我国农民工向城镇居民转化机制研究
摘要
“农民工”是由于我国特定历史因素而出现的群体,它因其“亦农亦工”的特点,表现出较强的流动性和边缘性,并因其规模庞大和内部分化的特点,表现出“复杂性”和“易失控性”。在进行我国现代化建设过程中,城镇化随着工业化的发展而推进是一种历史潮流,农村劳动力尤其是农民工随之向城镇迁移和定居也是一种不可逆转的发展趋势。为此,需构建农民工向城镇居民转化机制,促使农民工顺利留城定居,这既是改变农民工“半市民化”状态,促进社会和谐与稳定的现实需要,又是推动我国工业化、城市化进程,加快经济增长方式转变的客观要求,同时也是消除城乡二元结构,实现城乡经济社会发展一体化的内在需求。在构筑该机制的过程中,因“农民工”现象为我国所独有,国外尚无可以模仿的先例,因此,只能在吸收国内前人研究成果的基础上,结合我国农民工发展趋势和基本国情,进一步探讨。不过国外有关农村剩余劳动力转移的经典理论模型,如刘易斯-拉尼斯-费景汉模型,推拉理论、托达罗模型等,都可以为机制的构建提供理论依据,而且国外关于农村劳动人口迁移的成功经验,也可以给我们带来诸多借鉴和启示。
在考察和分析农民工向城镇居民转化的基本现状及其影响因素后,通过比较分析法、结构分析法、定性和定量分析相结合的方法,我们发现尽管国家对相关法律逐步进行修订和完善,并加大了在社会保障制度、户籍制度、土地流转制度等方面的改革力度,为农民工向城镇居民转化提供了有利的条件,但是经过几十年的不断固化,原本作为居民身份出生证明的户籍逐渐演变为附在其上的一系列权益在城乡居民之间分割的标志,这不仅造成了城乡二元经济结构,而且也带来城乡文化、社会和政治结构的二元性,使农民工在留城定居过程中受到制度、社会资本、社会文化、自身素质及经济压力等诸多方面因素的影响和阻碍。
在了解农民工相关基本状况的基础上,通过因果分析法、系统分析法和逻辑分析法等研究方法,对我国农民工群体内部分化状况进行剖析,根据农民工向城镇居民转化的逻辑顺序,提出了两层划分类型即初次划分类型包括有户籍有土地者、有户籍无土地者,再次划分类型包括有留城意愿和能力者、有留城意愿无能力者、无留城意愿有能力者与无留城意愿无能力者。在此基础上构建了我国农村劳动力向城镇居民转化的基本路径模型图,根据农村劳动力空间转移、职业转换和社会身份转化的基本路径及其相互因果关系,构建了农民工向城镇居民转化机制,该机制主要包括三个方面即动力机制、传导机制和支持机制。其中动力机制主要有工业化的拉力机制、城市化的拉力机制、农业现代化的推力机制和农民工层次需求提升的内在动力机制,我们认为推进工业化,发展高新技术产业时,应注重劳动密集型产业结构调整及优化升级与农民工群体素质结构性调整在一定程度上相一致,不能过快过猛,以造成“民工荒”和“就业难”双重困境,过早地舍弃我国人力资源带来的红利。在城市化方面,应以我国主体功能区划原则为指导,根据农民工迁移的密集程度、产业发展状况和本地优势等分区域有重点地逐步进行城市化,避免因盲目推进而使城市环境恶化和居民生活贫困化。在农业现代化方面,因我国人口众多的现实,土地集中程度应有所限制,同时对不同类型农民工的土地流转也应加以区别对待。最后我们着重分析了农民工层次需求提升的内在动力,并从农民工对经济利益、工作环境、生活环境、发展空间和社会地位等从低到高层次逐一进行论述;传导机制则主要是从整个机制宏观目标导向和农民工个体微观目标导向两个方面构建了目标导向机制,从雇佣单位对劳动力需求、农民工的供给以及劳动力市场体系完善方面建立了劳动力供需平衡机制,从政府引导社会其他力量(城镇居民、媒体、志愿者、科研机构及人员等)积极参与等方面构筑了农民工与城镇融合的引导机制;而支持机制主要有:农民工退出农村的支持机制包括完善职业教育、建立农村养老保险体系和推动城乡及其内部之间教育资源均衡等。农民工进入城镇的支持机制主要是指对农民工解决住房问题的支持,并从降低和保持房价稳定,增加经济适用房与廉租房等方面加以分析。农民工融入城镇的支持机制主要是指逐步取消对农民工留城定居的户籍限制和健全社会保障尤其是社会保险制度体系两个方面。
Postgraduate:Zheng Zhenyu Turtor: researcher and professor Yang Guoliang Grade:2007 Speciality: political economics Major: theory of socialist market economy Abstract:The peasant workers is a special group and its emergence being due to historical factors of our country, because of the characteristic of peasant workers being not only farmers but also workers, it shows strong mobility and marginality, and because of the feature of its large scale and internal differentiation, it is“complexity”and“easy to get out of control”. In the process of mordernization, urbanization is a trend of history with the development of industrialization, The rural labor force, especially peasant workers’migrating to cities or towns is an irreversible trend. Constructing the mechanism of peasant workers transforming to urban residents, and promote them to stay in cities or towns smoothly are not only the needs of promoting social harmony and stability but also the objective requirements of advancing industrialization, urbanization and changing the way of economic growth, meanwhile, The are the inner needs of achieving the integration of the development of economy and society in city and in countryside. Because the phenomenon of peasant workers is unique of our country and there is no precedent to be taken off in abroad, so in the process of building this mechanism, we can just explore furtherly through absorbing the anterior research fruit of older people and basing on the development of the peasant workers and basic conditions of our country. Learning from other countries, we can get numerous lessons and inspirations.
