抚河抚州河段四大家鱼资源现状及其遗传多样性分析
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摘要
抚河为鄱阳湖水系的五大河流之一,是江西省第二大河流。其地理坐标为东经115°30'至117°10',北纬26°30'至28°37'。为进一步了解抚河中的鱼类资源,特别是四大家鱼的资源现状,本文于2007年-2010年对此开展了研究工作,主要结果如下：
1.对抚河抚州段鱼类资源进行采样研究,共记录鱼类49种,隶属于4目9科36属,其中以鲤科鱼类最多,共29种,占总数的59.18%。
2.在渔获物组成中,以小型的鮈亚科鱼类和生长速度快、性成熟早的鲴亚科鱼类为主。一些个体较大、性成熟较晚、年龄组限较长的经济鱼类,资源量显著下降,如青鱼、草鱼、鲢、鳙等鱼类。食底栖生物的鱼类数量较多,如鲤、鲫、银鲴、黄颡鱼、花(?)、蛇鮈、沙鳅等,为当地主要经济鱼类。
3.2009年4月-8月共采集四大家鱼样本478尾(未能采集到处于繁殖期的亲鱼),其中于四大家鱼繁殖期的4-6月,采集样本414尾,7-8月采集四大家鱼当龄鱼样本64尾。四大家鱼相对于当地主要经济鱼类来说数量较少,无法成为优势种群。从四大家鱼渔获物整体情况来看,年龄结构简单,几乎都为1-2龄,数量超过整个四大家鱼总数的99%。除青鱼、草鱼个体相对较大外,鲢、鳙均个体较小。
4.利用ISSR遗传标记对抚河中游河段四大家鱼进行遗传多样性分析,得到多态位点比例(P)、Nei's基因多样性(H)及Shannon信息指数(I)等遗传多样度指标。青鱼的多态位点比例(P)为89.29%、Nei's基因多样性(H)为0.2967、Shannon信息指数(Ⅰ)为0.4536、遗传相似度为0.5670、遗传距离为0.6019。草鱼的多态位点比例(P)为75.00%、Nei's基因多样性(H)为0.2201、Shannon信息指数(Ⅰ)为0.3369、遗传相似度为0.7723、遗传距离为0.2644。鲢的多态位点比例(P)为76.19%、Nei's基因多样性(H)为0.1860、Shannon信息指数(Ⅰ)为0.2992、遗传相似度为0.7600、遗传距离为0.2869。鳙的多态位点比例(P)为67.50%、Nei's基因多样性(H)为0.2365、Shannon信息指数(Ⅰ)为0.3531、遗传相似度为0.7938、遗传距离为0.2351。经过比较分析后的结果表明抚河福州段四大家鱼的遗传多样性较为丰富。
5.廖坊水利枢纽拦洪蓄水,使得抚河中游水域环境发生了重大改变,对抚河中游鱼类资源产生了很大的影响。主要表现为库区内泥沙沉积、水位上涨、水生植物繁殖,坝下水位下降、水体层次紊乱、含沙量减少,坝上、下水位变化幅度减小,鱼类洄游通道消失等。由于上述原因的影响,造成库区内植食性和食浮游生物鱼类大量繁殖,坝下食底栖生物鱼类增多。而大坝阻隔河道使得洄游和半洄游性鱼类的洄游通道被阻断,无法到达产卵场进行繁殖。
Fu River of the Poyang Lake water system, one of the five rivers, is the second largest river in Jiangxi Province. Its geographic coordinates of longitude 115°30'to 117°10', north latitude 26°30'to 28°37'. To further study the fish resources in Fu River, especially the fish resources of the four major Chinese carps, we had carried out the research from 2007 to 2010 and the main results were as followed:
1. April～August,2009, in Fuzhou City, the Fuzhou reaches of the Fu River, we conducted a survey on fish resources.49 species of fish were recorded, belonging to 4 orders,9 families and 36 geniuses. Among them, the most species are cyprinids, a total of 29 species, accounting for 59.18%.
2. In the composition of the catch, the most was Gobioninae whose bodily form was small and Xenocyprinae which was fast growth and early sexual maturity. Some of the economic fishes that were large of individuals, late sexual maturity, long age group significantly decreased, such as black carp, grass carp, silver carp, and bighead carp and so on. The fishes which usually eated bentonic organism were the local major economic fish, such as cyprinoid, crucian, XenocyprisargenteaGunther, Pseudobagrus fulvidraco, Hemibarbus maculatus, Longnose gudgeon and loach, etc.
