我国主要应用赤眼蜂种的若干应用基础研究
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摘要
赤眼蜂属是生物防治中广泛用来防治鳞翅目害虫的一类重要天敌昆虫。应用基础研究及某些关键技术的研究是生物防治学科发展的主体。我国赤眼蜂的应用虽已步入世界先进行列,但基础研究不足,与我国的世界赤眼蜂应用大国身份不符。本论文基于国内外研究现状,以我国主要研究应用的蜂种为研究对象,结合实际生产和应用需求,针对与赤眼蜂应用密切相关的田间环境因子的影响、贮存、分类鉴定和非靶标效应等问题,具体开展了5项基础研究,旨在为推动我国赤眼蜂应用提供相应依据及科学工具。主要结果如下:
1 高温冲击对柞蚕卵繁殖赤眼蜂的影响
我国普遍应用柞蚕卵繁殖和大量释放赤眼蜂防治多种农林害虫。然而,某些地区夏季高温可能会对其产生负面影响。为此,研究了柞蚕卵繁殖的松毛虫赤眼蜂于蛹中期和蛹后期经历6h35℃和6h40℃高温单次冲击处理,对当代羽化出蜂率、单卵出蜂数、单卵雌蜂比、寿命等4个指标和处理子代有效繁殖个体数、羽化率、单卵出蜂数、单卵雌蜂比等4个指标的影响。研究结果表明,当松毛虫赤眼蜂处于蛹中期阶段和蛹后期阶段,在处理当代易受高温冲击影响,尤以40℃高温不利影响明显,主要表现在羽化出蜂率、单卵出蜂数两指标明显降低,其中蛹后期经历6h40℃高温冲击后.几乎不能继续发育羽化;而总体来看高温冲击对子代蜂各指标未表现出明显影响。
2 常规棉花粉和转Cry1Ac+CpTI棉花粉对螟黄赤眼蜂繁殖和存活的影响
在室内评价了常规棉花粉和转Cry1Ac+CpTI棉(Bt棉)花粉通过不同处理方式作为食物源对螟黄赤眼蜂寿命、寄生卵数、子代羽化数和性比等繁殖和存活特征的影响。共设计7个饲喂处理,即不饲喂(UNFED)、水(W)、水+常规棉花粉(W+P)、水+Bt棉花粉(W+BtP)、10%蜂蜜水(H)、10%蜂蜜水+常规棉花粉(H+P)和10%蜂蜜水+转Bt棉花粉(H+BtP)。在提供或不提供米蛾卵条件下,经W+P或W+BtP饲喂的雌蜂寿命与W或UNFED间无显著差异,但均显著短于H和H+P或H+BtP饲喂的雌蜂,而经H+P或H+BtP饲喂的雌蜂寿命又均显著长于经H饲喂的雌蜂。比较每雌寄生卵数和子代羽化数来看,各处理明显分为3类,即UNFED、W、W+P和W+BtP为最低,H为居中,H+P和H+BtP为最高。比较每雌子代性比来看,各处理也明显分为3类,即H、H+P和H+BtP为最低,W+P和W+BtP为居中,UNFED和W为最高。饲喂W+P和W+BtP的雌蜂寿命、寄生卵粒数、子代羽化数和性比分别与W+BtP和H+BtP饲喂间无显著差异。棉花花粉与蜂蜜组合成为螟黄赤眼蜂实现其最大存活和繁殖力的食物;初步表明Bt棉花粉对螟黄赤眼蜂无影响。
3 冷贮对柞蚕卵繁殖赤眼蜂的影响
柞蚕卵繁殖的松毛虫赤眼蜂是我国最主要的生防产品,冷贮有助于其商品化生产、运输和释放应用。为了全面评价冷贮对柞蚕卵繁殖赤眼蜂的影响,作者采用柞蚕卵为寄主,以贮存温度(4℃、7℃、10℃和13℃)、贮存虫期(卵、幼虫、预蛹和蛹期)和贮存时间(2周、4周、6周和8周)为参试因子,研究了冷贮对松毛虫赤眼蜂羽化出蜂率、单卵出蜂数、单卵雌蜂比的影响。结果表明,三个因素均可单独和互作显著降低羽化出蜂率和单卵出蜂数,尤以贮存虫期的影响更为明显;但三个因素对单卵出蜂性比影响不大。综合各虫期对低温的反应,松毛虫赤眼蜂对10℃反应敏感,各虫期羽化出蜂率和单卵出蜂数明显降低,不适宜长期冷贮,对7℃反应相对较不敏感,最适宜长期贮存。适宜长期冷贮温度(4℃和7℃)条件下,适宜贮存虫期有所不同。在4℃条件下,为幼虫期和蛹期,7℃条件下为卵期和蛹期,羽化出峰率和单卵出蜂数相对其他虫期受冷贮不利影响较小。从对羽化出蜂率的影响来看,于卵期7℃下冷贮为最适宜;从对单卵出蜂数的影
Egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma are widely used in biological control against Lepidopterous pests. In considering future development of biological control, the focus should be placed on the applied basic research and the development of some key technologies. However, an insufficiency of basic research on Trichogramma wasps in China shows unconformity with its leading place in the world on application. This paper based on the present state of Trichogramma research, used main Trichogramma species of researching and applying in China as the studying target, aimed at key issues on influence of environmental factors in field, cold storage, species identification and non-target effect, studied concretely effects of high temperature shocks on Trichogramma dendrolomi reared on Antheraea pernyi eggs, effect of pollen of regular cotton and transgenic Cry1Ac+CpTI cotton on reproduction and survival of the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma chilonis, effects of cold storage on T. dendrolomi reared on A. eggs , system and application of molecular identification based on species-specific primers for important Trichogramma species in