After analyzing the main situation and the factors which influence the peasant workers turning intourban residents, with methods of comparative analysis, structural analysis as well as combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis,we find that although the relevant regulations have been revised and improved gradually, and, the government has intensified reform force to social security system, household registration system and the transfer system of farming land,all these measures provide advantageous conditions for the peasant workers’turning intourban residents.Howerver as a result of several decades’solidification, household registration is becoming symbolization of urban and rural residents, it causes not only the dual structure in urban and rural economy, but also bring the dual structure to culture, society and polity. This dual structure makes the peasant workers influenced and constraated by various factors,such as systems, social capital, social culture, self-quality and financial stress and so on.
We analyze the situation of the peasant workers’internal differention by applying the method of causal analysis, system analysis, logical analysis, etc. Furthermore, according to the logical sequence of the peasant workers’turning intourban residents, we put forward a division of two-layer type which includes initial division type and second division type, the former includes those who have both household register and lands, and those who have household register but have no lands, the latter incorporates those who have both willingness and ability to stay in the city, have willingness but have no ability, have no willingness but have ability, have no willingness and ability to stay in the city. Basing on this, we build up the basic path model diagram of the rural labor turning intourban residents. In accordance with the basic path of the rural labor force’s space diversion, career transition and social status transformation as well as the interrelation among them, we set up the mechanism of peasant workers transforming to urban residents which consists of three aspects, these are dynamical mechanism, transmission mechanism and supporting mechanism. Dynamical mechanism mainly consists of the pull mechanism of industrialization, the pull mechanism of urbanization, thrust mechanism of agricultural modernization and inner dynamical mechanism of the promotion of peasant workers’demond level. The aspect of urbanization should be guided by the principle of functional regionalization. In the aspect of agricultural modernization, we are supposed to consider the types of transfer of farming land dufferently. Finally, we analyze the inner dynamical mechanism; The transmission mechanism constructs the object-oriented mechanism, the mechanism of balance between supply and demond and the mechanism of the guidance; The supporting mechanism mainly includes: the supporting mechanism of the peasant workers withdrawn from the rural, the supporting mechanism of the peasant workers entering towns and cities and the supporting mechanism of the peasant workers fitting to towns and cities. Among the three aspects of the supporting mechanism mentioned above, the first aspect refers to improve vocational education, establish the system of rural endowment insurance and promote the internal balance of the educational resources between urban and rural areas, the second aspect mainly means to solve the housing problems of peasant workers and maintain the stability of the housing price and increase affordable housing and low-cost housing ,etc, the third aspect chiefly means to abolish the restrictions related to the household register restrictions and improve the social security especially the system of the social insurance.
在考察和分析农民工向城镇居民转化的基本现状及其影响因素后,通过比较分析法、结构分析法、定性和定量分析相结合的方法,我们发现尽管国家对相关法律逐步进行修订和完善,并加大了在社会保障制度、户籍制度、土地流转制度等方面的改革力度,为农民工向城镇居民转化提供了有利的条件,但是经过几十年的不断固化,原本作为居民身份出生证明的户籍逐渐演变为附在其上的一系列权益在城乡居民之间分割的标志,这不仅造成了城乡二元经济结构,而且也带来城乡文化、社会和政治结构的二元性,使农民工在留城定居过程中受到制度、社会资本、社会文化、自身素质及经济压力等诸多方面因素的影响和阻碍。
在了解农民工相关基本状况的基础上,通过因果分析法、系统分析法和逻辑分析法等研究方法,对我国农民工群体内部分化状况进行剖析,根据农民工向城镇居民转化的逻辑顺序,提出了两层划分类型即初次划分类型包括有户籍有土地者、有户籍无土地者,再次划分类型包括有留城意愿和能力者、有留城意愿无能力者、无留城意愿有能力者与无留城意愿无能力者。在此基础上构建了我国农村劳动力向城镇居民转化的基本路径模型图,根据农村劳动力空间转移、职业转换和社会身份转化的基本路径及其相互因果关系,构建了农民工向城镇居民转化机制,该机制主要包括三个方面即动力机制、传导机制和支持机制。其中动力机制主要有工业化的拉力机制、城市化的拉力机制、农业现代化的推力机制和农民工层次需求提升的内在动力机制,我们认为推进工业化,发展高新技术产业时,应注重劳动密集型产业结构调整及优化升级与农民工群体素质结构性调整在一定程度上相一致,不能过快过猛,以造成“民工荒”和“就业难”双重困境,过早地舍弃我国人力资源带来的红利。在城市化方面,应以我国主体功能区划原则为指导,根据农民工迁移的密集程度、产业发展状况和本地优势等分区域有重点地逐步进行城市化,避免因盲目推进而使城市环境恶化和居民生活贫困化。在农业现代化方面,因我国人口众多的现实,土地集中程度应有所限制,同时对不同类型农民工的土地流转也应加以区别对待。最后我们着重分析了农民工层次需求提升的内在动力,并从农民工对经济利益、工作环境、生活环境、发展空间和社会地位等从低到高层次逐一进行论述;传导机制则主要是从整个机制宏观目标导向和农民工个体微观目标导向两个方面构建了目标导向机制,从雇佣单位对劳动力需求、农民工的供给以及劳动力市场体系完善方面建立了劳动力供需平衡机制,从政府引导社会其他力量(城镇居民、媒体、志愿者、科研机构及人员等)积极参与等方面构筑了农民工与城镇融合的引导机制;而支持机制主要有:农民工退出农村的支持机制包括完善职业教育、建立农村养老保险体系和推动城乡及其内部之间教育资源均衡等。农民工进入城镇的支持机制主要是指对农民工解决住房问题的支持,并从降低和保持房价稳定,增加经济适用房与廉租房等方面加以分析。农民工融入城镇的支持机制主要是指逐步取消对农民工留城定居的户籍限制和健全社会保障尤其是社会保险制度体系两个方面。