3. April～August,2009,478 fish samples of the four major Chinese carps were collected. We could not get any carps which were breeding. In the four major Chinese carps breeding season from April to June we collected 414 samples, and we collected 64 fish fry from July to August. In the middle reaches of Fu River, the four major Chinese carps were much fewer than the main species. And most of the four major Chinese carps were age 1 or 2, accounted for more than the 99% of the total number of all the samples. In addition to the individuals of black carp and grass carp were large, the silver carp and bighead carp were smaller individuals. The overall of the four major Chinese carps in the middle reaches of Fu River showed that the individuals were small and the age structure was simple.
4. The use of ISSR genetic markers on the genetic diversity of the four major Chinese carps in the Fuzhou reaches of the Fu River, we get the degree of genetic diversity index, such as the proportion of polymorphic loci P, Nei's genetic diversity H, Shannon's information index I and the genetic similarity and distance. The proportion of polymorphic loci P of the black carp was 89.29%. Its Nei's genetic diversity H was 0.2967, and Shannon's information index I was 0.4536. Its genetic similarity and distance were 0.5670 and 0.6019. The proportion of polymorphic loci P of the grass carp was 75.00%. Its Nei's genetic diversity H was 0.2201, and Shannon's information index I was0.3369. Its genetic similarity and distance were 0.7723 and 0.2644. The proportion of polymorphic loci P of the silver carp was 76.19%. Its Nei's genetic diversity H was 0.1860, and Shannon's information index I was 0.2992. Its genetic similarity and distance were 0.7600 and 0.2869. The proportion of polymorphic loci P of the bighead carp was 67.50%. Its Nei's genetic diversity H was 0.2365, and Shannon's information index I was 0.3531. Its genetic similarity and distance were 0.7938 and 0.2351. The result of our study indicated that the four major Chinese carps in the Fuzhou reaches of Fu River had abundant genetic diversity.
5. After the dam of Liaofang using to intercept flood and retain water, the environment of the middle reaches of the Fu River had undergone heavily changes, and the fish resources of the middle reaches of the Fu River had been great impact. Mainly behaviors were that the reservoir area of sediment deposition, water level risen, aquatic breeding. The water level under the dam had dropped below, the water volume hierarchy disturbance, sediment reduction. Up and down of the dam, the ranges of the water level changes were little, and the fish migration channels had disappeared. Because of the above reasons, in the reservoir area, the fishes which were feed on herbivorous and plankton had largely propagated. The major fishes of the river under the dam were usually feed on the bentonic organism. Because of the dam, the river was separated. And the swimming fishes and the semi-swimming fishes could not get back to the spawning site and proceed to reproduce.
1.对抚河抚州段鱼类资源进行采样研究,共记录鱼类49种,隶属于4目9科36属,其中以鲤科鱼类最多,共29种,占总数的59.18%。
2.在渔获物组成中,以小型的鮈亚科鱼类和生长速度快、性成熟早的鲴亚科鱼类为主。一些个体较大、性成熟较晚、年龄组限较长的经济鱼类,资源量显著下降,如青鱼、草鱼、鲢、鳙等鱼类。食底栖生物的鱼类数量较多,如鲤、鲫、银鲴、黄颡鱼、花(?)、蛇鮈、沙鳅等,为当地主要经济鱼类。
3.2009年4月-8月共采集四大家鱼样本478尾(未能采集到处于繁殖期的亲鱼),其中于四大家鱼繁殖期的4-6月,采集样本414尾,7-8月采集四大家鱼当龄鱼样本64尾。四大家鱼相对于当地主要经济鱼类来说数量较少,无法成为优势种群。从四大家鱼渔获物整体情况来看,年龄结构简单,几乎都为1-2龄,数量超过整个四大家鱼总数的99%。除青鱼、草鱼个体相对较大外,鲢、鳙均个体较小。
4.利用ISSR遗传标记对抚河中游河段四大家鱼进行遗传多样性分析,得到多态位点比例(P)、Nei's基因多样性(H)及Shannon信息指数(I)等遗传多样度指标。青鱼的多态位点比例(P)为89.29%、Nei's基因多样性(H)为0.2967、Shannon信息指数(Ⅰ)为0.4536、遗传相似度为0.5670、遗传距离为0.6019。草鱼的多态位点比例(P)为75.00%、Nei's基因多样性(H)为0.2201、Shannon信息指数(Ⅰ)为0.3369、遗传相似度为0.7723、遗传距离为0.2644。鲢的多态位点比例(P)为76.19%、Nei's基因多样性(H)为0.1860、Shannon信息指数(Ⅰ)为0.2992、遗传相似度为0.7600、遗传距离为0.2869。鳙的多态位点比例(P)为67.50%、Nei's基因多样性(H)为0.2365、Shannon信息指数(Ⅰ)为0.3531、遗传相似度为0.7938、遗传距离为0.2351。经过比较分析后的结果表明抚河福州段四大家鱼的遗传多样性较为丰富。
5.廖坊水利枢纽拦洪蓄水,使得抚河中游水域环境发生了重大改变,对抚河中游鱼类资源产生了很大的影响。主要表现为库区内泥沙沉积、水位上涨、水生植物繁殖,坝下水位下降、水体层次紊乱、含沙量减少,坝上、下水位变化幅度减小,鱼类洄游通道消失等。由于上述原因的影响,造成库区内植食性和食浮游生物鱼类大量繁殖,坝下食底栖生物鱼类增多。而大坝阻隔河道使得洄游和半洄游性鱼类的洄游通道被阻断,无法到达产卵场进行繁殖。