China, prefenence of Trichogramma dendrolimi and Trichogramma chilonis for eggs of predatory insects. The main results were summarized as follows:1 Effects of high temperature shocks on Trichogramma dendrolomi reared on Antheraea pernyi eggsTrichogramma wasps reared on Antheraea pernyi eggs have been widely used throughout China as biological control agent against some pests. However, in certain regions, high temperature prevailing in summer is suspected to execute a negative influence on the parasitoids. To simulate these adverse conditions, we applied single heat shocks (35℃ and 40℃) for 6 hours to middle stage and late stage of pupae of Trichogramma dendrolomi, and recorded the percentages of adult emergence rate, number of wasps per host egg, female ratio and longevity as well as the number of wasps with parasitization, percent emergence, number of wasps per host egg and female ratio in the next generation. The results showed the susceptibility of both middle stage and late stage of pupae to high temperature shocks, especially at 40℃. At this temperature, percent emergence and number of wasps per host egg were substantially reduced, and especially when the parasitoids experienced the high temperature shocks at late pupal stage, they nearly failed to achieve any emergence. For the progeny generation, all parameters as a whole seem to be little affected by the heat shock experienced in the parent generation.2 Effect of Pollen of regular cotton and transgenic Cry1Ac+CpTI cotton on reproduction and survival ofthe parasitoid wasp Trichogramma chilonisThe availability and quality of food played an important role in determing the effectiveness of parasitoids as control agents. The effects of pollen of regular cotton and transgenic Cry1Ac+CpTI cotton as a food source for Trichogramma chilonis were assessed in the laboratory by investigating paratization rate, prgeny survival and sex ratio. The results of this study under laboratory conditions are then considered in relation to determine whether pollen availability is likely to be an important factor in field performance and whether transgenic cotton pollen could affect survival and reproduction of T. chilonis. Females fed on a suspension of pollen of regular cotton or transgenic Bt+CpTI cotton in water lived as long as those fed on water alone or urfed, but significantly shorter than than those fed on honey alone and suspension of pollen of regular cotton or transgenic Bt+CpTI cotton in honey, either with or without eggs rice moth (Corcyra cephalonica). T. chilonis females fed on suspension of pollen of regular cotton
or transgenic Bt+CpTI cotton in honey parasitized and produced significantly more eggs, offspring and males than those fed on honey or water alone, suspention of pollen of regular cotton or transgenic Bt+CpTI cotton in water and unfed. T. chilonis females fed on honey parasitized and produced significantly more eggs, offsping and males th