Postgraduate:Zheng Zhenyu Turtor: researcher and professor Yang Guoliang Grade:2007 Speciality: political economics Major: theory of socialist market economy Abstract:The peasant workers is a special group and its emergence being due to historical factors of our country, because of the characteristic of peasant workers being not only farmers but also workers, it shows strong mobility and marginality, and because of the feature of its large scale and internal differentiation, it is“complexity”and“easy to get out of control”. In the process of mordernization, urbanization is a trend of history with the development of industrialization, The rural labor force, especially peasant workers’migrating to cities or towns is an irreversible trend. Constructing the mechanism of peasant workers transforming to urban residents, and promote them to stay in cities or towns smoothly are not only the needs of promoting social harmony and stability but also the objective requirements of advancing industrialization, urbanization and changing the way of economic growth, meanwhile, The are the inner needs of achieving the integration of the development of economy and society in city and in countryside. Because the phenomenon of peasant workers is unique of our country and there is no precedent to be taken off in abroad, so in the process of building this mechanism, we can just explore furtherly through absorbing the anterior research fruit of older people and basing on the development of the peasant workers and basic conditions of our country. Learning from other countries, we can get numerous lessons and inspirations.
After analyzing the main situation and the factors which influence the peasant workers turning intourban residents, with methods of comparative analysis, structural analysis as well as combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis,we find that although the relevant regulations have been revised and improved gradually, and, the government has intensified reform force to social security system, household registration system and the transfer system of farming land,all these measures provide advantageous conditions for the peasant workers’turning intourban residents.Howerver as a result of several decades’solidification, household registration is becoming symbolization of urban and rural residents, it causes not only the dual structure in urban and rural economy, but also bring the dual structure to culture, society and polity. This dual structure makes the peasant workers influenced and constraated by various factors,such as systems, social capital, social culture, self-quality and financial stress and so on.
We analyze the situation of the peasant workers’internal differention by applying the method of causal analysis, system analysis, logical analysis, etc. Furthermore, according to the logical sequence of the peasant workers’turning intourban residents, we put forward a division of two-layer type which includes initial division type and second division type, the former includes those who have both household register and lands, and those who have household register but have no lands, the latter incorporates those who have both willingness and ability to stay in the city, have willingness but have no ability, have no willingness but have ability, have no willingness and ability to stay in the city. Basing on this, we build up the basic path model diagram of the rural labor turning intourban residents. In accordance with the basic path of the rural labor force’s space diversion, career transition and social status transformation as well as the interrelation among them, we set up the mechanism of peasant workers transforming to urban residents which consists of three aspects, these are dynamical mechanism, transmission mechanism and supporting mechanism. Dynamical mechanism mainly consists of the pull mechanism of industrialization, the pull mechanism of urbanization, thrust mechanism of agricultural modernization and inner dynamical mechanism of the promotion of peasant workers’demond level. The aspect of urbanization should be guided by the principle of functional regionalization. In the aspect of agricultural modernization, we are supposed to consider the types of transfer of farming land dufferently. Finally, we analyze the inner dynamical mechanism; The transmission mechanism constructs the object-oriented mechanism, the mechanism of balance between supply and demond and the mechanism of the guidance; The supporting mechanism mainly includes: the supporting mechanism of the peasant workers withdrawn from the rural, the supporting mechanism of the peasant workers entering towns and cities and the supporting mechanism of the peasant workers fitting to towns and cities. Among the three aspects of the supporting mechanism mentioned above, the first aspect refers to improve vocational education, establish the system of rural endowment insurance and promote the internal balance of the educational resources between urban and rural areas, the second aspect mainly means to solve the housing problems of peasant workers and maintain the stability of the housing price and increase affordable housing and low-cost housing ,etc, the third aspect chiefly means to abolish the restrictions related to the household register restrictions and improve the social security especially the system of the social insurance.
引文
[1]谭崇台.发展经济学概论[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2001:108.
[2]杨韵新.最大的资源浪费:中国农村剩余劳动力状况及其经济损失.见:胡鞍钢等.扩大就业与挑战失业—中国就业政策评估(1949-2001年)[M].北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社,2002:195-196.
[3]于同申.发展经济学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2002:268.
[4]李培林.农民工的社会网络和社会地位[J].社会学研究,1996(04):4-22.
[5][8]郑功成.中国农民工问题:理论判断与政策思路[J].中国人民大学报.2006,(6):3,6.
[6]李绪蔼,徐东林.简明经济学百科辞典[M].北京:中国青年出版社,1991:2211.
[7]国务院研究课题组.中国农民工调研报告[M].北京:中国言实出版社,2006:1-2.
[9]徐建玲.农民工市民化进城度量:理论与实证分析[J].农业经济题,2008(9):65-67.
