水泵全特性曲线分析及其对长距离、小管径、高扬程管道水力过渡过程影响研究
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摘要
为了实现强国之路,我国已经修建了一批重大的调水工程来解决地区间水资源分配的严重不平衡状况,从而实现水资源的优化配置。随着我国西部大开发,振兴东北老工业基地,中部崛起等一系列国家战略的继续推进,各类高扬程、大流量、长距离地形复杂的输水管线工程日益增多。这些工程均是长距离压力管流状态,由水泵提供压力进行输送,但是水泵必然存在开机,关机,操作失误,失去动力或供水阀门动作等。那么压力管路中的管流就会从一个稳定状态到达另一个状态,从而会在管路中产生一系列急剧的压力交替变化的水力过渡过程现象。在过渡过程中,往往会引起过高或过低的水击压力,也可能由于部分泵事故未能及时关闭阀门而产生过大的倒转速度,我们将这种水力撞击现象称为水锤现象。对压力管道输水系统威胁最大的就是水锤问题,泵站中多数水锤事故的结果轻则是水管爆裂,止回阀的上顶盖或壳体被打坏大量漏水,造成暂时供水中断事故,重则酿成泵站被淹没,泵船淹没等严重事故。所以对停泵水锤暂态过程的研究是优化工程设计,降低工程造价,确保工程安全运行的关键,具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。
本文详细介绍了刚性水锤理论和弹性水锤理论,因弹性水锤理论以流体为可压缩和管壁为弹性体为基础理论,用其推导出来的基本方程为微分方程组比较符合客观实际。然后介绍了以弹性水锤理论为基础,水锤基本方程式的推导过程,并以此为基础详细说明特征线法的基本原理,导出有限差分方程,介绍了水泵的边界方程。阐述了在停泵水锤暂态过程中,水泵全特性曲线的重要性,并介绍了几种最新的对水泵全特性曲线进行模拟计算的方法。根据水锤基本理论,水锤计算方法及泵的边界条件方程,详细介绍了如何使用水泵全特性曲线计算水锤,分析计算了某地区输水工程水锤,利用Microsoft Visual C++6.0编写水锤计算程序,然后将结果导入Excel中,利用其优良的数据管理功能来分析水锤压力图,给出了较好的水锤防护方案。并通过用不同比转数泵的数值计算,得出水锤升(降)压包络线图。通过比较确定较准确的水泵全特性曲线在水锤防护计算中有十分重要的地位。
For realizing way to make the country powerful, our country has already built a number of major inter-regional water transfer project to address the serious imbalances in the distribution of water resources in order to achieve optimal allocation of water resources. But with our country West Development, vitalize the northeast China old industrial base, central section rises abruptly waiting for continue moving forward, many kinds of high-head, high-flow, long-distance water pipeline projects in difficult terrain increasing by gradually. A number of these projects are long-distance pressure pipe flow state and need pressure from water pumps to transmission. The water pump there exists starting up, shut-down in necessity, handles a fault, lose driving force or the valve action supplying water etc. Then the pressure piping in pipe flow will be from one steady state to another state, so that it will produce a series of dramatic pipeline changes in hydraulic pressure alternating transition phenomenon in the transition process..In transient process.it is sometimes able to arouse high or low water attack pressure, and it also may bring about the part pump accident fails to close a valve in time but to produce too big reversion speed. We have this kinds of hydraulic impact phenomenon been known as water hammer phenomenon. Water hammer problems is the greatest threat to pressure pipe distribution system. Most of the results of pumping water hammer incidents ranging from burst water pipes, check valve on the cap or shell were damaged a large number of leaks, causing a temporary supply disruptions and leading to re-pumping station flooded, and pump boat submerged by such serious incidents. So the water hammer process of the pump shut down transient study is the key to optimize the engineering design, to reduce construction costs and to ensure the project operation safe,and has important theoretical significance and practical value.