1 高温冲击对柞蚕卵繁殖赤眼蜂的影响
我国普遍应用柞蚕卵繁殖和大量释放赤眼蜂防治多种农林害虫。然而,某些地区夏季高温可能会对其产生负面影响。为此,研究了柞蚕卵繁殖的松毛虫赤眼蜂于蛹中期和蛹后期经历6h35℃和6h40℃高温单次冲击处理,对当代羽化出蜂率、单卵出蜂数、单卵雌蜂比、寿命等4个指标和处理子代有效繁殖个体数、羽化率、单卵出蜂数、单卵雌蜂比等4个指标的影响。研究结果表明,当松毛虫赤眼蜂处于蛹中期阶段和蛹后期阶段,在处理当代易受高温冲击影响,尤以40℃高温不利影响明显,主要表现在羽化出蜂率、单卵出蜂数两指标明显降低,其中蛹后期经历6h40℃高温冲击后.几乎不能继续发育羽化;而总体来看高温冲击对子代蜂各指标未表现出明显影响。
2 常规棉花粉和转Cry1Ac+CpTI棉花粉对螟黄赤眼蜂繁殖和存活的影响
在室内评价了常规棉花粉和转Cry1Ac+CpTI棉(Bt棉)花粉通过不同处理方式作为食物源对螟黄赤眼蜂寿命、寄生卵数、子代羽化数和性比等繁殖和存活特征的影响。共设计7个饲喂处理,即不饲喂(UNFED)、水(W)、水+常规棉花粉(W+P)、水+Bt棉花粉(W+BtP)、10%蜂蜜水(H)、10%蜂蜜水+常规棉花粉(H+P)和10%蜂蜜水+转Bt棉花粉(H+BtP)。在提供或不提供米蛾卵条件下,经W+P或W+BtP饲喂的雌蜂寿命与W或UNFED间无显著差异,但均显著短于H和H+P或H+BtP饲喂的雌蜂,而经H+P或H+BtP饲喂的雌蜂寿命又均显著长于经H饲喂的雌蜂。比较每雌寄生卵数和子代羽化数来看,各处理明显分为3类,即UNFED、W、W+P和W+BtP为最低,H为居中,H+P和H+BtP为最高。比较每雌子代性比来看,各处理也明显分为3类,即H、H+P和H+BtP为最低,W+P和W+BtP为居中,UNFED和W为最高。饲喂W+P和W+BtP的雌蜂寿命、寄生卵粒数、子代羽化数和性比分别与W+BtP和H+BtP饲喂间无显著差异。棉花花粉与蜂蜜组合成为螟黄赤眼蜂实现其最大存活和繁殖力的食物;初步表明Bt棉花粉对螟黄赤眼蜂无影响。
3 冷贮对柞蚕卵繁殖赤眼蜂的影响
柞蚕卵繁殖的松毛虫赤眼蜂是我国最主要的生防产品,冷贮有助于其商品化生产、运输和释放应用。为了全面评价冷贮对柞蚕卵繁殖赤眼蜂的影响,作者采用柞蚕卵为寄主,以贮存温度(4℃、7℃、10℃和13℃)、贮存虫期(卵、幼虫、预蛹和蛹期)和贮存时间(2周、4周、6周和8周)为参试因子,研究了冷贮对松毛虫赤眼蜂羽化出蜂率、单卵出蜂数、单卵雌蜂比的影响。结果表明,三个因素均可单独和互作显著降低羽化出蜂率和单卵出蜂数,尤以贮存虫期的影响更为明显;但三个因素对单卵出蜂性比影响不大。综合各虫期对低温的反应,松毛虫赤眼蜂对10℃反应敏感,各虫期羽化出蜂率和单卵出蜂数明显降低,不适宜长期冷贮,对7℃反应相对较不敏感,最适宜长期贮存。适宜长期冷贮温度(4℃和7℃)条件下,适宜贮存虫期有所不同。在4℃条件下,为幼虫期和蛹期,7℃条件下为卵期和蛹期,羽化出峰率和单卵出蜂数相对其他虫期受冷贮不利影响较小。从对羽化出蜂率的影响来看,于卵期7℃下冷贮为最适宜;从对单卵出蜂数的影
Egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma are widely used in biological control against Lepidopterous pests. In considering future development of biological control, the focus should be placed on the applied basic research and the development of some key technologies. However, an insufficiency of basic research on Trichogramma wasps in China shows unconformity with its leading place in the world on application. This paper based on the present state of Trichogramma research, used main Trichogramma species of researching and applying in China as the studying target, aimed at key issues on influence of environmental factors in field, cold storage, species identification and non-target effect, studied concretely effects of high temperature shocks on Trichogramma dendrolomi reared on Antheraea pernyi eggs, effect of pollen of regular cotton and transgenic Cry1Ac+CpTI cotton on reproduction and survival of the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma chilonis, effects of cold storage on T. dendrolomi reared on A. eggs , system and application of molecular identification based on species-specific primers for important Trichogramma species in China, prefenence of Trichogramma dendrolimi and Trichogramma chilonis for eggs of predatory insects. The main results were summarized as follows:1 Effects of high temperature shocks on