[10]邢梅.辜胜阻呼吁:让农民工回流就地市民化[N].经济研究参考报,2008,5(29):02.
[11]林健永,张同林.都市农民工市民化路径中的第三个选择探索-基于上海市农民工状况调查的研究[J].南方农村,2009(3):74-78.
[12]任远,姚慧.流动人口居留模式的变化和城市管理_基于对上海的研究[J].人口研究,2007(3):71-78.
[13]王广慧,张世伟.教育对农村劳动力流动和收入的影响[J].中国农村经济,2008(9):44.
[14]詹姆斯.科尔曼.社会理论基础(上册)[M].北京:社会科学出版社,1990:53.
[15]李培林.农民工—中国进城农民工市民化进程研究[M].北京:社会科学出版社,2003:41-56.
[16]赵延东,王奋宇.城乡流动人口的经济地位获得及决定因素[J].中国人口科学,2002(4):11.
[17]“2010年经济政策解析及行业发展预测报告会”[R].成都:四川省企业联合会、四川省企业家协会,2010年1月16日.
[18]秦海霞.农民工阶层的主观诉求与现实走向:沈阳调查[J].中国农村经济,2009(1):79.
[19]C.H.库利.人性与社会秩序.见:贾春增.外国社会学史(下册)[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2000:320.
[20][21]李强,龙文进.农民工留城于返乡意愿的影响因素分析[J].中国农村经济,2009(2):53.
[22]记者撰稿.百姓呼唤公共服务均等化[N].报刊文摘转载《半月谈》第四期文章,2010,3(8):8.
[1](英)配第(W.Petty).政治算术[M].北京:商务印书馆,1978:130.
[2](英)亚当·斯密.国民财富的性质和起因的研究[M].北京:新世界出版社,2007:316-319.
[3](英)李嘉图.政治经济学及赋税原理[M].北京:商务印书馆,1962.
[4]马克思.资本论(第一卷)[M].北京:人民出版社,1975:373-551,672-832.
[5]马克思.资本论(第三卷)[M].北京:人民出版社,1975:159-192,258-289.
[6]Lewis W. A.(1954),Economic Development with Unlimited Supply of Labor, The Manchester School, May.
[7]Fei.C. H. and Ranis.G.(1961), A Theory of Economic Development, American Economic Review,9:321-341.
[8]Fei.J.C and Ranis.G(.1964),Development of the Labor Surplus Economy: Theory and Policy, Homewood.
[9]Dale W.Jorgenson.(1961),The Development of a Dual Economy, Economic Journal,November:78-222.
[10]Ravenstein,E.G.(1885),The laws of migration. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society:48-87.
[11]Bogue, Donald J.(1959),Internal Migration, in Hauser, Duncaned, The Study of Population: An Inventory Appraisal, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
[12]Lee Everett S.(1966),A Theory of Migration, Demography,January: 10-14.
[13]西奥多·舒尔茨.对人进行投资-人口质量经济学[M].北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2001:1-67.
[14]Todaro, M. P. A.(1969), Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries, American Economics Review January: 138-148.
[15]Harris,J.R.and M.P.Todaro.(1970),Migration,Unemployment and Development: A Two-Sector, Analysis, American Economic Review,Vol.60:324-347.
[16]O.Stark and J.E.Taylor,(1991),Migration Incentives, Migration Types: the Role of Relative Deprivation,The Economic Journal,Vol.101,No.408,1163-1178.
[17]Stark,O.(1991), Migration in Less Development Countries: Risk, Remittances and Family,Finance and Development, Dec, Vol. 28,No.4 :431-452.
[18]Stark,O.and Taylor J.E,(1991),Migration Incentives,Migration Types:The Role of Relative Deprivation, The Economic Journal,Vol.101:234-254.
[19]Spilimbergo, A.(1999), Labor Market Integration, Unemployment and Transfers, Review of International Economics 7 (4),641– 650.
[20]Borjas,G.J.(2001),Does Immigration Grease the Wheels of the Labor Market? BrookingsPapers on Economic Activity: 69– 119.
[21]Obstfeld, M., Peri, G.,(1998), Asymmetric Shocks,Economic Policy,26:207– 258.
[22]Daveri,F.Faini,R.(1999),Where Do Peasants Go?Oxford Economic Papers51:595–622.
[23]Sumon Majunmdar,Anandi Man,Sharun W.Mukand.(2004), Politics, Information and the Urban bias,Jounal of Development Economics,75:137-165.
[24]杜鹰.现阶段中国农村劳动力流动的群体特征与宏观背景分析[J].中国农村经济,1997(6):23-26.
[25]高国力.区域经济发展与劳动力迁移[J].南开经济研究,1995(2):12-17.
[28]张平.中国农村居民区域间收入不平等与非农就业[J].经济研究,1998b(8):21-28.
[26]朱农.论收入差距对中国乡城迁移决策的影响[J].人口与经济,2002(5):11-17.
[27]李强.影响中国城乡流动人口的推力与拉力因素分析[J].社会学,2003(4):125-136.
[28]蔡昉,都阳.迁移的双重动因及其政策含义—检验相对贫困假说[J].中国人口科学,2002(4):1-7.
[29]赵耀辉.中国农村劳动力流动及教育在其中的作用[J].经济研究,1997,(2):37-42.
[30]蔡昉,都阳.户籍制度与劳动力市场保护[J].经济研究,2001(12):18-26.
