尼日利亚非洲蜂和本地意蜂及其杂交二代形态特征与微卫星DNA遗传多样性研究
|
摘要
本研究以来自安徽地区的本地意蜂,尼日利亚卡拉巴州依康镇的非洲蜂及其与本地意蜂杂交所选育的杂交二代三个群体各50只工蜂为研究素材,取一定数量工蜂测量其10个主要形态指标,同时利用15对微卫星引物,分析其基因组DNA在15个微卫星位点上的遗传变异,以期用形态学和微卫星DNA多态性相结合的方法来分析本地意蜂和非洲蜂群体及其杂交群体的遗传多样性。主要研究结果如下:
1.本研究所测定的10个形态特征,本地意蜂,尼日利亚非洲蜂及其杂交二代三个群体之间在吻长、右前翅长、前翅面积、前翅肘脉a、第3节背板长、第4节背板长及第3+4背板总长上差异极显著(P<0.01),在右前翅宽上差异显著(P<0.05),在前翅肘脉b及肘脉指数Ci上差异不显著(P >0.05)。
2.本研究所筛选的15个微卫星位点对本地意蜂,尼日利亚非洲蜂及其杂交二代三个群体进行多态检测,均得到了特异性扩增结果,共检测到121个等位基因,平均每个位点的等位基因数为8.067,单个位点的等位基因数从3到13不等,表明三个群体都具有较丰富的遗传多样性。
3.本研究中本地意蜂、尼日利亚非洲蜂及其杂交二代15个微卫星位点的期望杂合度为0.5801至0.8526,平均期望杂合度为0.7591(0.0762)。所有位点的多态信息含量为0.5158至0.8363,平均多态信息含量为0.7283(0.0879)。三个群体的平均期望杂合度,本地意蜂为0.6208,非洲蜂为0.5780,杂交二代为0.7451。表明三个群体都具有较高的杂合度和较丰富的多态性。
4.本研究中,对于本地意蜂和尼日利亚非洲蜂这2个群体而言,平均遗传分化系数FST为4.36%(P<0.01),2个群体间的分化程度极显著,8个位点都极显著地贡献于这一结果。群体内的近交系数FIS较低,为0.070(P<0.01),15个位点显著地贡献于这一结果(P<0.01),表明非洲蜂与本地意蜂的近交较少。
5.非洲蜂和本地意蜂遗传距离为0.725,Nm值为0.213。这两个群体间表现出较远的遗传距离,而且彼此之间有较少的基因流动。本地意蜂属于蜜蜂属西方蜜蜂种中的欧洲类型,非洲蜂属于西方蜜蜂种中的非洲类型,两者虽同属于蜜蜂属西方蜜蜂种,但由于它们存在长期的地理隔离,没有进行过正常生殖杂交,之间的交流性很小。
10 main indexes of external morphology of AnHui Local Apis mellifera, Nigeria African honeybee and theirs hybrid generationⅡwith each 50 worker bees as the research material were mensurated, and 15 microsatellite makers were used to analyzed the genetic diversity of the three populations for analysing theirs genetic diversity with methods of morphology and microsatellite DNA polymorphism.The main results were summarized as follows.
1. It had extremely significant differences(P<0.01) in tongue length, length of bee right forewing, area of the anterior wing, length of bee right forewing cubital vein a, length of tergum 3, length of tergum 4 and length of tergum 3+4, and significant difference(P<0.05) in width of bee bee right forewing, but no significant differences(P>0.05) in length of bee right forewing cubital vein b and index number of cubital vein Ci.
2. 15 pairs of microsatellite primers were tested in AnHui Local Apis mellifera, Nigeria African honeybee and theirs Hybrid generationⅡand could be successfully amplified. The results showed that 121 alleles were found in 15 microsatellite loci, mean number of effective alleles was 8.067, the number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 13, and indicated that rich genetic diversity in the three populations.
3. The expected heterozygosity(He) of all populations in 15 microsatellite loci ranged from 0.5801 to 0.8526, and the average value was 0.7591±0.0762. The polymorphism information content(PIC) ranged from 0.5158 to 0.8363,and the average value was 0.7283±0.0879.The average expected heterozygosity of Local Apis mellifera, Nigeria African honeybee and theirs hybrid generationⅡwas 0.6208, 0.5780, 0.7451, respectively, and showed high heterozygosity and rich polymorphism.
4. In this study, the genetic differention between Local Apis mellifera and Nigeria African honeybee measured as FST value was 4.36%(P<0.01), and 8 loci were contributed significantly( P<0.01) to this differention, and measured as FIS value was 0.070(P<0.05), all the loci were contributed significantly(P<0.01) to this differention, that indicated less inbreeding between the two populations.
5. The Reynold’s distance values of Nigeria African honeybee and Local Apis mellifera was 0.725, and the Nm value was 0.213, showed further Reynold’s distance and less gene flow. Local Apis mellifera was belong to Europe type Apis mellifera Linnaeus Apis, and African honeybee is African type. They could not have normal crossbreeding, and showed less communication.
