基于三维模型的集群企业动态能力与竞争优势提升实证研究
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摘要
随着区域经济一体化的步伐不断加快,地区间、乃至国际间的经济及技术联系日渐紧密,西方多数发达国家的企业都呈现出了一种空间集聚的形态,即产业集群的现象。集群作为企业内部和市场选择的中间性组织,同时具备了市场机制与传统单纯科层组织结构的优点。在不断动荡多变的市场环境中,集群在市场竞争中显示出了单个企业所无法比拟的优势,尤其在节约交易费用方面。美国的硅谷、丹麦的家具集群、印度班加罗尔的软件业、意大利的瓷砖业以及中国浙江省的小企业簇群等区域集聚生产制造模式,都在促进当地经济增长过程中占有相当重要的地位。在此背景下,本文吸取了产业组织理论、能力理论、竞争优势理论、复杂性理论等相关领域的研究成果,以浙江省嘉兴、绍兴、金华、温州四地产业集群内的企业(本文简称为集群企业)为研究对象,试图探索并揭示集群企业动态能力与竞争优势提升的作用机制以及所蕴含的匹配的管理策略含义。
     本文采用规范分析与实证研究紧密结合的方法,试图对以下五个关键性问题进行全面系统的分析:(1)资源是否有利于集群企业动态能力的提升?(2)能力是否有利于集群企业动态能力的提升?(3)战略与环境匹配是否促进了集群企业动态能力提升?(4)能力与资源匹配是否促进了集群企业动态能力提升?(5)集群企业动态能力与竞争优势的关系?围绕这五个问题,本文通过研究分析国内外企业能力理论和产业集群理论的实践发展与进展,探讨集群企业成长的影响因素,剖析影响集群企业动态能力与竞争优势提升的作用机制。
     在回顾集群企业动态能力研究的理论背景与实践背景以及先前研究的局限基础上,根据集群理论、能力理论及竞争优势理论的国内外文献检索,本文对国内外的集群理论、动态能力理论和竞争优势理论进行了较深入的述评,形成本文的理论研究基点。
     在分析复杂性理论的研究内容以及对集群企业动态能力的影响之后,提出了集群企业动态能力研究框架及形成决定因素,并结合前人对集群企业动态能力影响因素的研究,探讨了复杂性理论视角下的集群企业动态能力与竞争优势提升的影响因素,最终构建了集群企业动态能力与竞争优势提升的三维模型。
     进一步对决定集群企业动态能力与竞争优势提升的各个维度(资源、能力、复杂性匹配)进行了分析,对其影响及作用原理进行了较为深入的探讨,为实证研究奠定基础。
     在对浙江嘉兴、绍兴、金华、温州等地的集群企业的问卷和访谈基础上,首先运用因素分析等方法识别出动态能力提升的影响因素,并与理论分析得出的研究结论进行对比分析,确定了具体影响因素。而后进行问卷修改、发放、数据收集、统计描述等工作,并就有关数据进行测量、检验、拟和分析,通过不同情况验证所建立的模型的合理性。
     最后,在实证研究基础上,总结了浙江省集群企业动态能力与竞争优势提升的若干经验,对本论文研究的结论进行了归纳和总结,分析了这些结论的学术价值和实践意义,并指出了论文研究的局限以及下一步的研究方向。
     理论探讨以及运用LISREL和SPSS11.0统计分析工具实证检验揭示了基于三维模型的集群企业动态能力与竞争优势提升的相关作用机制,得出了以下结论:
     第一,在全球化、外部环境动荡的背景下,集群企业能否有效提升动态能力是竞争优势取得的关键。本研究从集群企业战略转型与匹配模式转变的根本动因开始,分析了集群企业战略转型的趋势关键在于利用资源维度、能力维度以及复杂性匹配维度来集成和提升动态能力。此外,无论是基于大量问卷基础上的统计分析,还是一些案例均表明了集群企业动态能力与竞争优势之间存在着很强的正向关联。因此,集群企业应重视对于动态能力的培育与提升,并结合集群企业的特质积极进行创新活动,这些都将有利于竞争优势的获取。
     第二,本研究证实,集群企业可以通过资源维度要素对动态能力进行提升,进而对竞争优势产生积极而正向的影响。资源是集群企业赖以生存的基础。本文认为,在取得资源、吸收资源、整合资源的过程中,集群企业均可结合自身的实际情况与外部环境动态适应和调整,从而不断提升动态能力。本文研究将集群企业的资源维度要素,主要划分为集群企业的财务资源、人力资源、技术资源、网络资源和地理资源。这些资源要素对于集群企业动态能力的提升,乃至竞争优势的获取,在本研究的统计分析和案例分析过程的结果证实是起到部分或显著的支持作用。
     第三,研究结果表明,集群企业可以通过能力维度要素对动态能力进行提升,进而对竞争优势产生积极而正向的影响。本研究将集群企业的能力维度要素,主要划分为学习能力、组织管理能力、技术创新能力和战略管理能力。这些能力要素均对集群企业动态能力的提升,乃至竞争优势的获取,在本研究的统计分析和案例分析过程的结果证实是起到部分或显著的支持作用。
     第四,研究结果显示,集群企业的动态能力还受到集群企业战略与环境的匹配、能力与资源的匹配的影响。集群企业通过匹配机制选择合适的模式,可以在企业内部有效转化为产品或服务并在市场上实现价值,或者通过多元化、企业并购等模式实现价值,进而对竞争优势的获取产生积极而正向的影响。本研究的统计数据分析表明,集群企业战略与环境的匹配、能力与资源的匹配和集群企业动态能力、竞争优势之间存在着正相关关系。
     与已有的国内外相关研究相比,本文的创新点与理论贡献主要在于:
     一是本文结合集群企业特质提出的三维研究模型,从资源、能力、复杂性匹配三个维度对集群企业动态能力进行研究,这是对动态能力问题的全新理解和解释。虽然这种研究思想到目前为止仍有很多不足,但本文尝试在Teece对动态能力定义“整合、建立、再配置企业内外部资源和能力以适应快速动荡的环境”基础上,对资源、能力维度对动态能力提升的作用机制作出了深入的解释,而且还提出了动态能力大于资源和能力两个维度之和的观点,并通过第三个维度—复杂性匹配维度来诠释环境、战略、资源和能力之间的作用机理,具有一定的创新空间。
     二是现有对集群企业研究文献中正面的论述多,而涉及集群企业存在的风险以及如何进行风险控制,乃至战略转型的较少。本研究不仅将动态能力与集群两大领域有机的结合起来,而且尝试运用多学科理论,如空间和地理经济学、区域经济学、系统学、管理学、社会学等学科来研究集群企业动态能力与竞争优势提升问题,给出了与以往研究有所不同的结论,研究视角新颖,有一定的独创性。
     三是通过理论推导和实证研究,本文构建了基于复杂性理论的集群企业动态能力与竞争优势提升的研究框架,主要由三大维度构成:资源维度、能力维度和复杂性匹配维度。其中,资源维度分为:财务资源、人力资源、技术资源、网络资源和地理资源。在对集群企业资源的概念进行明确界定的前提下,剖析了企业资源体系及其作用机制。能力维度分为:学习能力、组织管理能力、技术创新能力、战略管理能力。在对集群企业能力的概念进行明确界定的前提下,剖析了企业能力体系及其作用机制。复杂性匹配包括战略与环境的匹配、能力与资源的匹配。这样对动态能力提升的研究,因为能从资源、能力、复杂性匹配三个方面相互区分,做到了既具有全面性,又有层次性。研究同时也证明了本文对动态能力的三个维度划分的相对合理性。
     四是本文研究中始终贯彻了匹配思想。综合构建了集群企业的资源维度、能力维度、复杂性匹配维度等各个维度与动态能力、竞争优势之间的总的作用模型,并利用建立的概念模型对动态能力与竞争优势提升问题给出了明确的解答。通过较为全面的因素考察,使得模型更加贴切现实。进一步,本研究在概念模型构建和结构方程模型分析中细化了各影响因素的作用形式,在借鉴国内动态能力研究最新理论之外,还结合集群企业资源、能力、复杂性匹配、动态能力和竞争优势等多个因素进行综合分析。同时,对于集群企业的竞争优势也进行了测量分析。综合作用模型在调查问卷统计分析和案例分析中被证明具有一定合理性。
Along with the quick propulsion of the regional economic integration and the close link of economy and technology between regions and countries, most enterprises in the developed countries become spatial agglomeration--the enterprise clusters. Enterprise clusters speed up the development of economy with their advantage, especially in saving the transaction costs, the most typical examples of which are Silicon Valley in the United States, furniture enterprise clusters in Denmark, software industry in Bangalore of India, Ceramic Tile Industry in Italy and small businesses clusters in Zhejiang province of China. Under this background, this article systematically absorbs the research result of the related realms, such as the industry organization theories, the competency theory, business enterprise competitive advantage theories, complexity theory etc, and then taking Jiaxing, Shaoxing, Jinhua, Wenzhou industrial district in Zhejiang province as the research object, trying to investigate and open out the function mechanism of carrying out the firm's dynamic capabilities and competitive advantage inside the industrial district and the strategy meaning the management by the view of enterprises clusters.