[31]蔡昉.转型中的中国城市发展:城市层级结构、融资能力与迁移政策[J].经济研究,2003(2):21-29.
[32]蔡昉.中国人口流动方式与途径(1990—1999年)[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2001:178-299.
[33]蔡昉.中国人口与劳动问题报告—城乡就业问题与对策[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002.
[34]程名望,史清华等.影响我国农村劳动力转移的城镇因素的调查分析[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2005(6):37-42.
[35]李勋来,李国平.农村劳动力转移模型及实证分析[J].财经研究,2005,(6):78-85.
[36]丁力.关于建国以来四次强调农户自主的思考[J].财经问题研究,1999,(9):49-54.
[37]陆学艺.农村发展新阶段的新形势和新任务—关于开展以发展小城镇为中心的建设社会主义新农村运动的建议[J].中国农村经济,2000,(6):4-13.
[38]温铁军.中国农村基本经济制度研究—“三农”问题的世纪反思[M].北京:中国经济出版社,2000.
[39]陈锡文.当前农业和农村经济战略性结构调整要把握住重点[J].上海农村经济,2000,(1):11-14.
[40]刘怀廉.农村剩余劳动力转移新论[M ].北京:中国经济出版社,2004.
[41]杨宜勇.中国劳动力市场状况[A].见:刘国光等.2001-2002年:中国经济形势分析与预测经济蓝皮书[R].北京:社会科学文献出版社,1999.
[42]张红宇,李剑阁.农民增收—新思路、新突破[J]人民论坛,2003(4):16-18.
[43]王春光.新生代农村流动人口的社会认同与城乡融合关系[J].社会学研究.2001(3):69-73.
[44]陆学艺.当代中国社会流动[M],北京:社会科学文献出版社,2004:333-338.
[45]陆学艺.“三农”新论:当前中国农业、农村、农民问题研究[M],北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005.
[46]刘传江,徐建玲等.中国农民工市民化进程研究[M].北京:人民出版社,2008.1
[47]刘传江等.《城镇化与城乡可持续发展》[M].北京:科学出版社,2004年版.
[48]夏小林,王小鲁.中国城市化进程分析—兼评“城市化方针”[J].改革,2000(2):33-38.
[49]白云涛,甘小云.劳动力迁移的博弈分析[J].企业经济,2006(8):22-23.
[50]白南生,宋宏远.回乡还是进城?一中国农村外出劳动力回流研究[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社,2002.
[51]李强.农民工与中国社会分层[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2004.
[52]李路路.向城市移民—个不可逆转的过程[A].见:李培林.农民工—中国进城农民工的经济社会学分析.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2003:116-134.
[53]马九杰,孟凡友.农民工迁移非持久性的影响因素分析[J].改革,2003(4):77-86.
[54]文军.从季节性流动到劳动力移民:城市农民工群体的分化及其系统构成[J].探索与争鸣.2006(1):28-30.
[55]徐建平.由民工到市民:现代化的必然选择[J],湖南经济,2002(4):14-15.
[55]罗晓红.农民工市民化—构建和谐社会的理想选择[J],理论与改革,2007(6):52-54.
[56]王满四,熊巍俊.制度变迁与农民身份的变迁[J],改革,2005(04):61-64.
[57]程亮,郭剑雄.农民工市民化问题探微[J].中北大学学报(社科版),2005(1)26-36.
[58]郑月琴.农民工市民化进程中的心里形态和社会文化环境分析[J],2005(9):9-11.
[59]安中轩.从城乡一体化看农民工市民化[J],天府新论,2004(12):215-216.
[60]钱正武,农民工市民化与政府职责[J].理论与改革,2005(2):66-69.
[61]刘传江,周玲.社会资本与农民工的城市融合[J].2004,28(5):12-18.
[62]刘传江.城乡统筹发展视角下的农民工市民化[J].人口研究,2005(4):38-41.
[63]刘传江.中国农民工市民化研究[J].理论月刊,2006(10):5-12.
[64]陈丰.从“虚城市化”到“市民化”:农民工城市化的现实路径[J].社会科学,2007(2):110-120.
[65]霍生平,苏学愚.农村进城务工者身份渐变的内生型路径[J].北京工商大学学报(社科版),2007(2):120-126.
[66]黄晋太.二元工业化与城市化[M].北京:中国经济出版社,2005:94-133.
[67]高峰.苏南地区外来农民工市民化长效机制的构建[J].城市发展研究,2006(4):78-82.
[68]张国胜.农民工市民化的城市融入机制研究[J].江西财经大学报,2007(2):42-46.
[69]钟水映,李魁.农民工“半市民化”与“后市民化”衔接机制研究[J].中国农业大学学报(社科版),2007(3):64-69.
[70]王春光.农村流动人口“半城镇化”问题研究[J].社会学研究,2006(5):110-119.
[71]陆学艺.当代中国社会流动[M].北京:社会科学出版社, 2004:180-206,307-313.
[72]刘怀廉.中国农民问题[M].北京:人民出版社,2005:320-351.
[73]韩长赋.中国农民工的发展与终结[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2007:71-103.
[74]国务院研究课题组.中国农民工调研报告[M].北京:中国言实出版社,2006:1-549.
[75]“中国农民工战略研究”课题组.中国农民工现状及其发展趋势总报告[J].改革,2009(2):5-27.
[76]邓鸿员,陆百甫.走出二元结构—农民工、城镇化与新农村建设[M].北京:中国发展出版社,2006:107-263.