1.本研究所测定的10个形态特征,本地意蜂,尼日利亚非洲蜂及其杂交二代三个群体之间在吻长、右前翅长、前翅面积、前翅肘脉a、第3节背板长、第4节背板长及第3+4背板总长上差异极显著(P<0.01),在右前翅宽上差异显著(P<0.05),在前翅肘脉b及肘脉指数Ci上差异不显著(P >0.05)。
2.本研究所筛选的15个微卫星位点对本地意蜂,尼日利亚非洲蜂及其杂交二代三个群体进行多态检测,均得到了特异性扩增结果,共检测到121个等位基因,平均每个位点的等位基因数为8.067,单个位点的等位基因数从3到13不等,表明三个群体都具有较丰富的遗传多样性。
3.本研究中本地意蜂、尼日利亚非洲蜂及其杂交二代15个微卫星位点的期望杂合度为0.5801至0.8526,平均期望杂合度为0.7591(0.0762)。所有位点的多态信息含量为0.5158至0.8363,平均多态信息含量为0.7283(0.0879)。三个群体的平均期望杂合度,本地意蜂为0.6208,非洲蜂为0.5780,杂交二代为0.7451。表明三个群体都具有较高的杂合度和较丰富的多态性。
4.本研究中,对于本地意蜂和尼日利亚非洲蜂这2个群体而言,平均遗传分化系数FST为4.36%(P<0.01),2个群体间的分化程度极显著,8个位点都极显著地贡献于这一结果。群体内的近交系数FIS较低,为0.070(P<0.01),15个位点显著地贡献于这一结果(P<0.01),表明非洲蜂与本地意蜂的近交较少。
5.非洲蜂和本地意蜂遗传距离为0.725,Nm值为0.213。这两个群体间表现出较远的遗传距离,而且彼此之间有较少的基因流动。本地意蜂属于蜜蜂属西方蜜蜂种中的欧洲类型,非洲蜂属于西方蜜蜂种中的非洲类型,两者虽同属于蜜蜂属西方蜜蜂种,但由于它们存在长期的地理隔离,没有进行过正常生殖杂交,之间的交流性很小。
10 main indexes of external morphology of AnHui Local Apis mellifera, Nigeria African honeybee and theirs hybrid generationⅡwith each 50 worker bees as the research material were mensurated, and 15 microsatellite makers were used to analyzed the genetic diversity of the three populations for analysing theirs genetic diversity with methods of morphology and microsatellite DNA polymorphism.The main results were summarized as follows.
1. It had extremely significant differences(P<0.01) in tongue length, length of bee right forewing, area of the anterior wing, length of bee right forewing cubital vein a, length of tergum 3, length of tergum 4 and length of tergum 3+4, and significant difference(P<0.05) in width of bee bee right forewing, but no significant differences(P>0.05) in length of bee right forewing cubital vein b and index number of cubital vein Ci.
2. 15 pairs of microsatellite primers were tested in AnHui Local Apis mellifera, Nigeria African honeybee and theirs Hybrid generationⅡand could be successfully amplified. The results showed that 121 alleles were found in 15 microsatellite loci, mean number of effective alleles was 8.067, the number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 13, and indicated that rich genetic diversity in the three populations.
3. The expected heterozygosity(He) of all populations in 15 microsatellite loci ranged from 0.5801 to 0.8526, and the average value was 0.7591±0.0762. The polymorphism information content(PIC) ranged from 0.5158 to 0.8363,and the average value was 0.7283±0.0879.The average expected heterozygosity of Local Apis mellifera, Nigeria African honeybee and theirs hybrid generationⅡwas 0.6208, 0.5780, 0.7451, respectively, and showed high heterozygosity and rich polymorphism.
4. In this study, the genetic differention between Local Apis mellifera and Nigeria African honeybee measured as FST value was 4.36%(P<0.01), and 8 loci were contributed significantly( P<0.01) to this differention, and measured as FIS value was 0.070(P<0.05), all the loci were contributed significantly(P<0.01) to this differention, that indicated less inbreeding between the two populations.
5. The Reynold’s distance values of Nigeria African honeybee and Local Apis mellifera was 0.725, and the Nm value was 0.213, showed further Reynold’s distance and less gene flow. Local Apis mellifera was belong to Europe type Apis mellifera Linnaeus Apis, and African honeybee is African type. They could not have normal crossbreeding, and showed less communication.
引文
[1]龚一飞,张其康.蜜蜂分类与进化[J]. 2000,3(9):43～46
[2]吴燕如.中国动物志(第十一卷)[M].北京:科学出版社,2000,8(4):25～28
[3]胥保华.蜜蜂属内蜂种的分类、地理分布、形态特征和生物学特性[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2000,12(3):31～34
[4]龚一飞,张其康.蜜蜂分类与进化[J]. 2000,3(9):47～48
[5]王丽华,陈盛禄,苏松坤.介绍非洲类型的几个西方蜜蜂品种[J].中国蜂业.2001, 52(5):20～21
[6]余林生,南荃耀,朱林才,刘建,吴其才.尼日利亚非洲蜜蜂饲养[J].中国蜂业, 2008,59(5) :47～48
[7]许少玉.中蜂工蜂形态测定的探索[J].蜜蜂杂志,1989,4(6):12～14
[8]邵瑞宜.意蜂头部重量与其王浆腺重量的相关性[J].福建农学院学报,1992,21(1):101～103
[9]刘先蜀.蜜蜂形态鉴定指标[J].中国养蜂,1987,4(9):15～17
[10]苏松坤,陈盛禄.意蜂王浆生产性能形态学遗传标记的研究[J].遗传学报,2003,25(6):677～680
[11] Badino G, Celebrano G, Manino A. Allozyeme variability in Greek honeybees (Apis mellifera L.)[J]. Apidologie,1988,(4):377～385
[12] Badino G, Celibrano G, Manino A. Population structure and Mdh1 locus variation in Apis mellifera lingustica[J]. Hered. 1989,74:443～446
[13] Nunamaker P A, Wilson W T. Comparison of MDH allozyme patterns in the African honey bee ( A pis mellifera adansonii L.) and the africanized population of brazil [J]. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 1981,54:707～710
[14]李举怀,王筱静.西方蜜蜂亚种间MDH同工酶的研究[J].华北农学报,1996, 11(2):121～126