     On the basis of previous papers, the thesis, closely combining theoretical analysis with empirical research, tries to solve the following five decisive problems comprehensively and deeply: (1) Does the resource have favorable effect on the promotion of the dynamic capabilities of the enterprise clusters? (2) Does the capability have favorable effect on the promotion of the dynamic capabilities of the enterprise clusters? (3)Does the matching mechanism between strategy and environment have favorable effect on the promotion of the dynamic capabilities of the enterprise clusters? (4)Does the matching mechanism between strategy and environment have favorable effect on the promotion of the dynamic capabilities of the enterprise clusters? (5)What is the relationship between the dynamic capabilities of the enterprise clusters and the competitive advantage? Centering on five decisive problems, we have finished the following research tasks:
     Based on the background of theory and practice about of the dynamic capabilities of the enterprise clusters, this thesis gives the comments on the theory of the enterprise clusters, the dynamic capabilities and the competitive advantage, which is the foundation of this article.
     Following the analysis about complexity theory and its affect on the dynamic capabilities of the enterprise clusters, there are the influential factors about how to promote the dynamic capabilities of the enterprise clusters on the view of complexity theory.
     Then the article give analysis on the dimensions about how to promote the dynamic capabilities and the competitive advantage of the enterprise clusters, these dimensions include the resource, the capabilities and the complexity matching.
     Taking the enterprise clusters in the Jiaxing, Wenzhou, Jinhua, Shaoxing city of Zhejiang province as research object by empirical analysis, we recognize the influential factors about how to promote the dynamic capabilities of the enterprise clusters by factors analysis method, then evaluate the rationality of model by the way of statistics and digital analysis.
     At last, based on the empirical analysis, the article summarizes the experience of the dynamic capabilities and the competitive advantage of the enterprise clusters in Zhejiang province, and point out the theory value, practical significance and the projects of the research.
     Through the above research work and analysis by LISREL and SPSSll.0, the main conclusions are as follows:
     First, on the background of globalization and fluctuating economic environment, the promotion of the dynamic capabilities is the key point for the enterprise clusters to get competitive advantage.
     Second, the enterprise clusters can promote the dynamic capabilities by using the resources, and have the positive effect on the competitive advantage. The resources are the base for the enterprise clusters, including the finance resources, human resources, technology resources, network resources and geography resources.
     Third, the enterprise clusters can promote the dynamic capabilities by using the capabilities, and have the positive effect on the competitive advantage. These capabilities include study capabilities, management capabilities, innovation capabilities and strategy capabilities.
     Forth, the matching mechanism between strategy and environment can affect the dynamic capabilities of the enterprise clusters.
     Compared with previous researches at home and abroad, the main innovation of this paper's work concentrates at following a few aspects:
     (1) The article research on the dynamic capabilities of the enterprise clusters by the 3-D model of resources, capabilities and complexity.
     (2) As there are few research on the risk, the risk control and strategy change of the enterprise clusters, this article combines the dynamic capabilities and the clusters on the research result of economic theories, industrial district theories, management theories etc.
     (3) Based on the theory deduction and empirical analysis, the article gives the research framework to promote the dynamic capabilities of the enterprise clusters. This research framework has three elements: resources, capabilities and the complexity matching.
     (4) The matching mechanism has the important influence on the promotion of the dynamic capabilities of the enterprise clusters, which is the key element of this article. This article frames the model about how the competitive advantage is affected by the resources, the capabilities and the complexity matching. Based on the overall analysis, the model is more realistic.
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