预聚芳酰胺的合成及自组装结构
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摘要
分子自身的化学结构以及分子之间的聚集态是决定材料的性能与功能的内因。自然界中蛋白质通过改变氨基酸的种类与序列(化学结构),以及链间多级自组装(聚集态)可以实现无数功能。本论文受此启发,以合成预聚酰胺作为研究对象,通过控制缩聚反应设计预聚酰胺的分子量与几何形状,通过后处理条件调控预聚酰胺的自组装结构。包括以下两部分内容。
Ⅰ：以已内酰胺和对氨基苯甲酸作为原料,通过熔融和溶液两步缩聚,获得一系列尼龙6(PA6)和聚对苯酰胺(PBA)的硬-软-硬三嵌段共聚物(PBA-PA6-PBA),并利用宽角X射线散射(WAXS)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)和傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)研究其内部两组分的聚集态。体系中软段PA6的分子量为1247,1868和3150g/mol,硬段PBA的体积分数范围为29%～60%,样品的退火处理温度为180和230℃。结果发现一方面软段部分受到硬段的强烈限制,PA6仅在PBA体积分数较低的样品中存在α晶,当硬段体积分数φPBA>42.8%无法结晶;在两组分的化学键连接处过渡区存在类γ晶的亚稳相,其含量随着硬段体积分数增加而增加。另一方面PBA部分的结晶完整性也受到一定的影响,但经过230℃退火之后,PBA部分的结晶度基本不受PA6长度的影响,而仅仅与其自身的聚合度有关。
Ⅱ：通过不对称水解得减对称反应中心并继续缩合,得到一系列的旋转对称或非旋转对称的三臂星形分子,并利用光学显微镜(OM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、宽角/小角X射线散射(WAXS/SAXS)和紫外圆二色光谱(UV-CD)等初步研究了该体系中C3对称分子(P7C3Na3)的水相多级自组装结构。P7C3Na3分子中含有7个酰胺键连接的苯环,外围为3个羧酸钠基团,在热水中溶解并于室温下熟化后形成横向尺寸约10nm的纤维状结构且不随浓度改变。纳米纤维之间由于静电力的远程作用自发平行排列形成微米纤维束,呈正交有序,微米纤维纵向尺寸超过1mm。WAXS结果暗示纳米纤维内部可能存在5/1螺旋结构,可镜像翻转UV-CD信号的出现暗示在一定区域内单一手性对映体过量。该体系的原位升温和原位脱水SAXS测试,进一步证实了纳米纤维之间的正交有序排列,并且该有序是由离子静电相斥与范德华相吸作用平衡所致,通过升温或脱水作用改变体系中Na离子的浓度将得到不同的纤维平衡间距,甚至导致有序破坏。
本论文的工作证明,通过“自下而上”的方法,从化学合成与材料制备出发,合成聚酰胺可以模仿蛋白质的聚集态并有望实现其功能。
The properties and functions of materials are decided inherently by chemistry and aggregation of molecules. In nature, proteins can perform numerous functions through altering the kind and sequence of amino acids intra-strand, and tuning the self-assembling inter-strand, Inspired by nature, synthesized oligoamides were researched in this thesis. The chemical structures include molecular weight and geometry of oligoamides which were designed through synthetic method. Their aggregations or self-assembling hehaviors were controlled through post treatment and characterized by microscope, X-ray scattering and so on. There are mainly two parts in this thesis.
Ⅰ:A series of rod-coil-rod were synthesized by two-step polycondensation with polycaprolactam (PA6) as the flexible block and. poly(p-benzamide)(PBA) as the rod. The aggregations of both components were tested by wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and so on. The molecular weights of PA6block are1247,1868and3150g/mol, and the volume fraction of PBA block (φPBA) is between29%and60%. The samples were annealed at180and230℃respectively before measurements, then frustrated structures of both components were studied. For PA6, a quasi-γ mesomorphic order was found in the transition-region nearby the PBA domain which is more favored with the increase of the PBA content owing to stretching from the PBA rod block and different crosssection areas of the rod and coil chains. The crystal of PA6(α phase) formed only in samples with φPBA≤42.8%. The crystalline perfection of PBA was influenced by PA6, while the degree of crystallinity of PBA is only determined by the length of PBA block.
Ⅱ:A series of three-arm molecules were obtained through condensation reaction. The topological symmetry of some molecules was reduced using anisomerous reaction centre. The self-assemble of C3-symmetry molecule (P7C3Na3) in water was studied with optical microscope (OM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), wide/small angle X-ray scattering (WAXS/SAXS) and ultraviolet circular dichroism (UV-CD). Nano fibrils with width about10nm were found after dissolving the P7C3Na3in hot water and aging at room temperature. Without any external action, the nanofibrils further parallel arranged to form microfibers whose length exceeds millimeters. The inter-fibril ordering along the direction perpendicular to the fiber axis is determined as a face-centered orthorhombic lattice. Inside the nanofibril. building units P7C3Na3stack with arms perpendicular to the fibril axis with5/1helix which is supported by the supramolecular chirality in this achiral molecular system. Additionally, the function-combining capacity of this ionic nanofibril was also proved according to the abnormal positive behavior of the negative staining agent. In-situ SAXS during heating and drying process was performed. The results provided more evidence to ensure the inter-fibril orthorhombic ordering. The ordering was disappeard after drying due to the broken of balance between electrostatic force and van der Waals force.