[15]关迎辉,李绍文,李举杯,陈盛禄.意蜂三个品系间的基因差异[J].昆虫学报, 1994(2):159～164
[16] Robinson G E, Grozinger C M, Whitfield C W. Sociogenomics: social life in molecular terms[J]. Nature Reviews Genetics,2005,6:257～271
[17] Parker P G, Snow A A, Schug M D, et al. What molecules can tell us about populations: choosing and using a molecular[J]. Ecology,1998,79(2)361
[18]代金霞.微卫星DNA标记技术及其应用[J].农业科学研究, 2005,26(1):68～70
[19] Skinner D M, Beattie W G, Blattner F R, et al. The repeat sequence of a hermit crab satellite deoxyribonucleic acid is (-T-A-G-G-)n-(-A-T-C–C-)n[J]. Biochemisty,1974,13(19):3930～3937
[20] Miesfeld R, Krystal M, Arnheim N. A member for a new repeated sequence family which is conserved throughout eucaryotic evolution is found between the humanδandβglobin genes[J]. Neucleic Acid Res,1981,9:5931～5947
[21] Hamada H , Marianneg P, Takeo K, et al. Characterization of Genomic Poly(dT - dG) Poly(dC-dA) Sequences:Structure, Organization, and Conformation[J]. Molecular and Cellular Biology,1984,4(12):2610～26211
[21] Tautz D, Renz M. Simple sequences are ubiquitous repetitive com - ponents of eukaxyotic genomes[J].Nucl Acids Res. ,1984 ,12:4127～4138
[23] Ali, S, Muller,C, Eppien J. T. DNA fingerprinting by oligonucletide probes specific for simple repeats [J]. Hum,genet,1986,74:239～243
[24] Litt M,Luty J A. A hypervariable microsatellite revealed by invetro amplification of a dinucleotide repeat within the cardiac muscle actingene[J]. Am Hum Genet,1989,44:397～401
[25] Beckmann J S, Soller M. Toward a Unified approach to genetic mapping of evkaryotes based on sequence tagged microsatellitesites[J]. BioTechnology,1990,8:90～93
[26] Weber J L, Maype. Abundant class of human DNA polymorphism swhich can be typed using the polymerase chain reaction[J]. American Journal of Human Genetics.,1989, 44:388～396
[27] Longmire J L, Hahn D C, Roach J L. Low abundance of microsatellite repeats in the genome of the Brow-headed cowbird[J]. The Journal of Heredity1 1999, 90(5):574～578
[28]林莉,陈明华.微卫星标记及其在羊品种遗传育种中的研究进展[J].种业研究, 2007(11):34～37
[29]刘莉,陈国宏,李慧芳,吉挺.微卫星DNA及其在家禽遗传育种中的应用[J].动物科学与动物医学,2000,17(6):19～21
[30]黄原.分子系统学——方法、原理及应用[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998. 80～84
[31] Weber J L. Information of human (dC-dA)_n(dG-dT)_n polymorphisms[J]. Genomics,1990,7:524～530
[32] Johnson R E, Hendersen S T, Petes T D, et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD5-encoded DNA repair protein contains DNA helicase and Zinc-binding sequencemotifs and affects the stability of simple repetitive sequences in the genome[J]. Mol Cell Biol,1992, 12:3807
[33]孙伟.微卫星DNA的研究与应用[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2001(3):10～12
[34] Levinson G, Gutman G A. Slipped-strand mispairing: a major mechanism for DNA sequence evolution[J]. Mol Biol Evolution,1987,4:203
[35] Nei M, LI W H. Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms ofrestriction endonucleases[J].Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA. ,1979,76:5 269～273
[36]张玲.微卫星DNA标记研究进展及应用[J].安徽农业科学,2007,35(4):927～975
[37]徐莉,赵桂仿.微卫星DNA标记技术及其在遗传多样性研究中的应用.西北植物学报[J], 2002,22(3):714～722
[38] Love J M , Knight A M ,Mc Aleer M A , et al. Towards construction of a high reso lution map of mouse genome using PCR2analyzed m icro satellite[J]. Nucleic Acids. Res. ,1990,18:4123～4 130
[39] Bell J , Ecker J R. Assignment of 30 microsatellite loci to the linkage map of A rabid op sis [J]. Genomics. ,1994,19:137～144
[40] WU K S, Tanksley S D. A bundance, polymorphism and genetic mapping of microsatellite in rice [J]. Mol.Gen. Genet. ,1993,241:225～235
[41] Yang Lan, et al. Biotechnology Bulletin,1998, 6(1):101～102
[42] Moore S S, Sargentl L, King T J, et al. The conservation of dinucleo tide microsatellites among mammalian genomes allows the use of heterologous PCR primer pairs in closely related species[J]. Genomics, 1991,10:654～660
[43]熊立仲,王石平.微卫星DNA和AFLP标记在水稻分子标记连锁图上的分布[J].植物学报,1998,40(7):605～614
[44] Maguire T L , Edwards K J , Saenger P, et al. Characterisation and analysis of m icro satellite loci in a mangrove species, Avicennia marina (Fork.) Vierh. (A vicenniaceae) [J]. Theor. Appl. Genet. ,2000,101:279～285
[45] Estoup A, Soligna C M, Harry M, et al. Characterization of (GT)n and (CT)n microsatellites in two insect species Apis mellifera and Bom bus terrestris[J]. Nucl.Acids.Res.Oxford; IRL Press.1993,21(6):1427～1431