[77]崔传义.农民进城就业与市民化的制度创新[M].太原:山西经济出版社, 2008:1-278.
[78]周皓.中国人口迁移的家庭化趋势及影响因素分析[J].人口研究,2004(6):60-69.
[79]国家统计局农业司.2009年农民工检测调查报告[R].中国发展门户网,2010-03-22.
[80]朱明芬.农民工家庭人口迁移模式及影响因素分析[J].中国农村经济,2009(2):67-76.
[81]关信平,刘建娥.我国农民工社会融入的问题与对策研究[J].人口与经济,2009(3):1-7.
[82]阳国亮,何元庆.土地证券化:土地经营权流转制度的探索[J].经济学动态,2003(6).
[83]蔡昉,都阳.迁移的双重动因及其政策含义[J].中国人口科学,2002(4):1-7.
[84]王美艳.转轨时期的工资差异:歧视的计量分析[J].数量经济技术研究,2003(5):94-98.
[85]谢嗣胜,姚先国.农民工工资的计量分析[J].中国农村经济,2006(4):49-55.
[86]张世伟,郭凤鸣.东北地区城市劳动力市场中户籍歧视问题分析[J].中国农村经济,2009(2):34-35.
[87]吴兴陆,元名杰.农民工迁移的社会文化影响因素分析[J].中国农村经济,2005(1):26-32.
[88]唐茂华.成本收益双重约束下的劳动力转移[J].中国农村经济,2007(10):30-38.
[89]国家统计局.2008年末全国农民工总量为22542万人[OL]. http://www.cpirc.org.cn/tjsj/tjsj_cy_detail.asp?id=10471.
[90]程士华,郭奔胜,王恒志.“无地农民工”:抓得到的现在,看不见的未来[N].《经济参考报》,2009,10(19):1.
[91]医保改革有助中国拉动内需[N].参考消息,2010,3(4):15.
[92]西奥多·舒尔茨.经济增长与农业[M].北京:北京经济学院出版社,1991:125-171.
[93]阳国亮.新型工业化道路与广西工业化[J].广西师范大学学报(哲社版),2004(1):14-17.
[94]阳国亮,刘秋勤.广西新农村建设中农业科技推广的问题及对策研究[J].广西社会科学,2008(7):13-16.
[95]城乡差距,教育只能起一些作用[N].环球时报转载新加坡《海峡时报》,2010,3(16):6.
[2]杨韵新.最大的资源浪费:中国农村剩余劳动力状况及其经济损失.见:胡鞍钢等.扩大就业与挑战失业—中国就业政策评估(1949-2001年)[M].北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社,2002:195-196.
[3]于同申.发展经济学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2002:268.
[4]李培林.农民工的社会网络和社会地位[J].社会学研究,1996(04):4-22.
[5][8]郑功成.中国农民工问题:理论判断与政策思路[J].中国人民大学报.2006,(6):3,6.
[6]李绪蔼,徐东林.简明经济学百科辞典[M].北京:中国青年出版社,1991:2211.
[7]国务院研究课题组.中国农民工调研报告[M].北京:中国言实出版社,2006:1-2.
[9]徐建玲.农民工市民化进城度量:理论与实证分析[J].农业经济题,2008(9):65-67.
[10]邢梅.辜胜阻呼吁:让农民工回流就地市民化[N].经济研究参考报,2008,5(29):02.
[11]林健永,张同林.都市农民工市民化路径中的第三个选择探索-基于上海市农民工状况调查的研究[J].南方农村,2009(3):74-78.
[12]任远,姚慧.流动人口居留模式的变化和城市管理_基于对上海的研究[J].人口研究,2007(3):71-78.
[13]王广慧,张世伟.教育对农村劳动力流动和收入的影响[J].中国农村经济,2008(9):44.
[14]詹姆斯.科尔曼.社会理论基础(上册)[M].北京:社会科学出版社,1990:53.
[15]李培林.农民工—中国进城农民工市民化进程研究[M].北京:社会科学出版社,2003:41-56.
[16]赵延东,王奋宇.城乡流动人口的经济地位获得及决定因素[J].中国人口科学,2002(4):11.
[17]“2010年经济政策解析及行业发展预测报告会”[R].成都:四川省企业联合会、四川省企业家协会,2010年1月16日.
[18]秦海霞.农民工阶层的主观诉求与现实走向:沈阳调查[J].中国农村经济,2009(1):79.
[19]C.H.库利.人性与社会秩序.见:贾春增.外国社会学史(下册)[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2000:320.
[20][21]李强,龙文进.农民工留城于返乡意愿的影响因素分析[J].中国农村经济,2009(2):53.
[22]记者撰稿.百姓呼唤公共服务均等化[N].报刊文摘转载《半月谈》第四期文章,2010,3(8):8.
[1](英)配第(W.Petty).政治算术[M].北京:商务印书馆,1978:130.
[2](英)亚当·斯密.国民财富的性质和起因的研究[M].北京:新世界出版社,2007:316-319.
[3](英)李嘉图.政治经济学及赋税原理[M].北京:商务印书馆,1962.
[4]马克思.资本论(第一卷)[M].北京:人民出版社,1975:373-551,672-832.
[5]马克思.资本论(第三卷)[M].北京:人民出版社,1975:159-192,258-289.
[6]Lewis W. A.(1954),Economic Development with Unlimited Supply of Labor, The Manchester School, May.
[7]Fei.C. H. and Ranis.G.(1961), A Theory of Economic Development, American Economic Review,9:321-341.