The natural protein and synthetic polyamide has a similar amide-linkage structure. This work gave examples that, through a "bottom-up" approach, synthetic polyamide can mimic the structures of protein and finally achieve its functions.
Ⅰ：以已内酰胺和对氨基苯甲酸作为原料,通过熔融和溶液两步缩聚,获得一系列尼龙6(PA6)和聚对苯酰胺(PBA)的硬-软-硬三嵌段共聚物(PBA-PA6-PBA),并利用宽角X射线散射(WAXS)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)和傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)研究其内部两组分的聚集态。体系中软段PA6的分子量为1247,1868和3150g/mol,硬段PBA的体积分数范围为29%～60%,样品的退火处理温度为180和230℃。结果发现一方面软段部分受到硬段的强烈限制,PA6仅在PBA体积分数较低的样品中存在α晶,当硬段体积分数φPBA>42.8%无法结晶;在两组分的化学键连接处过渡区存在类γ晶的亚稳相,其含量随着硬段体积分数增加而增加。另一方面PBA部分的结晶完整性也受到一定的影响,但经过230℃退火之后,PBA部分的结晶度基本不受PA6长度的影响,而仅仅与其自身的聚合度有关。
Ⅱ：通过不对称水解得减对称反应中心并继续缩合,得到一系列的旋转对称或非旋转对称的三臂星形分子,并利用光学显微镜(OM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、宽角/小角X射线散射(WAXS/SAXS)和紫外圆二色光谱(UV-CD)等初步研究了该体系中C3对称分子(P7C3Na3)的水相多级自组装结构。P7C3Na3分子中含有7个酰胺键连接的苯环,外围为3个羧酸钠基团,在热水中溶解并于室温下熟化后形成横向尺寸约10nm的纤维状结构且不随浓度改变。纳米纤维之间由于静电力的远程作用自发平行排列形成微米纤维束,呈正交有序,微米纤维纵向尺寸超过1mm。WAXS结果暗示纳米纤维内部可能存在5/1螺旋结构,可镜像翻转UV-CD信号的出现暗示在一定区域内单一手性对映体过量。该体系的原位升温和原位脱水SAXS测试,进一步证实了纳米纤维之间的正交有序排列,并且该有序是由离子静电相斥与范德华相吸作用平衡所致,通过升温或脱水作用改变体系中Na离子的浓度将得到不同的纤维平衡间距,甚至导致有序破坏。
本论文的工作证明,通过“自下而上”的方法,从化学合成与材料制备出发,合成聚酰胺可以模仿蛋白质的聚集态并有望实现其功能。
The properties and functions of materials are decided inherently by chemistry and aggregation of molecules. In nature, proteins can perform numerous functions through altering the kind and sequence of amino acids intra-strand, and tuning the self-assembling inter-strand, Inspired by nature, synthesized oligoamides were researched in this thesis. The chemical structures include molecular weight and geometry of oligoamides which were designed through synthetic method. Their aggregations or self-assembling hehaviors were controlled through post treatment and characterized by microscope, X-ray scattering and so on. There are mainly two parts in this thesis.
Ⅰ:A series of rod-coil-rod were synthesized by two-step polycondensation with polycaprolactam (PA6) as the flexible block and. poly(p-benzamide)(PBA) as the rod. The aggregations of both components were tested by wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and so on. The molecular weights of PA6block are1247,1868and3150g/mol, and the volume fraction of PBA block (φPBA) is between29%and60%. The samples were annealed at180and230℃respectively before measurements, then frustrated structures of both components were studied. For PA6, a quasi-γ mesomorphic order was found in the transition-region nearby the PBA domain which is more favored with the increase of the PBA content owing to stretching from the PBA rod block and different crosssection areas of the rod and coil chains. The crystal of PA6(α phase) formed only in samples with φPBA≤42.8%. The crystalline perfection of PBA was influenced by PA6, while the degree of crystallinity of PBA is only determined by the length of PBA block.
Ⅱ:A series of three-arm molecules were obtained through condensation reaction. The topological symmetry of some molecules was reduced using anisomerous reaction centre. The self-assemble of C3-symmetry molecule (P7C3Na3) in water was studied with optical microscope (OM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), wide/small angle X-ray scattering (WAXS/SAXS) and ultraviolet circular dichroism (UV-CD). Nano fibrils with width about10nm were found after dissolving the P7C3Na3in hot water and aging at room temperature. Without any external action, the nanofibrils further parallel arranged to form microfibers whose length exceeds millimeters. The inter-fibril ordering along the direction perpendicular to the fiber axis is determined as a face-centered orthorhombic lattice. Inside the nanofibril. building units P7C3Na3stack with arms perpendicular to the fibril axis with5/1helix which is supported by the supramolecular chirality in this achiral molecular system. Additionally, the function-combining capacity of this ionic nanofibril was also proved according to the abnormal positive behavior of the negative staining agent. In-situ SAXS during heating and drying process was performed. The results provided more evidence to ensure the inter-fibril orthorhombic ordering. The ordering was disappeard after drying due to the broken of balance between electrostatic force and van der Waals force.
The natural protein and synthetic polyamide has a similar amide-linkage structure. This work gave examples that, through a "bottom-up" approach, synthetic polyamide can mimic the structures of protein and finally achieve its functions.
引文
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