[46] Rowed J, Rinderer T E, Stelzer J A, et al. Seven polymorphic microsatellite loci in honeybees[J].Insectes-Sociaux,1997,44(2),85～91
[47] BAKER J S F. A global protocol for determining genetic distance among domestic livestock breeds[J]. Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production,1994,21:501～508
[48] Estoup A, Lionel Garney, Michel Solignac, et al. Microsatellite variation in honey bee ( Apis mellifera ) populations:Hierarchical genetic structure and test of the infinite allele and stepwise mutation models [J] .Genetics,1995,140: 679～695
[49] Segura J A L. Highly polymorphic DNA markers in an Africanized honey bee population in Costa Rica [J].Genetics Mol.Bio,2000,23(2):317～322
[50] Sittipraneed S, Laoaroons, Klinbungss, et al. Genetic differentiation of the honeybee in Thailand: evidence from microsatellite polymorphism[J].J.A pic.Res,2001,40(1):9～16
[51]苏松坤,陈盛禄.意蜂王浆生产性能形态学遗传标记的研究[J].遗传学报2003,25(6):677～680
[52]吉挺,陈晶,孟春玲,包文斌,陈国宏.平湖浆蜂与苏王1号遗传多样性的微卫星DNA分析[J].中国畜牧兽医,2007,34(11):32～34
[53]殷玲,吉挺,陈晶,陈国宏,刘敏.利用微卫星标记分析皖南山区中华蜜蜂遗传多样性[J].扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版), 2008,29(4)19～22
[54]吴燕如.中国动物志(第十一卷)[M].北京:科学出版社,2000,8(4):25～28
[55]胥保华.蜜蜂属内蜂种的分类、地理分布、形态特征和生物学特性[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版,2000,12(3):31～34
[56]郭新军,许升全.微卫星在蜜蜂研究中的应用[J].当代生态农业,2004,12(1): 33～35
[57] Franck P, Garnery L, Celebrano G, et al. Hybrid origins of honeybees from Italy (Apis mellifera ligustica) and Sicily(A.m.sicula)[J].Molecular Ecology. 2000,9(2):907～921
[58] Franck P, Garnery L, Loiseau A, et al. Genetic diversity of the honeybee in Africa: icrosatellite and mitochondrial data [J].eredity,2001,(86):420～430
[59] Franck P, Garnery L, Solignac M, et al. The origin of west European subspecies of honeybees (Apis mellifera): new insights from microsatellite and mitochondrial data[J ].Evolution,1998,52(4):1119～1134
[60] Franck P, Garnery L, Solignac M, et al. Molecular confirmation of a fourth lineage in honeybees from the Near East[J].Apidologie,2000,31(2):167～180
[61] Estoup A, Solgna C M, Cornuet J M, et al. Size homolasy and mutational processes of interrup ted microsatellites in two bee species Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris(Apidae)[J]. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 1995,12(6):1074～1084
[62] Baker J S F. A global protocol for determining genetic distance among domestic livestock breeds[C].Proceedings of the 5th world congress on genetice applied to livestock production,1994,20(6):1321~1325
[63] Michel Solignac, Dominique Vautrin, Anne Loiseau, et al. Five hundred and fifty microsatellite markers for the study of the honeybee(Apis mellifera L.) genome [J].Molecular Ecology Notes,2003,3(5):307～311
[64] S.Hartel, P.Neumann, F.S.Raassen. Hepburn.by Cape honeybee workers in colonies of their own subspecies[J].Insect.Soc,2006,53(9):183～193
[65] Widmer A, Schmid Hempel P, Estoup A , Scholl A . Population genetic structure and colonization history of Bombus terrestris s. l. (Hymenoptera : Apidae) from the Canary Islands and Madeira[J] .Heredity,1998,81(5):563～572
[66] Franck P, Coussy H, Conte Y Le, et al. Microsatellite analysis of sperm admixture in honeybee [J].Insect Molecular Biology,1999,8(3):419～421
[67] Neumann P, Moritz R F A, Praagh J.Van, et al. Queen mating frequency in different types of honey bee mating apiaries[J]. J of Apic Res,1999,38(1):11～18
[68] Neumann P, Moritz R F A , Mautz D. Colony evaluation is not affected by drifting of drone and worker honeybees (Apis mellifera) at a performance testing apiary [J].Apidologie,2000,31(1):67～79
[69] Brown S M, Hopkins M S, Mitchell S E. Multiple methods for the identification of polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSS) in sorghum (Sorghum bicolour L. Moench)[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 1996,93:190～198
[70] Bernhard Krausa F. Nikolaus Koenigerb, Salim Tingekc, et al. Using drones for estimating colony number by microsatellite DNA analyses of haploid males in Apis [J].Apidologie 2005,36:223～229
[71] Annette B.Jensen, Kellie A.Palmer, Nicolas Chaline, et al. Quantifying honey bee mating range and isolation in semi-isolated valleys by DNA microsatellite paternity analysis[J].Conservation Genetics,2005,6(7):527～537
[72] Chapman N C, Lim J, Oldroyd B P. Population genetics of commercial and feral honey bees in Western Australia[J]. Journal of Economics Entomology, 2008,101:272～277
