生长调节剂对龙眼成花的影响研究
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摘要
本试验分别以五年生石硖和桂香龙眼为供试材料,通过冬季控梢及春季防“冲梢”两试验,研究了外源生长调节剂乙烯利和多效唑及人工摘除花序上的小叶对龙眼营养、激素等含量及成花的影响,为正确地使用外源生长调节剂,提高龙眼的产量品质提供依据。结果表明:
1.对矿质营养的影响
控冬梢时叶面喷施不同浓度的乙烯利加多效唑,龙眼树体内N含量降低,P含量增加;K含量在花芽生理分化期升高、形态分化期降低;N/K值下降,有利于龙眼花芽分化;其中浓度大的处理(400 mg·L~(-1)乙烯利+150mg·L~(-1)多效唑)效果更好一些。
防“冲梢”时叶面喷施乙烯利、乙烯利加多效唑以及人工打小叶均降低树体含N量,增加含K量,P的含量表现为先增加后下降。
2.对碳水化合物及C/N值的影响
控冬梢时叶面喷施不同浓度的乙烯利和多效唑,降低了叶片中可溶性含糖量,增加其淀粉和可溶性蛋白质的含量及C/N值。
防“冲梢”时叶面喷乙烯利、乙烯利加多效唑以及打小叶均降低可溶性蛋白质的含量;喷乙烯利、乙烯利加多效唑的处理对可溶性糖含量先抑制,4月中旬坐果期又提高,其中乙烯利加多效唑处理的可溶性糖含量处于中间水平;打小叶的处理前期对可溶性糖含量基本无影响,3月中旬开始显著高于对照及其他处理。
3.对叶片叶绿素的影响
叶面喷施乙烯利降低了叶片中叶绿素含量,而叶面喷施多效唑增加了叶绿素含量。
4.对内源激素及其平衡的影响
控冬梢时叶面喷施乙烯利加多效唑,增加了乙烯、ABA、ZR含量及ZR/GA、ZR/IAA、ABA/GA、ABA/IAA值,降低了IAA含量,先抑制后增加GA含量,先增加后抑制ZR/ABA比值;
防“冲梢”时喷施乙烯利、乙烯利加多效唑以及人工摘小叶,均降低了龙眼叶片中的IAA、GA含量,提高了ZR/GA、ABA/IAA值,而对ABA含量影响不大。其中前两种处理的ZR含量增加,使ZR/ABA的值维持在1左右,且ZR/IAA波动较大。而打小叶对ZR的含量影响不大,但增加了ABA/GA值。
5.对成花坐果的影响
控冬梢时叶片喷施乙烯利和多效唑,推迟了龙眼树出红点、始花期、盛花期和末花期的时间,且乙烯利浓度越高,各时期出现越晚;乙烯利加多效唑有效抑制了冬梢抽生,浓度越高效果越明显;显著提高了枝梢成花率、雌雄花比例和坐果率,缩短花穗长宽度,使长宽适度,花穗紧凑;不同浓度效果不同,其中处理C、D(C:320 mg·L~(-1)乙烯利+150 mg·L~(-1)多效唑、D:400 mg·L~(-1)乙烯利+150 mg·L~(-1)多效唑)处理的均显著高于CK,效果较好。
防“冲梢”时喷乙烯利、乙烯利加多效唑以及打小叶均显著降低了龙眼“冲梢”率,提高枝梢成花率和坐果率、雌雄花比例,其中叶面喷施213 mg·L~(-1)乙烯利+150 mg·L~(-1)多效唑的处理效果最好。
5-year-old bearing trees of Shixia(Dimocarpus longan Lour cv.Shixia)and Guixiang(Dimocarpus longan Lour cv.Guixiang)were used as tested materials to study the effects of exogenous growth regulators(ethephon and PP_(333))and hand removing of young leaves on developing panicles on the content of nutrient and endogenous hormones and the flowering of longan by conducting the following two tests:test of controlling winter flush and test of preventing flowering reversion.The results of the study provided a theoretical basis for the correctly use of exogenous growth regulators to improve the yield and quality of longan.The results showed that:
1.The effect on mineral nutrition
Foliar spraying of different concentrations of ethephon and PP_(333)before longan trees sprouted could reduce the content of N and increase the content of P.The content of K was increased during physiological differentiation and declined during morphological differentiation.The ratio of N/K also declined which was in favor of flower bud differentiation.Among treatments, treatment of higher concentration(400 mg·L~(-1)ethephon +150 mg·L~(-1)PP_(333)) indicated better effect.
