetry structure from sleeving draw-stretching technology were characterized. Experimental results showed that the fiber had good characteristics such as better machine flexibility, smaller numerical aperture (NA), larger mode field diameter and weaker birefringence effect. Its transmission loss is 11.5 dB/m at wavelength of 632.8 nm, its bend radii is 10 mm, the bend loss is low when the bend radii more than 10 mm. At the same time, its birefringence is only 4.65×10~(-7) at wavelength of approaching 650 nm.
The results above-mentioned provide useful reference in both the theoretical and experimental aspects for further studying the fabrication technology and the method of measuring polymer PCFs.
The work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 60437020.
然而，石英光子晶体保偏光纤受预制棒制备和拉丝工艺的限制，一直阻碍着其实用化进程。2001年，澳大利亚悉尼大学Van Eijkelenborg等人首次报道了采用聚合物开发各种类型光子晶体光纤的研究结果，为光子晶体光纤的成功开发提出了新思路。受澳大利亚悉尼大学的启发，本论文对聚合物光子晶体光纤预制棒制备工艺和拉丝工艺进行了深入研究；并从理论角度对聚合物基材光子晶体保偏光纤进行了结构和参数设计研究；选取甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)为制备材料，采用本体聚合技术和套管法拉丝技术，成功制备了椭圆芯六角对称聚合物光子晶体光纤，并对其进行了光学特性和偏振特性的测试与表征。取得的研究成果如下：
(1)对光子晶体光纤理论分析方法进行了深入研究，提出采用全矢量平面波展开法(FV-PWM)模拟高双折射光子晶体保偏光纤偏振特性的研究思路。从Maxwell电磁波动方程出发，将介质介电常数和电磁波动方程的解采用傅立叶级数展开，得到光子带隙型光子晶体光纤的平面波分析模型，并将平面波分析模型演化到折射率导模型光子晶体光纤之中。
(2)采用全矢量平面波展开法，以聚合物为基材，对四种不同结构类型光子晶体光纤，即椭圆芯六角对称聚合物光子晶体光纤、椭圆芯非六角对称聚合物光子晶体光纤、矩形点阵聚合物光子晶体光纤和单模单偏振聚合物光子晶体光纤进行了参数设计和结构优化。
(3)首次提出了一种新型结构高双折射PCFs——椭圆芯非六角对称结构PCF。以聚合物为基材，采用全矢量平面波法(Full Vector Plane Wave Method，FV-PWM)，对该光纤的偏振特性和模场特性进行了模拟。结果发现，该光纤双折射是由芯和包层不对称性共同产生的。其偏振特性与不对称比例因子η=b／Λ存在强烈的依赖关系，(其中b表示y方向的孔间隔，Λ表示x方向的孔间隔，d表示孔直径)。若选取Λ=2.3μm，d／Λ=0.4，不对称比例因子μ=0.4时，该光纤可以在可见光和近红外波段以单模运行方式呈现高达1.294×10~(-3)的双折射，并有效抑制一阶偏振模色散。
(4)获得了具有自主知识产权的聚合物光子晶体光纤预制棒制备工艺和拉丝工艺。首次在国内将MMA单体的本体聚合技术移植到聚合物光子晶体光纤预制棒制备之中，研究了聚合物光子晶体光纤预制棒制备工艺，给出了聚合反应时间与反应温度之间的关系，成功制备了孔直径d=2mm，孔间隔Λ=5mm，预制棒直径D=70mm的近似椭圆芯六角对称聚合物PCF预制棒；提出预制棒套管拉丝技术，拉制了光纤直径D=125±5μm，孔直径d=3.5μm，孔间隔Λ=9.4μm的椭圆芯六角对称聚合物PCFs，研究了光纤拉丝塔中预制棒拉丝炉、光纤拉丝炉的温度场分布。
(5)对套管法拉制的椭圆芯聚合物PCF光学特性和偏振特性进行了表征研究。结果表明，该光纤具有机械柔韧性好，数值孔径小，模场直径大和弱双折射效应等特点。其传输损耗在632.8nm波长处为11.5dB／m，且弯曲损耗小，弯曲半径为10mm；双折射B只有4.65×10~(-1)。
以上研究结果为进一步研究聚合物光子晶体光纤制备技术和测试方法提供了方法上的借鉴和资源上的共享。
本文工作得到国家自然科学重点基金“宽带低损耗渐变折射率聚合物光纤及其器件的应用基础研究”(编号：60437020)的资助。
Polarization-maintaining fibers (PMFs) have been widely applied for telecommunication, fiber-optic sensor and integrated optics for information process. Generally, conventional stress PMFs, such as Panda and Bow-tie, have low stress birefringence due to stress effects of stress operation cell in core region and complicated fabrication techniques, temperature instability and weak resistance to nuclear radiation owing to GeO_2-doped core and B_2O_3-doped stress regions. So, conventional PMFs are not able to satisfy the requisitions of modern communication system. Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs), consisting of single material and an array air-holes running along the entire fiber length, can be obtained with high birefringence and single mode operation at larger wavelength range by simple tuning the diameter, shape, position and array mode of air-holes. So it is very easy to induce the larger different of refraction index between the fibers' core and the cladding. Compare with conventional PMFs, photonic crystal polarization maintaining fibers (PM-PCFs) have the advantages of higher resistance to nuclear radiation, better stability of temperature and polarization and lower polarization mode dispersion. Hence, PM-PCFs have potential application in the fields of all optical networks, fiber-optic gyroscope, fiber-optic sensor and optical fiber laser.