[73] N. Azuma, J. Takahashi, M. kidokopro, et al. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the bee Ceratina flavipes[J]. Molecular Ecology Notes, 2005,5:433～435
[74] Annette B.Jensen, Kellie A. Palmer, Nicolas Chaline, et al. Quantifying honey bee mating range and isolation in semi- isolated valleys by DNA microsatellite paternity analysis[J].Conservation Genetics,2005,6:527～537
[75] Tilley C A, Oldroyd B P. Unequal subfamily proportions among honeybee queen and worker brood[J]. Animal Behaviour,1997,54(6):1483～1490
[76] Franck P, Coussy H, Conte Y L, et al. Microsatellite analysis of sperm admixture in honeybee [J] . Insect Molecular Biology,1999,8(3):419～421
[77] Michel Solignac,Dominique Vautrin, Anne Loiseau, et al. Five hundred and fifty microsatellite markers for the study of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) genome[J].Molecular Ecology Notes, 2003,3:307～311
[78] Greg J. Hunt, Robert E, Page Jr. Linkage map of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, based on RAPD markers [J].Genetics,1995,139:1371～1382
[79] Greg J.Hunt, A M Collins, R Rivera, et al. Quantitative trait loci influencing honeybee alarm pheromone levels[J].Journal of Heredity,1999, 90(5):585～589
[80] Greg J.Hunt, Novoa E, Guzman M K, Fondrk, et al. Quantitative trait loci for honey bee stinging behavior and body size [J].Genetics,1998,148(3):1203～1213
[81]李建科.蜜蜂微卫星的研究进展[J].郑州牧业工程高等专科学校学报,2002,22(2):85～89
[82]王加聪.蜜蜂良种是提高蜂产品产量和质量的关键[J].蜜蜂杂志,2006,1:26～27
[83]孙亮先,胥保华.四个意大利蜜蜂品系RAPD遗传标记的分析[J].山东农业大学学报,2004,35(3):335～338
[84]苏松坤,陈盛禄.蜜蜂遗传标记的种类[J].中国养蜂,2004. 55(2):8～10
[85] Oldroyd B P C, Smolenskia J, Cornuet J M, et al. Levels of polyandry and intra-colonial genetic relationships in Apis florea[J]. Behavioral Ecology and Soc iobiology, 1995,37 (5): 329～335
[86]刘彩珍.蜜蜂的产品开发及其分子生物学进展[J].中国蜂业,2006.57(9):10～12
[87] Sheppard W S, Berlocher S H. Enzyme polymorphism in Apis mellifera from norway[J] . J . Apic. Res. , 1984 , 23:64～69
[88] Greg J.Hunt, Robert E, Page J. Linkage map of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, based on RAPD markers[J]. Genetics, 1995, 139:1371～1382
[89]黄强,曾志将.蜜蜂父系研究进展[J].蜜蜂杂志,2007.10.5～7
[90] A Suazo, R Mc Tiernan, H G Hall. Differences between African and European honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) in random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) [J].Journal of Heredity,1998,89:32～36
[91]赵慧婷,高鹏飞,姜玉锁,杨贵英,陈廷珠.中国东方蜜蜂不同地理种群的RAPD分析[J].动物分类学报,2008,33(1):89～96
[92]许少玉.中蜂工蜂形态测定的探索[J].蜜蜂杂志,1989,4(6):12～14
[93]刘先蜀.蜜蜂形态鉴定指标[J].中国养蜂,1987,4(9):15～17
[94] Ruttner F. Biogeography and taxonomy honeybees[M]. Springer-Verlag Berlin, Germany 1988,284
[95]石锐,郭长.聚丙烯酰胺凝胶中DNA的银染方法[J].生物技术,1998, 8(5):46～48
[96] Nei M. Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations[J].Proc.Natl.Acad. Sci.USA,1973,70(5):3321～3323
[97]闫路娜,张德兴.种群微卫星DNA分析意蜂样本量对各种遗传多样性度量指标的影响[J].动物学报,2004,50(2):279～290
[98]包文斌,束婧婷,许盛海,李慧芳,陈国宏.样本量和性比对微卫星分析中群体遗传多样性指标的影响[J].遗传育种,2007,43(1):6～9
[99]吉挺,陈晶,潘瑞.在不同提取方法下蜜蜂基因组DNA浓度的变化[J].中国养蜂2005,56(12):10～11
[100]龚一飞.养蜂学[M].福州:福建科技出版社.1987,15(4):489～495
[101]盛浩伟,王金玉,戴国俊.微卫星PCR扩增反应技术条件优化探讨[J].四川畜牧兽医,2004 ,31(4):31～32
[102]何忠效,张树政.电泳(第二版) [M].北京:科学出版社,1999
[103] Maudet C, Miller C, Bassano B, et al. Microsatellite DNA and recent statistical methods in wild conservation management: Application in Alpine ibex Capra ibex[J].Molecular Ecology, 2002, 11: 421～436
[104] OTT J. Analysis of human genetic linkage[M]. Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001
[105] Jurg O. A nalysis of human genetic linkage( revised edition)[M]. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,2001
[106] Vanhala T, Tuiskula Haavisto M, Elo K, et al. Evaluation of genetic distances between eight chicken lines using microsatellite markers[J]. Poult ry Science, 1998, 77: 783～790
[107] Mcneely J. Conserving the World′s Biological Diversity[M]. The World Bank,WRI IUCN,WWF,1990
[2]吴燕如.中国动物志(第十一卷)[M].北京:科学出版社,2000,8(4):25～28
[3]胥保华.蜜蜂属内蜂种的分类、地理分布、形态特征和生物学特性[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2000,12(3):31～34
[4]龚一飞,张其康.蜜蜂分类与进化[J]. 2000,3(9):47～48
[5]王丽华,陈盛禄,苏松坤.介绍非洲类型的几个西方蜜蜂品种[J].中国蜂业.2001, 52(5):20～21
[6]余林生,南荃耀,朱林才,刘建,吴其才.尼日利亚非洲蜜蜂饲养[J].中国蜂业, 2008,59(5) :47～48
[7]许少玉.中蜂工蜂形态测定的探索[J].蜜蜂杂志,1989,4(6):12～14
[8]邵瑞宜.意蜂头部重量与其王浆腺重量的相关性[J].福建农学院学报,1992,21(1):101～103
[9]刘先蜀.蜜蜂形态鉴定指标[J].中国养蜂,1987,4(9):15～17
[10]苏松坤,陈盛禄.意蜂王浆生产性能形态学遗传标记的研究[J].遗传学报,2003,25(6):677～680