[8]Fei.J.C and Ranis.G(.1964),Development of the Labor Surplus Economy: Theory and Policy, Homewood.
[9]Dale W.Jorgenson.(1961),The Development of a Dual Economy, Economic Journal,November:78-222.
[10]Ravenstein,E.G.(1885),The laws of migration. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society:48-87.
[11]Bogue, Donald J.(1959),Internal Migration, in Hauser, Duncaned, The Study of Population: An Inventory Appraisal, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
[12]Lee Everett S.(1966),A Theory of Migration, Demography,January: 10-14.
[13]西奥多·舒尔茨.对人进行投资-人口质量经济学[M].北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2001:1-67.
[14]Todaro, M. P. A.(1969), Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries, American Economics Review January: 138-148.
[15]Harris,J.R.and M.P.Todaro.(1970),Migration,Unemployment and Development: A Two-Sector, Analysis, American Economic Review,Vol.60:324-347.
[16]O.Stark and J.E.Taylor,(1991),Migration Incentives, Migration Types: the Role of Relative Deprivation,The Economic Journal,Vol.101,No.408,1163-1178.
[17]Stark,O.(1991), Migration in Less Development Countries: Risk, Remittances and Family,Finance and Development, Dec, Vol. 28,No.4 :431-452.
[18]Stark,O.and Taylor J.E,(1991),Migration Incentives,Migration Types:The Role of Relative Deprivation, The Economic Journal,Vol.101:234-254.
[19]Spilimbergo, A.(1999), Labor Market Integration, Unemployment and Transfers, Review of International Economics 7 (4),641– 650.
[20]Borjas,G.J.(2001),Does Immigration Grease the Wheels of the Labor Market? BrookingsPapers on Economic Activity: 69– 119.
[21]Obstfeld, M., Peri, G.,(1998), Asymmetric Shocks,Economic Policy,26:207– 258.
[22]Daveri,F.Faini,R.(1999),Where Do Peasants Go?Oxford Economic Papers51:595–622.
[23]Sumon Majunmdar,Anandi Man,Sharun W.Mukand.(2004), Politics, Information and the Urban bias,Jounal of Development Economics,75:137-165.
[24]杜鹰.现阶段中国农村劳动力流动的群体特征与宏观背景分析[J].中国农村经济,1997(6):23-26.
[25]高国力.区域经济发展与劳动力迁移[J].南开经济研究,1995(2):12-17.
[28]张平.中国农村居民区域间收入不平等与非农就业[J].经济研究,1998b(8):21-28.
[26]朱农.论收入差距对中国乡城迁移决策的影响[J].人口与经济,2002(5):11-17.
[27]李强.影响中国城乡流动人口的推力与拉力因素分析[J].社会学,2003(4):125-136.
[28]蔡昉,都阳.迁移的双重动因及其政策含义—检验相对贫困假说[J].中国人口科学,2002(4):1-7.
[29]赵耀辉.中国农村劳动力流动及教育在其中的作用[J].经济研究,1997,(2):37-42.
[30]蔡昉,都阳.户籍制度与劳动力市场保护[J].经济研究,2001(12):18-26.
[31]蔡昉.转型中的中国城市发展:城市层级结构、融资能力与迁移政策[J].经济研究,2003(2):21-29.
[32]蔡昉.中国人口流动方式与途径(1990—1999年)[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2001:178-299.
[33]蔡昉.中国人口与劳动问题报告—城乡就业问题与对策[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002.
[34]程名望,史清华等.影响我国农村劳动力转移的城镇因素的调查分析[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2005(6):37-42.
[35]李勋来,李国平.农村劳动力转移模型及实证分析[J].财经研究,2005,(6):78-85.
[36]丁力.关于建国以来四次强调农户自主的思考[J].财经问题研究,1999,(9):49-54.
[37]陆学艺.农村发展新阶段的新形势和新任务—关于开展以发展小城镇为中心的建设社会主义新农村运动的建议[J].中国农村经济,2000,(6):4-13.
[38]温铁军.中国农村基本经济制度研究—“三农”问题的世纪反思[M].北京:中国经济出版社,2000.
[39]陈锡文.当前农业和农村经济战略性结构调整要把握住重点[J].上海农村经济,2000,(1):11-14.
[40]刘怀廉.农村剩余劳动力转移新论[M ].北京:中国经济出版社,2004.
[41]杨宜勇.中国劳动力市场状况[A].见:刘国光等.2001-2002年:中国经济形势分析与预测经济蓝皮书[R].北京:社会科学文献出版社,1999.
[42]张红宇,李剑阁.农民增收—新思路、新突破[J]人民论坛,2003(4):16-18.
[43]王春光.新生代农村流动人口的社会认同与城乡融合关系[J].社会学研究.2001(3):69-73.
[44]陆学艺.当代中国社会流动[M],北京:社会科学文献出版社,2004:333-338.
[45]陆学艺.“三农”新论:当前中国农业、农村、农民问题研究[M],北京:社会科学文献出版社,2005.
[46]刘传江,徐建玲等.中国农民工市民化进程研究[M].北京:人民出版社,2008.1
[47]刘传江等.《城镇化与城乡可持续发展》[M].北京:科学出版社,2004年版.
[48]夏小林,王小鲁.中国城市化进程分析—兼评“城市化方针”[J].改革,2000(2):33-38.
[49]白云涛,甘小云.劳动力迁移的博弈分析[J].企业经济,2006(8):22-23.
[50]白南生,宋宏远.回乡还是进城?一中国农村外出劳动力回流研究[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社,2002.