This thesis summarizes the theory of rigid water hammer and the theory of elastic water hammer. The elastic water hammer is based on the assumption that liquid is compressible and tube wall is elastomer, so it accords with the objective realities that the derived equation is differential equations. The thesis introduces the derivative process of the water hammer differential equations, based on the theory of elastic water hammer.Accordingly,the thesis explain the basic principle of the method of characteristic curve and the derivation of finite-difference equations, and pump-side boundary condition equation. In addition, the thesis illustrates the importance of complete pump characteristic curves in the stop pump water hammer transient process and introduces several new calculation methods to simulate the complete pump characteristic curves According to the basic theory of water hammer, water hammer calculation methods and the equations of the pump-side boundary condition described in detail how to use the complete pump characteristic curves to calculate the water hammer,analysis and calculates the water hammer in a water diversion project in an area of Ningxia。Using Microsoft Visual C++6.0 to prepare water hammer calculation program, and then taking the results into Excel, using its superior data management capabilities to analyze the water hammer pressure diagram, giving better water hammer protection program.And numerical through several different specific speed pump and draw the boost(lower) pressure envelope diagram of water hammer. Determined that it is very important by comparing the total more accurate pump characteristic curve in the calculation of water hammer protection position.
本文详细介绍了刚性水锤理论和弹性水锤理论,因弹性水锤理论以流体为可压缩和管壁为弹性体为基础理论,用其推导出来的基本方程为微分方程组比较符合客观实际。然后介绍了以弹性水锤理论为基础,水锤基本方程式的推导过程,并以此为基础详细说明特征线法的基本原理,导出有限差分方程,介绍了水泵的边界方程。阐述了在停泵水锤暂态过程中,水泵全特性曲线的重要性,并介绍了几种最新的对水泵全特性曲线进行模拟计算的方法。根据水锤基本理论,水锤计算方法及泵的边界条件方程,详细介绍了如何使用水泵全特性曲线计算水锤,分析计算了某地区输水工程水锤,利用Microsoft Visual C++6.0编写水锤计算程序,然后将结果导入Excel中,利用其优良的数据管理功能来分析水锤压力图,给出了较好的水锤防护方案。并通过用不同比转数泵的数值计算,得出水锤升(降)压包络线图。通过比较确定较准确的水泵全特性曲线在水锤防护计算中有十分重要的地位。
For realizing way to make the country powerful, our country has already built a number of major inter-regional water transfer project to address the serious imbalances in the distribution of water resources in order to achieve optimal allocation of water resources. But with our country West Development, vitalize the northeast China old industrial base, central section rises abruptly waiting for continue moving forward, many kinds of high-head, high-flow, long-distance water pipeline projects in difficult terrain increasing by gradually. A number of these projects are long-distance pressure pipe flow state and need pressure from water pumps to transmission. The water pump there exists starting up, shut-down in necessity, handles a fault, lose driving force or the valve action supplying water etc. Then the pressure piping in pipe flow will be from one steady state to another state, so that it will produce a series of dramatic pipeline changes in hydraulic pressure alternating transition phenomenon in the transition process..In transient process.it is sometimes able to arouse high or low water attack pressure, and it also may bring about the part pump accident fails to close a valve in time but to produce too big reversion speed. We have this kinds of hydraulic impact phenomenon been known as water hammer phenomenon. Water hammer problems is the greatest threat to pressure pipe distribution system. Most of the results of pumping water hammer incidents ranging from burst water pipes, check valve on the cap or shell were damaged a large number of leaks, causing a temporary supply disruptions and leading to re-pumping station flooded, and pump boat submerged by such serious incidents. So the water hammer process of the pump shut down transient study is the key to optimize the engineering design, to reduce construction costs and to ensure the project operation safe,and has important theoretical significance and practical value.