Fu River of the Poyang Lake water system, one of the five rivers, is the second largest river in Jiangxi Province. Its geographic coordinates of longitude 115°30'to 117°10', north latitude 26°30'to 28°37'. To further study the fish resources in Fu River, especially the fish resources of the four major Chinese carps, we had carried out the research from 2007 to 2010 and the main results were as followed:
1. April～August,2009, in Fuzhou City, the Fuzhou reaches of the Fu River, we conducted a survey on fish resources.49 species of fish were recorded, belonging to 4 orders,9 families and 36 geniuses. Among them, the most species are cyprinids, a total of 29 species, accounting for 59.18%.
2. In the composition of the catch, the most was Gobioninae whose bodily form was small and Xenocyprinae which was fast growth and early sexual maturity. Some of the economic fishes that were large of individuals, late sexual maturity, long age group significantly decreased, such as black carp, grass carp, silver carp, and bighead carp and so on. The fishes which usually eated bentonic organism were the local major economic fish, such as cyprinoid, crucian, XenocyprisargenteaGunther, Pseudobagrus fulvidraco, Hemibarbus maculatus, Longnose gudgeon and loach, etc.
3. April～August,2009,478 fish samples of the four major Chinese carps were collected. We could not get any carps which were breeding. In the four major Chinese carps breeding season from April to June we collected 414 samples, and we collected 64 fish fry from July to August. In the middle reaches of Fu River, the four major Chinese carps were much fewer than the main species. And most of the four major Chinese carps were age 1 or 2, accounted for more than the 99% of the total number of all the samples. In addition to the individuals of black carp and grass carp were large, the silver carp and bighead carp were smaller individuals. The overall of the four major Chinese carps in the middle reaches of Fu River showed that the individuals were small and the age structure was simple.
4. The use of ISSR genetic markers on the genetic diversity of the four major Chinese carps in the Fuzhou reaches of the Fu River, we get the degree of genetic diversity index, such as the proportion of polymorphic loci P, Nei's genetic diversity H, Shannon's information index I and the genetic similarity and distance. The proportion of polymorphic loci P of the black carp was 89.29%. Its Nei's genetic diversity H was 0.2967, and Shannon's information index I was 0.4536. Its genetic similarity and distance were 0.5670 and 0.6019. The proportion of polymorphic loci P of the grass carp was 75.00%. Its Nei's genetic diversity H was 0.2201, and Shannon's information index I was0.3369. Its genetic similarity and distance were 0.7723 and 0.2644. The proportion of polymorphic loci P of the silver carp was 76.19%. Its Nei's genetic diversity H was 0.1860, and Shannon's information index I was 0.2992. Its genetic similarity and distance were 0.7600 and 0.2869. The proportion of polymorphic loci P of the bighead carp was 67.50%. Its Nei's genetic diversity H was 0.2365, and Shannon's information index I was 0.3531. Its genetic similarity and distance were 0.7938 and 0.2351. The result of our study indicated that the four major Chinese carps in the Fuzhou reaches of Fu River had abundant genetic diversity.
5. After the dam of Liaofang using to intercept flood and retain water, the environment of the middle reaches of the Fu River had undergone heavily changes, and the fish resources of the middle reaches of the Fu River had been great impact. Mainly behaviors were that the reservoir area of sediment deposition, water level risen, aquatic breeding. The water level under the dam had dropped below, the water volume hierarchy disturbance, sediment reduction. Up and down of the dam, the ranges of the water level changes were little, and the fish migration channels had disappeared. Because of the above reasons, in the reservoir area, the fishes which were feed on herbivorous and plankton had largely propagated. The major fishes of the river under the dam were usually feed on the bentonic organism. Because of the dam, the river was separated. And the swimming fishes and the semi-swimming fishes could not get back to the spawning site and proceed to reproduce.
引文
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