Foliar spraying of ethephon,ethephon+PP_(333)and hand removing of young leaves on developing panicles could reduce the content of N and increase the content of K.The content of P increased first and then declined.
2.The effect on carbohydrate and the ratio of C/N
Foliar spraying of different concentrations of ethephon and PP_(333)before longan trees sprouted could reduce the content of soluble sugar and increase the content of starch,soluble protein and the ratio of C/N.
Foliar spraying of ethephon,ethephon+PP_(333)and hand removing of young leaves on panicles reduced the content of soluble protein.Spraying with ethephon,ethephon+PP_(333)could reduce the content of soluble sugar at the beginning,and then increased it in mid-April when fruits set.Among treatments,the treatment of spraying ethephon+PP_(333)showed a medium level of sugar content.There was no effect on the content of soluble sugar at the prophase of the treatment of hand removing of young leaves,while the reading became higher than those of CK and others significantly from mid-March on.
3.The effect on chlorophyll
Foliar spraying of ethephon could reduce the content of chlorophyll,while PP_(333)could increase it.
4.The effect on endogenous hormones and their balance
Foliar spraying of different concentrations of ethephon and PP_(333)before longan trees sprouted could increase the content of ethylene,ABA,ZR and the ratio of ZR/GA,ZR/IAA,ABA/GA,ABA/IAA and reduced the content of IAA.The content of GA declined at first and then increased,while the ratio of ZR/ABA was contrary.
Foliar spraying of ethephon,ethephon+PP_(333)and hand removing of young leaves on panicles could reduce the content of IAA and GA and increase the ratio of ZR/GA,ABA/IAA,but there was no effect on the content of ABA. The content of ZR increased with spraying of the ethephon and ethephon +PP_(333)which kept the ratio of ZR/ABA around 1 and made the ratio of ZR/IAA fluctuate greatly.The treatment of hand removing of young leaves on panicles had not much effects on the content of ZR,but it increased the ratio of ABA/GA.
5.The effect on flowering and fruit setting
Foliar spraying of different concentrations of ethephon and PP_(333)before longan trees sprouted could put off the anthesis,the higher concentration of ethephon sprayed,the later the purplish red inflorescence primordium period, beginning of bloom,full bloom and Late blossom were.Ethephon and PP_(333) depressed the growth of winter flush effectively,increased the rate of flowering branches,fruit setting and female flower to male flower and shorten the length and the width of panicles significantly to form compact panicles. There were different effects with different concentrations.The readings for treatment of spraying of 320 mg·L~(-1)ethephon+150 mg·L~(-1)PP_(333)and 400mg·L~(-1)ethephon+150 mg·L~(-1)PP_(333)were higher than those of CK markedly with better results.
Spraying with ethephon,ethephon+PP_(333)and hand removing of young leaves on panicles could reduce the rate of flowering reversion and increased the rate of flowering branches,fruit setting and female flower to male flower. Among all treatments,treatment of spraying with 213 mg·L~(-1)ethephon+100 mg·L~(-1)PP_(333)showed the best result.