This thesis summarizes the theory of rigid water hammer and the theory of elastic water hammer. The elastic water hammer is based on the assumption that liquid is compressible and tube wall is elastomer, so it accords with the objective realities that the derived equation is differential equations. The thesis introduces the derivative process of the water hammer differential equations, based on the theory of elastic water hammer.Accordingly,the thesis explain the basic principle of the method of characteristic curve and the derivation of finite-difference equations, and pump-side boundary condition equation. In addition, the thesis illustrates the importance of complete pump characteristic curves in the stop pump water hammer transient process and introduces several new calculation methods to simulate the complete pump characteristic curves According to the basic theory of water hammer, water hammer calculation methods and the equations of the pump-side boundary condition described in detail how to use the complete pump characteristic curves to calculate the water hammer,analysis and calculates the water hammer in a water diversion project in an area of Ningxia。Using Microsoft Visual C++6.0 to prepare water hammer calculation program, and then taking the results into Excel, using its superior data management capabilities to analyze the water hammer pressure diagram, giving better water hammer protection program.And numerical through several different specific speed pump and draw the boost(lower) pressure envelope diagram of water hammer. Determined that it is very important by comparing the total more accurate pump characteristic curve in the calculation of water hammer protection position.
引文
[1]严煦世,范瑾初.给水工程[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1999年12月第四版,123-129
[2]金锥,姜乃昌,汪兴华等.停泵水锤及防护[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2004年11月第二版.
[3]刘保华.长沙五水厂95年7月8日水锤事故原因分析(研究报告),长沙：湖南大学出版社,1995
[4]Menabrea L F. Note sur les effects de choc de leau dans les conduits. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de L'Academid des Sciences, France,1858,47:221-224
[5]Frizell J P. Pressure Resultiong from Changes of Velocity of Water in Pipes. Trans. Amer. Soc. Civil Engrs.,1898,39:1-18
[6]Joukowski N E. Mem. Imperial Academy Soc. of st. Petersburg,1898,9(5)(in Russian translated by O. Simin, Proc. Amer. Water works Assoc.1904,24:341-342)
[7]Allievi L. Teoria general dil moto perturbato dellacqu anei tubi in pressione. Ann. Soc. Ing. Arch. Italiana,1903
[8]Angus R.W.Simple Graphical Solutions for Pressure Rise in Pipe and PumpDischarge Lines,Jour.Engineering Institute of Canada,Feb.1935,30(5):72-81
[9]Rich.G.Waterhammer AnalysASME,1945,67(2):30-37 [3] Lagrange I L. Mechanique Analytique. Paris: [s.n.],1788.192
[10]Gray C. A.M. Analysis of Water-hammer by Characteristics,Trans.ASCE,1954,76(5):75-83
[11]E.B.怀利和V.L.斯特里特著.瞬变流.清华大学流体传动与控制教研组译,北京：水力电力出版社,1987,75-83
[12]P.W.France.Finite element solution for mass oscillations in a surgc tank onsudden valve opening,Advances in Engineering Software,1996,26(2):185-187
[13]Jorge L.Balino,Axel E.Larreteguy,The differential perturbative method appliedto the sesitivity analysis for waterhammer problems in hydraulic networks,Applied Mathematical Modeling,2001,45(5):1117-1138
[14]Gray C.A.M.The Analysis of the Dissipation of Energy in Waterhmmer Proc ASCE.1953.199 (6):1176-1194
[15]Cabelka J,Franc,I.Closure Characteristics of a Valve with Respect toWaterhammer,Proc.8th Congress,International Assoc.for Hydraulic Research,Montreal,Canada,Aug.1959,66-72
[16]Streeter V.L.Valve Stroking ton Control Waterhammer,Jour.Hyd.Div,ASCE,March 1963,89(4):39-66
[17]Ruus E.Optimum Rate of Closure of Hydraulic Turbine Gates,Presented at ASME,Denver Colorado,April 1966,88(6):199-205
[18]王守仁,张祥云等.下开式停泵水锤消除器试制(研究报告),1965,21-28
[19]龙期泰,张福生等.停泵直接水锤性能的试验(研究报告),1965,10-15
[20]刘竹溪,刘光临.泵站水锤及其防护.北京：水利电力出版社,1988.
[21]刘光临,蒋劲等.泵站水锤阀调节防护试验研究,武汉水利电力大学学报,1991,12(2)：597-603
[22]Jin Zhui.The study on water column separations and the water hammer due tocavities collapsing atTwo Points Proceedings of the 3rd Japan-China Jointconference on Fluid Machinery, Osaka,1990, 45(2).