[11] Badino G, Celebrano G, Manino A. Allozyeme variability in Greek honeybees (Apis mellifera L.)[J]. Apidologie,1988,(4):377～385
[12] Badino G, Celibrano G, Manino A. Population structure and Mdh1 locus variation in Apis mellifera lingustica[J]. Hered. 1989,74:443～446
[13] Nunamaker P A, Wilson W T. Comparison of MDH allozyme patterns in the African honey bee ( A pis mellifera adansonii L.) and the africanized population of brazil [J]. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 1981,54:707～710
[14]李举怀,王筱静.西方蜜蜂亚种间MDH同工酶的研究[J].华北农学报,1996, 11(2):121～126
[15]关迎辉,李绍文,李举杯,陈盛禄.意蜂三个品系间的基因差异[J].昆虫学报, 1994(2):159～164
[16] Robinson G E, Grozinger C M, Whitfield C W. Sociogenomics: social life in molecular terms[J]. Nature Reviews Genetics,2005,6:257～271
[17] Parker P G, Snow A A, Schug M D, et al. What molecules can tell us about populations: choosing and using a molecular[J]. Ecology,1998,79(2)361
[18]代金霞.微卫星DNA标记技术及其应用[J].农业科学研究, 2005,26(1):68～70
[19] Skinner D M, Beattie W G, Blattner F R, et al. The repeat sequence of a hermit crab satellite deoxyribonucleic acid is (-T-A-G-G-)n-(-A-T-C–C-)n[J]. Biochemisty,1974,13(19):3930～3937
[20] Miesfeld R, Krystal M, Arnheim N. A member for a new repeated sequence family which is conserved throughout eucaryotic evolution is found between the humanδandβglobin genes[J]. Neucleic Acid Res,1981,9:5931～5947
[21] Hamada H , Marianneg P, Takeo K, et al. Characterization of Genomic Poly(dT - dG) Poly(dC-dA) Sequences:Structure, Organization, and Conformation[J]. Molecular and Cellular Biology,1984,4(12):2610～26211
[21] Tautz D, Renz M. Simple sequences are ubiquitous repetitive com - ponents of eukaxyotic genomes[J].Nucl Acids Res. ,1984 ,12:4127～4138
[23] Ali, S, Muller,C, Eppien J. T. DNA fingerprinting by oligonucletide probes specific for simple repeats [J]. Hum,genet,1986,74:239～243
[24] Litt M,Luty J A. A hypervariable microsatellite revealed by invetro amplification of a dinucleotide repeat within the cardiac muscle actingene[J]. Am Hum Genet,1989,44:397～401
[25] Beckmann J S, Soller M. Toward a Unified approach to genetic mapping of evkaryotes based on sequence tagged microsatellitesites[J]. BioTechnology,1990,8:90～93
[26] Weber J L, Maype. Abundant class of human DNA polymorphism swhich can be typed using the polymerase chain reaction[J]. American Journal of Human Genetics.,1989, 44:388～396
[27] Longmire J L, Hahn D C, Roach J L. Low abundance of microsatellite repeats in the genome of the Brow-headed cowbird[J]. The Journal of Heredity1 1999, 90(5):574～578
[28]林莉,陈明华.微卫星标记及其在羊品种遗传育种中的研究进展[J].种业研究, 2007(11):34～37
[29]刘莉,陈国宏,李慧芳,吉挺.微卫星DNA及其在家禽遗传育种中的应用[J].动物科学与动物医学,2000,17(6):19～21
[30]黄原.分子系统学——方法、原理及应用[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998. 80～84
[31] Weber J L. Information of human (dC-dA)_n(dG-dT)_n polymorphisms[J]. Genomics,1990,7:524～530
[32] Johnson R E, Hendersen S T, Petes T D, et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD5-encoded DNA repair protein contains DNA helicase and Zinc-binding sequencemotifs and affects the stability of simple repetitive sequences in the genome[J]. Mol Cell Biol,1992, 12:3807
[33]孙伟.微卫星DNA的研究与应用[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2001(3):10～12
[34] Levinson G, Gutman G A. Slipped-strand mispairing: a major mechanism for DNA sequence evolution[J]. Mol Biol Evolution,1987,4:203
[35] Nei M, LI W H. Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms ofrestriction endonucleases[J].Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA. ,1979,76:5 269～273
[36]张玲.微卫星DNA标记研究进展及应用[J].安徽农业科学,2007,35(4):927～975
[37]徐莉,赵桂仿.微卫星DNA标记技术及其在遗传多样性研究中的应用.西北植物学报[J], 2002,22(3):714～722
[38] Love J M , Knight A M ,Mc Aleer M A , et al. Towards construction of a high reso lution map of mouse genome using PCR2analyzed m icro satellite[J]. Nucleic Acids. Res. ,1990,18:4123～4 130
[39] Bell J , Ecker J R. Assignment of 30 microsatellite loci to the linkage map of A rabid op sis [J]. Genomics. ,1994,19:137～144
[40] WU K S, Tanksley S D. A bundance, polymorphism and genetic mapping of microsatellite in rice [J]. Mol.Gen. Genet. ,1993,241:225～235
[41] Yang Lan, et al. Biotechnology Bulletin,1998, 6(1):101～102
[42] Moore S S, Sargentl L, King T J, et al. The conservation of dinucleo tide microsatellites among mammalian genomes allows the use of heterologous PCR primer pairs in closely related species[J]. Genomics, 1991,10:654～660