[51]李强.农民工与中国社会分层[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2004.
[52]李路路.向城市移民—个不可逆转的过程[A].见:李培林.农民工—中国进城农民工的经济社会学分析.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2003:116-134.
[53]马九杰,孟凡友.农民工迁移非持久性的影响因素分析[J].改革,2003(4):77-86.
[54]文军.从季节性流动到劳动力移民:城市农民工群体的分化及其系统构成[J].探索与争鸣.2006(1):28-30.
[55]徐建平.由民工到市民:现代化的必然选择[J],湖南经济,2002(4):14-15.
[55]罗晓红.农民工市民化—构建和谐社会的理想选择[J],理论与改革,2007(6):52-54.
[56]王满四,熊巍俊.制度变迁与农民身份的变迁[J],改革,2005(04):61-64.
[57]程亮,郭剑雄.农民工市民化问题探微[J].中北大学学报(社科版),2005(1)26-36.
[58]郑月琴.农民工市民化进程中的心里形态和社会文化环境分析[J],2005(9):9-11.
[59]安中轩.从城乡一体化看农民工市民化[J],天府新论,2004(12):215-216.
[60]钱正武,农民工市民化与政府职责[J].理论与改革,2005(2):66-69.
[61]刘传江,周玲.社会资本与农民工的城市融合[J].2004,28(5):12-18.
[62]刘传江.城乡统筹发展视角下的农民工市民化[J].人口研究,2005(4):38-41.
[63]刘传江.中国农民工市民化研究[J].理论月刊,2006(10):5-12.
[64]陈丰.从“虚城市化”到“市民化”:农民工城市化的现实路径[J].社会科学,2007(2):110-120.
[65]霍生平,苏学愚.农村进城务工者身份渐变的内生型路径[J].北京工商大学学报(社科版),2007(2):120-126.
[66]黄晋太.二元工业化与城市化[M].北京:中国经济出版社,2005:94-133.
[67]高峰.苏南地区外来农民工市民化长效机制的构建[J].城市发展研究,2006(4):78-82.
[68]张国胜.农民工市民化的城市融入机制研究[J].江西财经大学报,2007(2):42-46.
[69]钟水映,李魁.农民工“半市民化”与“后市民化”衔接机制研究[J].中国农业大学学报(社科版),2007(3):64-69.
[70]王春光.农村流动人口“半城镇化”问题研究[J].社会学研究,2006(5):110-119.
[71]陆学艺.当代中国社会流动[M].北京:社会科学出版社, 2004:180-206,307-313.
[72]刘怀廉.中国农民问题[M].北京:人民出版社,2005:320-351.
[73]韩长赋.中国农民工的发展与终结[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2007:71-103.
[74]国务院研究课题组.中国农民工调研报告[M].北京:中国言实出版社,2006:1-549.
[75]“中国农民工战略研究”课题组.中国农民工现状及其发展趋势总报告[J].改革,2009(2):5-27.
[76]邓鸿员,陆百甫.走出二元结构—农民工、城镇化与新农村建设[M].北京:中国发展出版社,2006:107-263.
[77]崔传义.农民进城就业与市民化的制度创新[M].太原:山西经济出版社, 2008:1-278.
[78]周皓.中国人口迁移的家庭化趋势及影响因素分析[J].人口研究,2004(6):60-69.
[79]国家统计局农业司.2009年农民工检测调查报告[R].中国发展门户网,2010-03-22.
[80]朱明芬.农民工家庭人口迁移模式及影响因素分析[J].中国农村经济,2009(2):67-76.
[81]关信平,刘建娥.我国农民工社会融入的问题与对策研究[J].人口与经济,2009(3):1-7.
[82]阳国亮,何元庆.土地证券化:土地经营权流转制度的探索[J].经济学动态,2003(6).
[83]蔡昉,都阳.迁移的双重动因及其政策含义[J].中国人口科学,2002(4):1-7.
[84]王美艳.转轨时期的工资差异:歧视的计量分析[J].数量经济技术研究,2003(5):94-98.
[85]谢嗣胜,姚先国.农民工工资的计量分析[J].中国农村经济,2006(4):49-55.
[86]张世伟,郭凤鸣.东北地区城市劳动力市场中户籍歧视问题分析[J].中国农村经济,2009(2):34-35.
[87]吴兴陆,元名杰.农民工迁移的社会文化影响因素分析[J].中国农村经济,2005(1):26-32.
[88]唐茂华.成本收益双重约束下的劳动力转移[J].中国农村经济,2007(10):30-38.
[89]国家统计局.2008年末全国农民工总量为22542万人[OL]. http://www.cpirc.org.cn/tjsj/tjsj_cy_detail.asp?id=10471.
[90]程士华,郭奔胜,王恒志.“无地农民工”:抓得到的现在,看不见的未来[N].《经济参考报》,2009,10(19):1.
[91]医保改革有助中国拉动内需[N].参考消息,2010,3(4):15.
[92]西奥多·舒尔茨.经济增长与农业[M].北京:北京经济学院出版社,1991:125-171.
[93]阳国亮.新型工业化道路与广西工业化[J].广西师范大学学报(哲社版),2004(1):14-17.
[94]阳国亮,刘秋勤.广西新农村建设中农业科技推广的问题及对策研究[J].广西社会科学,2008(7):13-16.
[95]城乡差距,教育只能起一些作用[N].环球时报转载新加坡《海峡时报》,2010,3(16):6.