[23]索丽生,刘宇敏,张健.气垫调压室的体型优化计算.河海大学学报,1998,11(1)：11-15
[24]杨玉思等,西安济源水用设备技术开发有限责任公司全压高速排气阀使用情况介绍,西安：西安济源水用设备有限责任公司,2006.6
[25]郑铭,陈池,袁寿其.水锤数值计算的全特性曲线法北京：农业机械学报[J],2000.9
[26]王林锁,索丽生,刘德有..可逆式水泵水轮机全特性曲线处理新方法.北京：水力发电学报[J],2000.3::68-74
[27]邵卫云,毛根海,刘国华.基于曲面拟合的水泵水轮机全特性曲线的新变换.杭州：浙江大学学
报(工学版)[J],2004.3：23-27
[28]刘光临,蒋劲,符向前.BP神经网络法预测水泵全特性曲线的研究.武汉：武汉水利电力大学学报[J],2000.4
[29]卢伟,李良庚.基于BP神经网络的水泵全特性曲线拟合.北京：小水电[J],2001,6
[30]中国市政工程东北设计研究院、长安大学主编.城镇供水长距离输水管(渠)道工程技术规程.中国计划出版社.2005
[31]刘光临,刘梅清,匡许衡.长管道系统中的水锤及其防护研究[J].武汉水利电力大学学报,1996(5)：111-113.
[32]陈乃祥.水利水电工程的水力瞬变仿真与控制[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2005.15-26.
[33]于必录.水力过渡过程[R].武汉：武汉水利水电学院.1984
[34][加]M.H.Chaudhry著.陈家远、孙诗杰、张治滨译.实用水力过渡过程[M].成都：四川水力发电工程学会,1985
[35]刘华,鞠小明,陈家远.供水管道系统中的水力过渡过程研究[J].四川大学学报,1999(1)：56-59.
[36]刘梅清,冯卫民.单向调压塔防水锤特性的数值模拟与研究[J].水利学报,1995(10)：44-48.
[37]刘梅清,孙兰凤,周龙才,等.长管道泵系统中空气阀的水锤防护特性模拟[J].武汉大学学报(工学版),2004,37(5),23-27
[38]杨玉思,羡巨智.有压供水管道气水两相流态及排气方式.天津：中国给水排水[J],2005.12,62-64
[39]刘光临,蒋劲等.泵站水锤阀调节防护试验研究.武汉：武汉水利电力大学学报[J],1991.12
[40]杨建东.导叶关闭规律的优化及水力过渡过程的影响.北京：水力发电学报[J],1992.2
[41]杨晓东,朱满林,李郁侠.装有进排气阀的长压力输水系统水锤计算研究.北京：水利学报[J],1998增刊,60-64
[42]秦淑芳,陶爱峰.止回阀在减小停泵水锤压力中的应用.北京：水利科技与经济[J],2004,10(4),
[43]刘梅清,冯卫民.单向调压塔防水锤特性的数值模拟与研究.北京：水利学报[J],1995.10：23-27
[44]刘光临,刘梅清,冯卫民等.采用单向调压塔防止长输水管道水柱分离的研究.北京：水利学报[J],2002.9
[45]刘志勇.长输水管道系统水锤防护的比较及研究[D].北京：北京国家图书馆,2001.4
[2]金锥,姜乃昌,汪兴华等.停泵水锤及防护[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2004年11月第二版.