[43]熊立仲,王石平.微卫星DNA和AFLP标记在水稻分子标记连锁图上的分布[J].植物学报,1998,40(7):605～614
[44] Maguire T L , Edwards K J , Saenger P, et al. Characterisation and analysis of m icro satellite loci in a mangrove species, Avicennia marina (Fork.) Vierh. (A vicenniaceae) [J]. Theor. Appl. Genet. ,2000,101:279～285
[45] Estoup A, Soligna C M, Harry M, et al. Characterization of (GT)n and (CT)n microsatellites in two insect species Apis mellifera and Bom bus terrestris[J]. Nucl.Acids.Res.Oxford; IRL Press.1993,21(6):1427～1431
[46] Rowed J, Rinderer T E, Stelzer J A, et al. Seven polymorphic microsatellite loci in honeybees[J].Insectes-Sociaux,1997,44(2),85～91
[47] BAKER J S F. A global protocol for determining genetic distance among domestic livestock breeds[J]. Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production,1994,21:501～508
[48] Estoup A, Lionel Garney, Michel Solignac, et al. Microsatellite variation in honey bee ( Apis mellifera ) populations:Hierarchical genetic structure and test of the infinite allele and stepwise mutation models [J] .Genetics,1995,140: 679～695
[49] Segura J A L. Highly polymorphic DNA markers in an Africanized honey bee population in Costa Rica [J].Genetics Mol.Bio,2000,23(2):317～322
[50] Sittipraneed S, Laoaroons, Klinbungss, et al. Genetic differentiation of the honeybee in Thailand: evidence from microsatellite polymorphism[J].J.A pic.Res,2001,40(1):9～16
[51]苏松坤,陈盛禄.意蜂王浆生产性能形态学遗传标记的研究[J].遗传学报2003,25(6):677～680
[52]吉挺,陈晶,孟春玲,包文斌,陈国宏.平湖浆蜂与苏王1号遗传多样性的微卫星DNA分析[J].中国畜牧兽医,2007,34(11):32～34
[53]殷玲,吉挺,陈晶,陈国宏,刘敏.利用微卫星标记分析皖南山区中华蜜蜂遗传多样性[J].扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版), 2008,29(4)19～22
[54]吴燕如.中国动物志(第十一卷)[M].北京:科学出版社,2000,8(4):25～28
[55]胥保华.蜜蜂属内蜂种的分类、地理分布、形态特征和生物学特性[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版,2000,12(3):31～34
[56]郭新军,许升全.微卫星在蜜蜂研究中的应用[J].当代生态农业,2004,12(1): 33～35
[57] Franck P, Garnery L, Celebrano G, et al. Hybrid origins of honeybees from Italy (Apis mellifera ligustica) and Sicily(A.m.sicula)[J].Molecular Ecology. 2000,9(2):907～921
[58] Franck P, Garnery L, Loiseau A, et al. Genetic diversity of the honeybee in Africa: icrosatellite and mitochondrial data [J].eredity,2001,(86):420～430
[59] Franck P, Garnery L, Solignac M, et al. The origin of west European subspecies of honeybees (Apis mellifera): new insights from microsatellite and mitochondrial data[J ].Evolution,1998,52(4):1119～1134
[60] Franck P, Garnery L, Solignac M, et al. Molecular confirmation of a fourth lineage in honeybees from the Near East[J].Apidologie,2000,31(2):167～180
[61] Estoup A, Solgna C M, Cornuet J M, et al. Size homolasy and mutational processes of interrup ted microsatellites in two bee species Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris(Apidae)[J]. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 1995,12(6):1074～1084
[62] Baker J S F. A global protocol for determining genetic distance among domestic livestock breeds[C].Proceedings of the 5th world congress on genetice applied to livestock production,1994,20(6):1321~1325
[63] Michel Solignac, Dominique Vautrin, Anne Loiseau, et al. Five hundred and fifty microsatellite markers for the study of the honeybee(Apis mellifera L.) genome [J].Molecular Ecology Notes,2003,3(5):307～311
[64] S.Hartel, P.Neumann, F.S.Raassen. Hepburn.by Cape honeybee workers in colonies of their own subspecies[J].Insect.Soc,2006,53(9):183～193
[65] Widmer A, Schmid Hempel P, Estoup A , Scholl A . Population genetic structure and colonization history of Bombus terrestris s. l. (Hymenoptera : Apidae) from the Canary Islands and Madeira[J] .Heredity,1998,81(5):563～572
[66] Franck P, Coussy H, Conte Y Le, et al. Microsatellite analysis of sperm admixture in honeybee [J].Insect Molecular Biology,1999,8(3):419～421
[67] Neumann P, Moritz R F A, Praagh J.Van, et al. Queen mating frequency in different types of honey bee mating apiaries[J]. J of Apic Res,1999,38(1):11～18
[68] Neumann P, Moritz R F A , Mautz D. Colony evaluation is not affected by drifting of drone and worker honeybees (Apis mellifera) at a performance testing apiary [J].Apidologie,2000,31(1):67～79
[69] Brown S M, Hopkins M S, Mitchell S E. Multiple methods for the identification of polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSS) in sorghum (Sorghum bicolour L. Moench)[J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 1996,93:190～198