Trichogramma dendrolomi reared on Antheraea pernyi eggsTrichogramma wasps reared on Antheraea pernyi eggs have been widely used throughout China as biological control agent against some pests. However, in certain regions, high temperature prevailing in summer is suspected to execute a negative influence on the parasitoids. To simulate these adverse conditions, we applied single heat shocks (35℃ and 40℃) for 6 hours to middle stage and late stage of pupae of Trichogramma dendrolomi, and recorded the percentages of adult emergence rate, number of wasps per host egg, female ratio and longevity as well as the number of wasps with parasitization, percent emergence, number of wasps per host egg and female ratio in the next generation. The results showed the susceptibility of both middle stage and late stage of pupae to high temperature shocks, especially at 40℃. At this temperature, percent emergence and number of wasps per host egg were substantially reduced, and especially when the parasitoids experienced the high temperature shocks at late pupal stage, they nearly failed to achieve any emergence. For the progeny generation, all parameters as a whole seem to be little affected by the heat shock experienced in the parent generation.2 Effect of Pollen of regular cotton and transgenic Cry1Ac+CpTI cotton on reproduction and survival ofthe parasitoid wasp Trichogramma chilonisThe availability and quality of food played an important role in determing the effectiveness of parasitoids as control agents. The effects of pollen of regular cotton and transgenic Cry1Ac+CpTI cotton as a food source for Trichogramma chilonis were assessed in the laboratory by investigating paratization rate, prgeny survival and sex ratio. The results of this study under laboratory conditions are then considered in relation to determine whether pollen availability is likely to be an important factor in field performance and whether transgenic cotton pollen could affect survival and reproduction of T. chilonis. Females fed on a suspension of pollen of regular cotton or transgenic Bt+CpTI cotton in water lived as long as those fed on water alone or urfed, but significantly shorter than than those fed on honey alone and suspension of pollen of regular cotton or transgenic Bt+CpTI cotton in honey, either with or without eggs rice moth (Corcyra cephalonica). T. chilonis females fed on suspension of pollen of regular cotton
or transgenic Bt+CpTI cotton in honey parasitized and produced significantly more eggs, offspring and males than those fed on honey or water alone, suspention of pollen of regular cotton or transgenic Bt+CpTI cotton in water and unfed. T. chilonis females fed on honey parasitized and produced significantly more eggs, offsping and males th
引文
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