1.对矿质营养的影响
控冬梢时叶面喷施不同浓度的乙烯利加多效唑,龙眼树体内N含量降低,P含量增加;K含量在花芽生理分化期升高、形态分化期降低;N/K值下降,有利于龙眼花芽分化;其中浓度大的处理(400 mg·L~(-1)乙烯利+150mg·L~(-1)多效唑)效果更好一些。
防“冲梢”时叶面喷施乙烯利、乙烯利加多效唑以及人工打小叶均降低树体含N量,增加含K量,P的含量表现为先增加后下降。
2.对碳水化合物及C/N值的影响
控冬梢时叶面喷施不同浓度的乙烯利和多效唑,降低了叶片中可溶性含糖量,增加其淀粉和可溶性蛋白质的含量及C/N值。
防“冲梢”时叶面喷乙烯利、乙烯利加多效唑以及打小叶均降低可溶性蛋白质的含量;喷乙烯利、乙烯利加多效唑的处理对可溶性糖含量先抑制,4月中旬坐果期又提高,其中乙烯利加多效唑处理的可溶性糖含量处于中间水平;打小叶的处理前期对可溶性糖含量基本无影响,3月中旬开始显著高于对照及其他处理。
3.对叶片叶绿素的影响
叶面喷施乙烯利降低了叶片中叶绿素含量,而叶面喷施多效唑增加了叶绿素含量。
4.对内源激素及其平衡的影响
控冬梢时叶面喷施乙烯利加多效唑,增加了乙烯、ABA、ZR含量及ZR/GA、ZR/IAA、ABA/GA、ABA/IAA值,降低了IAA含量,先抑制后增加GA含量,先增加后抑制ZR/ABA比值;
防“冲梢”时喷施乙烯利、乙烯利加多效唑以及人工摘小叶,均降低了龙眼叶片中的IAA、GA含量,提高了ZR/GA、ABA/IAA值,而对ABA含量影响不大。其中前两种处理的ZR含量增加,使ZR/ABA的值维持在1左右,且ZR/IAA波动较大。而打小叶对ZR的含量影响不大,但增加了ABA/GA值。
5.对成花坐果的影响
控冬梢时叶片喷施乙烯利和多效唑,推迟了龙眼树出红点、始花期、盛花期和末花期的时间,且乙烯利浓度越高,各时期出现越晚;乙烯利加多效唑有效抑制了冬梢抽生,浓度越高效果越明显;显著提高了枝梢成花率、雌雄花比例和坐果率,缩短花穗长宽度,使长宽适度,花穗紧凑;不同浓度效果不同,其中处理C、D(C:320 mg·L~(-1)乙烯利+150 mg·L~(-1)多效唑、D:400 mg·L~(-1)乙烯利+150 mg·L~(-1)多效唑)处理的均显著高于CK,效果较好。
防“冲梢”时喷乙烯利、乙烯利加多效唑以及打小叶均显著降低了龙眼“冲梢”率,提高枝梢成花率和坐果率、雌雄花比例,其中叶面喷施213 mg·L~(-1)乙烯利+150 mg·L~(-1)多效唑的处理效果最好。
5-year-old bearing trees of Shixia(Dimocarpus longan Lour cv.Shixia)and Guixiang(Dimocarpus longan Lour cv.Guixiang)were used as tested materials to study the effects of exogenous growth regulators(ethephon and PP_(333))and hand removing of young leaves on developing panicles on the content of nutrient and endogenous hormones and the flowering of longan by conducting the following two tests:test of controlling winter flush and test of preventing flowering reversion.The results of the study provided a theoretical basis for the correctly use of exogenous growth regulators to improve the yield and quality of longan.The results showed that:
1.The effect on mineral nutrition
Foliar spraying of different concentrations of ethephon and PP_(333)before longan trees sprouted could reduce the content of N and increase the content of P.The content of K was increased during physiological differentiation and declined during morphological differentiation.The ratio of N/K also declined which was in favor of flower bud differentiation.Among treatments, treatment of higher concentration(400 mg·L~(-1)ethephon +150 mg·L~(-1)PP_(333)) indicated better effect.
Foliar spraying of ethephon,ethephon+PP_(333)and hand removing of young leaves on developing panicles could reduce the content of N and increase the content of K.The content of P increased first and then declined.
2.The effect on carbohydrate and the ratio of C/N
Foliar spraying of different concentrations of ethephon and PP_(333)before longan trees sprouted could reduce the content of soluble sugar and increase the content of starch,soluble protein and the ratio of C/N.
