寒地春玉米锌效率品种间差异及锌对玉米产量品质的影响
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摘要
本研究选用近年来黑龙江地区大面积推广的18个玉米杂交种,首先分别进行水培试验和池栽试验,对不同基因型玉米对锌敏感性进行筛选和鉴定,筛选出四单19(低锌敏感型)和牡丹9(低锌不敏感型)两个对锌敏感性差异比较大的杂交种做进一步研究。进一步通过水培试验和盆栽试验相结合的方法,研究锌对不同敏感型玉米苗期生理特性及产量、品质的影响。主要研究结果如下:
玉米不同品种间的锌营养存在明显的差异,玉米幼苗最适宜的锌浓度为0.1～1μmol·L-1,缺锌(0μmol·L-1)和高锌(100μmol·L-1)对玉米的生长均产生抑制作用,部分基因型表现为一定的低锌比缺锌对玉米的危害更大,而对于有些基因型来说低锌危害并不明显,相反高锌危害大于低锌危害。施锌对玉米的茎、叶片生长促进作用更为明显,根系生长受到的促进作用相对较小。不同基因型玉米体内的锌含量差别很大,这种锌浓度的差异与对锌的敏感性无相关性。
在缺锌土壤上,对不同基因型玉米的产量进行聚类分析结果表明,在供试品种中,龙青1等六个品种属于高产低锌不敏感型,庆单2等六个品种属于低产低锌不敏感型,垦玉6、四单19属于低产低锌敏感型。硕秋8、先玉335、郑单958属于高产中等锌敏感类型。
缺锌导致植物体内SOD和POD酶活性下降,供锌可提高玉米植株体内SOD和POD酶活性。对于低锌敏感品种(四单19)锌浓度过低(0.01μmol·L~(-1))或过高(10μmol·L~(-1)和100μmol·L~(-1))均导致CAT活性上升,而低锌不敏感品种(牡丹9)高锌处理(10μmol·L~(-1)和100μmol·L~(-1))CAT活性迅速增加。当锌浓度大于0.1μmol·L~(-1)时两种基因型玉米的CA活性随着供锌水平的增加而增加。适宜的锌供应可以改善玉米幼苗的光合性能。高锌处理下CA活性明显增加,而净光合速率却迅速下降。说明锌与CA活性密切相关,而CA活性与净光合速率的变化并非密切相关。
锌与植物中的碳水化合物代谢密切相关,本研究中对于低锌敏感品种四单19来说,缺锌和高锌均显著增加了植株体内可溶性糖含量。两个品种对低锌敏感性与不同供锌水平下蛋白质的合成能力有关,表现在低锌和高锌处理都显著降低了四单19叶片的蛋白质含量。对于低锌不敏感品种牡丹9,低锌处理下叶片可溶性蛋白含量下降并不明显,而高锌处理下叶片可溶性蛋白含量大幅度下降。
合理施锌使千粒重、穗粒数都有不同程度的增加,以穗粒数的增加为主。高锌处理提高了子粒中的醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量,对清蛋白和球蛋白含量的影响不明确。
This study was based on the selection of 18 corn hybrids developed widely in the vast areas of Heilongjiang in recent years. Through the water culture and pool experiments made separately with zinc sensitivity reflected in various genotype corns, the two hybrids sensitive to the zinc differently were screened and identified to research further, including Sidan 19 (low zinc sensitive) and Mudan 9 (low zinc insensitive). And then, both the water culture and sand experiments were employed to explore the effects of zinc on physiological characteristics, yield and quality of varied genotype maize. Key findings were as follows:
Significant difference existed in zinc nutrition of the different varieties maize, and the optimum zinc concentration of maize seedlings development stays in 0.1～1μmol·L~(-1). The zinc amount beyond above range, such as zinc deficiency (0μmol·L~(-1)) and higher-level zinc (100μmol·L~(-1)) could repress maize growth. However the maize with different genotype showed different capacity suffered from abnormal zinc,the performance of certain varieties typical of low zinc ratio bear greater harm than zinc deficiency, for example, the performance of certain genotypes maize under low zinc condition endured greater harm than under zinc deficiency condition,while some genotypes without damage of low zinc endured greater damage under high zinc than under low zinc. Zinc application contributed much to the growth of maize stems and blades, but little to the growth of the maize roots. The native zinc from maize of different varieties varied greatly, but the maize sensitivity for zinc was independent of the native content.