However, the application of photonic crystal PMFs based on silicon material is always restricted owing to the complexity of the capillary stack-and-draw fabrication technique. In 2001, Dr. Martijn A. van Eijkelenborg et. al. of University of Sydney of Australia reported the research results to develop various PCFs based on polymer for the first time. These results provide a kind of new idea for developing PCFs. We are enlightened deeply on the research of photonic crystal PMFs by them. In this dissertation, we first concentrate on the fabrication technique and the draw-stretching technology of preform of polymer PCFs. For the more, the optimum structure of polymer PM-PCFs was studied on the basis of theory. The polymer PCF with elliptical core hexangular symmetry structure was fabricated successfully under the method of in-situ monomer polymerization and sleeving draw-stretching based on methyl-methacrylate (MMA) material. Finally, we measure the optical property and polarization characteristics of the fabricated fiber. The main achievements are listed below:
(1) The idea of adopting full vector plane wave method (FV-PWM) to analyze polarization property of high birefringence PM-PCFs was presented by studying the theory model of PCFs. According to the equation of Maxwell, we divide E and H fields, and the dielectric permittivity by using Fourier series, and set up the theory modal of plane wave to analyze PCFs with band-gap effect. In the end, the theory modal of plane wave was applied in the PCF with index-guiding.
(2) According to FV-PWM, the four kinds of PCFs were numerical simulated based on polymer. They were the elliptical core hexangular symmetry polymer PCF, the elliptical core non-hexangular symmetry polymer PCF, the rectangular lattice polymer PCF and the single-polarization single-mode polymer PCF.
(3) A new kind of highly birefringent index-guiding PCF with elliptical core nonhexangular symmetry cladding was proposed for the first time. The polarization characteristics and mode field property of the PCFs being made of polymer material are numerically simulation to adopt FV-PWM. The results showed that the birefringence of the fiber had been induced by asymmetries of both the cladding and the core. Moreover, the polarization characteristics is strongly dependent on the non-symmetry ratio of cladding ofη=b/Λ, here, b is the holes-spacing of y direction,Λis the holes-spacing of x direction, the holes-diameter is defined as d. WhenΛ= 2.3μm, the ratio of holes-diameter and holes-spacing is d/Λ=0.4, and the non-symmetry ratio of claddingη=0.4, the fiber is possible to operate in single mode regime at wavelength ranges of near infrared and visible with high birefringence of 1.294×10~(-3), and limited polarization mode dispersion effectively.
(4) A new kind of PCF fabrication technique with independence knowledge property right is developed, including the fabrication and the draw-stretching technologies of the preform. The in-situ MMA monomer polymerization technique, for the first time, is transplanted to fabricate PCFs preform in China. A series of investigations have been carried out in the process of fabricating PCF, which included the preform fabricating and draw-stretching, the relationship of time and temperature in the polymerization reaction. The PCF preform with elliptical core hexagonal symmetry structure with diameter of 70 mm, hole-diameter of 2 mm and hole-spacing of 5 mm was developed successfully. Additional, the sleeving draw-stretching technique of preform was set up, and the elliptical core hexagonal symmetry structure polymer PCF with fiber diameter of D=125±5μm, average holes-diameter of 3.5μm and average holes-spacing 9.4μm was fabricated successfully. The temperature field distribution in the oven of preform draw-stretching and fiber draw-stretching were investigated.
(5) The optical and polarization properties of polymer PCF with elliptical core hexagonal symmetry structure from sleeving draw-stretching technology were characterized. Experimental results showed that the fiber had good characteristics such as better machine flexibility, smaller numerical aperture (NA), larger mode field diameter and weaker birefringence effect. Its transmission loss is 11.5 dB/m at wavelength of 632.8 nm, its bend radii is 10 mm, the bend loss is low when the bend radii more than 10 mm. At the same time, its birefringence is only 4.65×10~(-7) at wavelength of approaching 650 nm.
The results above-mentioned provide useful reference in both the theoretical and experimental aspects for further studying the fabrication technology and the method of measuring polymer PCFs.
The work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 60437020.
引文
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