Foliar spraying of ethephon,ethephon+PP_(333)and hand removing of young leaves on panicles reduced the content of soluble protein.Spraying with ethephon,ethephon+PP_(333)could reduce the content of soluble sugar at the beginning,and then increased it in mid-April when fruits set.Among treatments,the treatment of spraying ethephon+PP_(333)showed a medium level of sugar content.There was no effect on the content of soluble sugar at the prophase of the treatment of hand removing of young leaves,while the reading became higher than those of CK and others significantly from mid-March on.
3.The effect on chlorophyll
Foliar spraying of ethephon could reduce the content of chlorophyll,while PP_(333)could increase it.
4.The effect on endogenous hormones and their balance
Foliar spraying of different concentrations of ethephon and PP_(333)before longan trees sprouted could increase the content of ethylene,ABA,ZR and the ratio of ZR/GA,ZR/IAA,ABA/GA,ABA/IAA and reduced the content of IAA.The content of GA declined at first and then increased,while the ratio of ZR/ABA was contrary.
Foliar spraying of ethephon,ethephon+PP_(333)and hand removing of young leaves on panicles could reduce the content of IAA and GA and increase the ratio of ZR/GA,ABA/IAA,but there was no effect on the content of ABA. The content of ZR increased with spraying of the ethephon and ethephon +PP_(333)which kept the ratio of ZR/ABA around 1 and made the ratio of ZR/IAA fluctuate greatly.The treatment of hand removing of young leaves on panicles had not much effects on the content of ZR,but it increased the ratio of ABA/GA.
5.The effect on flowering and fruit setting
Foliar spraying of different concentrations of ethephon and PP_(333)before longan trees sprouted could put off the anthesis,the higher concentration of ethephon sprayed,the later the purplish red inflorescence primordium period, beginning of bloom,full bloom and Late blossom were.Ethephon and PP_(333) depressed the growth of winter flush effectively,increased the rate of flowering branches,fruit setting and female flower to male flower and shorten the length and the width of panicles significantly to form compact panicles. There were different effects with different concentrations.The readings for treatment of spraying of 320 mg·L~(-1)ethephon+150 mg·L~(-1)PP_(333)and 400mg·L~(-1)ethephon+150 mg·L~(-1)PP_(333)were higher than those of CK markedly with better results.
Spraying with ethephon,ethephon+PP_(333)and hand removing of young leaves on panicles could reduce the rate of flowering reversion and increased the rate of flowering branches,fruit setting and female flower to male flower. Among all treatments,treatment of spraying with 213 mg·L~(-1)ethephon+100 mg·L~(-1)PP_(333)showed the best result.
引文
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舒肇更.龙眼产期化学调控技术的应用现状和前景.柑桔与亚热带果树信息,2001,17(6):3
石兰蓉,吴岚芳,徐立,等.乙烯利促进观赏凤梨花芽分化的生理机制初探.热带农业科学,2005,25(1):10-13
石尧清,彭成绩.南方主要果树生长发育与调控技术.北京:中国农业出版社,2001,178-179
苏明华,刘志成,庄伊美.水涨龙眼结果母枝内源激素含量变化对花芽分化的影响.热带作物学报,1997,18(2):66-71
苏明华.几种植物生长调节剂对龙眼促花保果的效应.中国南方果树,1996,25(3):28-29
王纪忠,刘星辉,陈立松.龙眼花芽形态分化期基枝叶片碳水化合物含量与成花逆转的关系.福建农林大学学报,2004,33(3):322-325