Under the zinc deficiency of the soil, by the cluster analysis of the production of varied genotypes maize, the samples avaliable could be classified into four groups.Among them, the six high-yielding breeds including Longqing1 belong to low zinc insensitive, the six low-yield ones containing Qingdan 2 belong to low zinc insensitive, Kenyu 6 and Sidan 19 belong to the low-yield low zinc sensitive, three varieties including Shuoqiu 8, Xianyu 335, Zhengdan 958 belong to the high-yield medium zinc sensitive type.
Zinc deficiency resulted in the fall of enzyme activity of plant SOD and POD. For the variety with low zinc sensitive (Sidan 19), the CAT activity would rose under zinc concentration at the low level (0.01μmol·L~(-1)) or the high level (10μmol·L~(-1) and 100μmol·L~(-1)), while the CAT activity of the variety with low zinc insensitive (Mudan 9) increased rapidly under the high zinc processing.When zinc concentration was over 0.1μmol·L~(-1), CA activity of the two genotypes increased with the zinc amount. Appropriate zinc supplement could improve photosynthesis of maize seedlings. Under high zinc processing, CA activity of maize increased markedly, while net photosynthesis rate declined rapidly. This results showed that both CA activity and zinc supply were closely related to each other
Zinc and carbohydrate metabolism in plant were closely related. For the low zinc sensitive Sidan 19, zinc deficiency and high zinc promoted plant soluble sugar content notablely;
The sensitivity to low zinc of two varities was related to synthesis of proteins in condition of avaliable zinc, because under low zinc and high zinc treatment the blades protein content of Sidan 19 reduced significantly. The soluble protein content in blades of Mudan 9 reduced non-significantly under low zinc processing, and decreased sharply undert high zinc processing.
Obvious increases are found in 1000-grain weight; grain number per spike,under rational application of zinc, the increase of grain number per spike account for the main portion.The analysis of protein component indicated that high zinc processing increased grain zein and glutelin content, but influenced the contents of albumi and gobulin little.
玉米不同品种间的锌营养存在明显的差异,玉米幼苗最适宜的锌浓度为0.1～1μmol·L-1,缺锌(0μmol·L-1)和高锌(100μmol·L-1)对玉米的生长均产生抑制作用,部分基因型表现为一定的低锌比缺锌对玉米的危害更大,而对于有些基因型来说低锌危害并不明显,相反高锌危害大于低锌危害。施锌对玉米的茎、叶片生长促进作用更为明显,根系生长受到的促进作用相对较小。不同基因型玉米体内的锌含量差别很大,这种锌浓度的差异与对锌的敏感性无相关性。
在缺锌土壤上,对不同基因型玉米的产量进行聚类分析结果表明,在供试品种中,龙青1等六个品种属于高产低锌不敏感型,庆单2等六个品种属于低产低锌不敏感型,垦玉6、四单19属于低产低锌敏感型。硕秋8、先玉335、郑单958属于高产中等锌敏感类型。
缺锌导致植物体内SOD和POD酶活性下降,供锌可提高玉米植株体内SOD和POD酶活性。对于低锌敏感品种(四单19)锌浓度过低(0.01μmol·L~(-1))或过高(10μmol·L~(-1)和100μmol·L~(-1))均导致CAT活性上升,而低锌不敏感品种(牡丹9)高锌处理(10μmol·L~(-1)和100μmol·L~(-1))CAT活性迅速增加。当锌浓度大于0.1μmol·L~(-1)时两种基因型玉米的CA活性随着供锌水平的增加而增加。适宜的锌供应可以改善玉米幼苗的光合性能。高锌处理下CA活性明显增加,而净光合速率却迅速下降。说明锌与CA活性密切相关,而CA活性与净光合速率的变化并非密切相关。
锌与植物中的碳水化合物代谢密切相关,本研究中对于低锌敏感品种四单19来说,缺锌和高锌均显著增加了植株体内可溶性糖含量。两个品种对低锌敏感性与不同供锌水平下蛋白质的合成能力有关,表现在低锌和高锌处理都显著降低了四单19叶片的蛋白质含量。对于低锌不敏感品种牡丹9,低锌处理下叶片可溶性蛋白含量下降并不明显,而高锌处理下叶片可溶性蛋白含量大幅度下降。
合理施锌使千粒重、穗粒数都有不同程度的增加,以穗粒数的增加为主。高锌处理提高了子粒中的醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量,对清蛋白和球蛋白含量的影响不明确。
This study was based on the selection of 18 corn hybrids developed widely in the vast areas of Heilongjiang in recent years. Through the water culture and pool experiments made separately with zinc sensitivity reflected in various genotype corns, the two hybrids sensitive to the zinc differently were screened and identified to research further, including Sidan 19 (low zinc sensitive) and Mudan 9 (low zinc insensitive). And then, both the water culture and sand experiments were employed to explore the effects of zinc on physiological characteristics, yield and quality of varied genotype maize. Key findings were as follows:
Significant difference existed in zinc nutrition of the different varieties maize, and the optimum zinc concentration of maize seedlings development stays in 0.1～1μmol·L~(-1). The zinc amount beyond above range, such as zinc deficiency (0μmol·L~(-1)) and higher-level zinc (100μmol·L~(-1)) could repress maize growth. However the maize with different genotype showed different capacity suffered from abnormal zinc,the performance of certain varieties typical of low zinc ratio bear greater harm than zinc deficiency, for example, the performance of certain genotypes maize under low zinc condition endured greater harm than under zinc deficiency condition,while some genotypes without damage of low zinc endured greater damage under high zinc than under low zinc. Zinc application contributed much to the growth of maize stems and blades, but little to the growth of the maize roots. The native zinc from maize of different varieties varied greatly, but the maize sensitivity for zinc was independent of the native content.
Under the zinc deficiency of the soil, by the cluster analysis of the production of varied genotypes maize, the samples avaliable could be classified into four groups.Among them, the six high-yielding breeds including Longqing1 belong to low zinc insensitive, the six low-yield ones containing Qingdan 2 belong to low zinc insensitive, Kenyu 6 and Sidan 19 belong to the low-yield low zinc sensitive, three varieties including Shuoqiu 8, Xianyu 335, Zhengdan 958 belong to the high-yield medium zinc sensitive type.
Zinc deficiency resulted in the fall of enzyme activity of plant SOD and POD. For the variety with low zinc sensitive (Sidan 19), the CAT activity would rose under zinc concentration at the low level (0.01μmol·L~(-1)) or the high level (10μmol·L~(-1) and 100μmol·L~(-1)), while the CAT activity of the variety with low zinc insensitive (Mudan 9) increased rapidly under the high zinc processing.When zinc concentration was over 0.1μmol·L~(-1), CA activity of the two genotypes increased with the zinc amount. Appropriate zinc supplement could improve photosynthesis of maize seedlings. Under high zinc processing, CA activity of maize increased markedly, while net photosynthesis rate declined rapidly. This results showed that both CA activity and zinc supply were closely related to each other
Zinc and carbohydrate metabolism in plant were closely related. For the low zinc sensitive Sidan 19, zinc deficiency and high zinc promoted plant soluble sugar content notablely;
The sensitivity to low zinc of two varities was related to synthesis of proteins in condition of avaliable zinc, because under low zinc and high zinc treatment the blades protein content of Sidan 19 reduced significantly. The soluble protein content in blades of Mudan 9 reduced non-significantly under low zinc processing, and decreased sharply undert high zinc processing.
Obvious increases are found in 1000-grain weight; grain number per spike,under rational application of zinc, the increase of grain number per spike account for the main portion.The analysis of protein component indicated that high zinc processing increased grain zein and glutelin content, but influenced the contents of albumi and gobulin little.
引文
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