[70] Bernhard Krausa F. Nikolaus Koenigerb, Salim Tingekc, et al. Using drones for estimating colony number by microsatellite DNA analyses of haploid males in Apis [J].Apidologie 2005,36:223～229
[71] Annette B.Jensen, Kellie A.Palmer, Nicolas Chaline, et al. Quantifying honey bee mating range and isolation in semi-isolated valleys by DNA microsatellite paternity analysis[J].Conservation Genetics,2005,6(7):527～537
[72] Chapman N C, Lim J, Oldroyd B P. Population genetics of commercial and feral honey bees in Western Australia[J]. Journal of Economics Entomology, 2008,101:272～277
[73] N. Azuma, J. Takahashi, M. kidokopro, et al. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the bee Ceratina flavipes[J]. Molecular Ecology Notes, 2005,5:433～435
[74] Annette B.Jensen, Kellie A. Palmer, Nicolas Chaline, et al. Quantifying honey bee mating range and isolation in semi- isolated valleys by DNA microsatellite paternity analysis[J].Conservation Genetics,2005,6:527～537
[75] Tilley C A, Oldroyd B P. Unequal subfamily proportions among honeybee queen and worker brood[J]. Animal Behaviour,1997,54(6):1483～1490
[76] Franck P, Coussy H, Conte Y L, et al. Microsatellite analysis of sperm admixture in honeybee [J] . Insect Molecular Biology,1999,8(3):419～421
[77] Michel Solignac,Dominique Vautrin, Anne Loiseau, et al. Five hundred and fifty microsatellite markers for the study of the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) genome[J].Molecular Ecology Notes, 2003,3:307～311
[78] Greg J. Hunt, Robert E, Page Jr. Linkage map of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, based on RAPD markers [J].Genetics,1995,139:1371～1382
[79] Greg J.Hunt, A M Collins, R Rivera, et al. Quantitative trait loci influencing honeybee alarm pheromone levels[J].Journal of Heredity,1999, 90(5):585～589
[80] Greg J.Hunt, Novoa E, Guzman M K, Fondrk, et al. Quantitative trait loci for honey bee stinging behavior and body size [J].Genetics,1998,148(3):1203～1213
[81]李建科.蜜蜂微卫星的研究进展[J].郑州牧业工程高等专科学校学报,2002,22(2):85～89
[82]王加聪.蜜蜂良种是提高蜂产品产量和质量的关键[J].蜜蜂杂志,2006,1:26～27
[83]孙亮先,胥保华.四个意大利蜜蜂品系RAPD遗传标记的分析[J].山东农业大学学报,2004,35(3):335～338
[84]苏松坤,陈盛禄.蜜蜂遗传标记的种类[J].中国养蜂,2004. 55(2):8～10
[85] Oldroyd B P C, Smolenskia J, Cornuet J M, et al. Levels of polyandry and intra-colonial genetic relationships in Apis florea[J]. Behavioral Ecology and Soc iobiology, 1995,37 (5): 329～335
[86]刘彩珍.蜜蜂的产品开发及其分子生物学进展[J].中国蜂业,2006.57(9):10～12
[87] Sheppard W S, Berlocher S H. Enzyme polymorphism in Apis mellifera from norway[J] . J . Apic. Res. , 1984 , 23:64～69
[88] Greg J.Hunt, Robert E, Page J. Linkage map of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, based on RAPD markers[J]. Genetics, 1995, 139:1371～1382
[89]黄强,曾志将.蜜蜂父系研究进展[J].蜜蜂杂志,2007.10.5～7
[90] A Suazo, R Mc Tiernan, H G Hall. Differences between African and European honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) in random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) [J].Journal of Heredity,1998,89:32～36
[91]赵慧婷,高鹏飞,姜玉锁,杨贵英,陈廷珠.中国东方蜜蜂不同地理种群的RAPD分析[J].动物分类学报,2008,33(1):89～96
[92]许少玉.中蜂工蜂形态测定的探索[J].蜜蜂杂志,1989,4(6):12～14
[93]刘先蜀.蜜蜂形态鉴定指标[J].中国养蜂,1987,4(9):15～17
[94] Ruttner F. Biogeography and taxonomy honeybees[M]. Springer-Verlag Berlin, Germany 1988,284
[95]石锐,郭长.聚丙烯酰胺凝胶中DNA的银染方法[J].生物技术,1998, 8(5):46～48
[96] Nei M. Analysis of gene diversity in subdivided populations[J].Proc.Natl.Acad. Sci.USA,1973,70(5):3321～3323
[97]闫路娜,张德兴.种群微卫星DNA分析意蜂样本量对各种遗传多样性度量指标的影响[J].动物学报,2004,50(2):279～290
[98]包文斌,束婧婷,许盛海,李慧芳,陈国宏.样本量和性比对微卫星分析中群体遗传多样性指标的影响[J].遗传育种,2007,43(1):6～9
[99]吉挺,陈晶,潘瑞.在不同提取方法下蜜蜂基因组DNA浓度的变化[J].中国养蜂2005,56(12):10～11
[100]龚一飞.养蜂学[M].福州:福建科技出版社.1987,15(4):489～495
[101]盛浩伟,王金玉,戴国俊.微卫星PCR扩增反应技术条件优化探讨[J].四川畜牧兽医,2004 ,31(4):31～32
[102]何忠效,张树政.电泳(第二版) [M].北京:科学出版社,1999
[103] Maudet C, Miller C, Bassano B, et al. Microsatellite DNA and recent statistical methods in wild conservation management: Application in Alpine ibex Capra ibex[J].Molecular Ecology, 2002, 11: 421～436
[104] OTT J. Analysis of human genetic linkage[M]. Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001
[105] Jurg O. A nalysis of human genetic linkage( revised edition)[M]. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,2001
[106] Vanhala T, Tuiskula Haavisto M, Elo K, et al. Evaluation of genetic distances between eight chicken lines using microsatellite markers[J]. Poult ry Science, 1998, 77: 783～790
[107] Mcneely J. Conserving the World′s Biological Diversity[M]. The World Bank,WRI IUCN,WWF,1990