韦金道,韦龙新.外源激素乙烯利控杀禾荔冬梢和促生短花穗的效应初探.广西热作科技,1994,51(2):21-24
韦金道,韦龙新.乙烯利控制荔枝冬梢促花试验.中国南方果树,1996,25(4):26
韦瑞宗.乙烯利处理龙眼果树田间试验.广西农业科学,2003,4:21-23
吴爱国.植物生长调节剂对龙眼枝梢生长的影响.福建热作科技,2001,26(4):1-4
吴邦良,夏春森,赵宗方,等.果树开花结实生理和调控技术.上海:科学技术出版社,1995,12:16-34
吴定尧,邱金淡.环割促进龙眼成花的研究.中国农业科学,2000,33(6):40-43
邢永秀,杨丽涛,李杨瑞.乙烯利对不同甘蔗品种光合特性的影响.广西农业生物科学,2003,22(2):109-113
许建楷,高飞飞,袁荣才,等.PP333对楼柑成花的效应.中国柑枯,1989,18(1):23-24
许明宪.果树环切的增加效应及机理.果树科学,1987,4(2):7-10
叶玲,肖瑶,候学瑛.龙眼控冬梢促花技术.福建果树,2001,9(1):50-53
曾骧.果树生理学.北京:北京农业大学出版社,1992,488-515
赵毓橘,陈季楚.植物生长调节剂生理基础与检测方法.北京:化学出版社,2002,40-47
张田力.高磷促进果树高产稳产的生理基础及施用技术.湖南农业科学,1995,(2):43-44
张孝棋,黄汉升,张展薇.PP_(333)对葡萄控梢效应研究初报.广东农业科学,1987,(20):21-23
周相娟,姜微波,胡小松,等.赤霉素和乙烯对香菜叶片衰老的影响.北方园艺,2003(3):54-56
钟思强,黄党源.影响龙眼开花结果的因素及增产措施.广西科学院学报,2001,17(2):27-33
中川昌一著.曾骧等译.果树园艺原论.北京:北京农业出版社,1982,60-80,528-530
庄稼农.乙烯利和多效唑对兰竹荔枝花果期的调控试验.福建农业科技,2001,4:3-34
Abou R,Nasr N.Effect of spraying some chemical substances on flowering,fruit set,fruit drop,yield and fruit quality of Taimour mango trees.Egyptian Journal of Horticulture,1998,25(1):83-89
Agrawal A.Endogenous cytokinins of mango(MangiJera indica L.)shoot tip & their significance in flowering.Indian Journal of Experimental Biology,1980,80:504-509
Bangerth P.Can regulatoy mechanism in growth and development beelucidated throuth the study of endogenous hormone concentration.Acta Horticulture,1998,463:77-78
Galila A S,Masry H M.Effect of Ethrel and S3307D(a new plant growth retardant)on flowering malformation,fruit set and yield of Ewais mango cultivar.Annals of Agricultural Science Cairo,1991,36(2):645-650
GarciaLuisA,Fornes F,GuardiolaJL.Leaf carbohydrate and flower formation in citrus.J.Amer.Soc.Horticultural Science,1995,120:222-227
Gobudhum S.Induction of flowering in pine-apple(cv.Victoria).Revue Agricole et Sucriere deⅢe Maurice,1994,73:1-2
Goldschmidt E,Aschkenazi N,HerzanoY,etal.Arole for carbohydrate levels in the control of flowering in citrus.Horticultural Science,1985,26:159-166
Grochowska M.The Pattern of hormones of intact apple shoots and changes after spraying with growth regulators.Acta Horticulture,1984,149:25-38
Hoad G.Hormonal regulation of frnitbud formation in fruit trees.Acta Horticulture,1980,149:13-23
Iwahori S,GarciaLuisA,Santamarina P,et al.The influence of ringing on bud development and flowering in Satsuma mandarin.Horticultural Science,1990,41:1341-1346
Iwahori S,Tominaga S.Increase in first-flush flowering of "Meiwa" kumquat,Fortunella crassifolia.Seanonal changes in concentrations of sugar and starch in leaves and twigs of citrus trees.Proceedings of the America Society for Horticultural Science,1951,58:1-4
Kinet J.Environmental,chemical and genetic control of flowering.Horticulture Rev,1993,15:279-334
Luckwill.The control of growth and fruit fulness of apple trees.Physiology of tree crops,1970,237-254
Marcelle R.The flower process and its control. Acta Horticulture, 1984,194: 65
Mataa M, Tominaga S, Kozaki I. Seasonal changes of carbohydrate constituents in ponkan. (Citrus reticulate Blanco.)Horticultural Science, 1996,65(3):513-523
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