[3]刘保华.长沙五水厂95年7月8日水锤事故原因分析(研究报告),长沙：湖南大学出版社,1995
[4]Menabrea L F. Note sur les effects de choc de leau dans les conduits. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de L'Academid des Sciences, France,1858,47:221-224
[5]Frizell J P. Pressure Resultiong from Changes of Velocity of Water in Pipes. Trans. Amer. Soc. Civil Engrs.,1898,39:1-18
[6]Joukowski N E. Mem. Imperial Academy Soc. of st. Petersburg,1898,9(5)(in Russian translated by O. Simin, Proc. Amer. Water works Assoc.1904,24:341-342)
[7]Allievi L. Teoria general dil moto perturbato dellacqu anei tubi in pressione. Ann. Soc. Ing. Arch. Italiana,1903
[8]Angus R.W.Simple Graphical Solutions for Pressure Rise in Pipe and PumpDischarge Lines,Jour.Engineering Institute of Canada,Feb.1935,30(5):72-81
[9]Rich.G.Waterhammer AnalysASME,1945,67(2):30-37 [3] Lagrange I L. Mechanique Analytique. Paris: [s.n.],1788.192
[10]Gray C. A.M. Analysis of Water-hammer by Characteristics,Trans.ASCE,1954,76(5):75-83
[11]E.B.怀利和V.L.斯特里特著.瞬变流.清华大学流体传动与控制教研组译,北京：水力电力出版社,1987,75-83
[12]P.W.France.Finite element solution for mass oscillations in a surgc tank onsudden valve opening,Advances in Engineering Software,1996,26(2):185-187
[13]Jorge L.Balino,Axel E.Larreteguy,The differential perturbative method appliedto the sesitivity analysis for waterhammer problems in hydraulic networks,Applied Mathematical Modeling,2001,45(5):1117-1138
[14]Gray C.A.M.The Analysis of the Dissipation of Energy in Waterhmmer Proc ASCE.1953.199 (6):1176-1194
[15]Cabelka J,Franc,I.Closure Characteristics of a Valve with Respect toWaterhammer,Proc.8th Congress,International Assoc.for Hydraulic Research,Montreal,Canada,Aug.1959,66-72
[16]Streeter V.L.Valve Stroking ton Control Waterhammer,Jour.Hyd.Div,ASCE,March 1963,89(4):39-66
[17]Ruus E.Optimum Rate of Closure of Hydraulic Turbine Gates,Presented at ASME,Denver Colorado,April 1966,88(6):199-205
[18]王守仁,张祥云等.下开式停泵水锤消除器试制(研究报告),1965,21-28
[19]龙期泰,张福生等.停泵直接水锤性能的试验(研究报告),1965,10-15
[20]刘竹溪,刘光临.泵站水锤及其防护.北京：水利电力出版社,1988.
[21]刘光临,蒋劲等.泵站水锤阀调节防护试验研究,武汉水利电力大学学报,1991,12(2)：597-603
[22]Jin Zhui.The study on water column separations and the water hammer due tocavities collapsing atTwo Points Proceedings of the 3rd Japan-China Jointconference on Fluid Machinery, Osaka,1990, 45(2).
[23]索丽生,刘宇敏,张健.气垫调压室的体型优化计算.河海大学学报,1998,11(1)：11-15
[24]杨玉思等,西安济源水用设备技术开发有限责任公司全压高速排气阀使用情况介绍,西安：西安济源水用设备有限责任公司,2006.6
[25]郑铭,陈池,袁寿其.水锤数值计算的全特性曲线法北京：农业机械学报[J],2000.9
[26]王林锁,索丽生,刘德有..可逆式水泵水轮机全特性曲线处理新方法.北京：水力发电学报[J],2000.3::68-74
[27]邵卫云,毛根海,刘国华.基于曲面拟合的水泵水轮机全特性曲线的新变换.杭州：浙江大学学
报(工学版)[J],2004.3：23-27
[28]刘光临,蒋劲,符向前.BP神经网络法预测水泵全特性曲线的研究.武汉：武汉水利电力大学学报[J],2000.4
[29]卢伟,李良庚.基于BP神经网络的水泵全特性曲线拟合.北京：小水电[J],2001,6
[30]中国市政工程东北设计研究院、长安大学主编.城镇供水长距离输水管(渠)道工程技术规程.中国计划出版社.2005
[31]刘光临,刘梅清,匡许衡.长管道系统中的水锤及其防护研究[J].武汉水利电力大学学报,1996(5)：111-113.
[32]陈乃祥.水利水电工程的水力瞬变仿真与控制[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2005.15-26.
[33]于必录.水力过渡过程[R].武汉：武汉水利水电学院.1984
[34][加]M.H.Chaudhry著.陈家远、孙诗杰、张治滨译.实用水力过渡过程[M].成都：四川水力发电工程学会,1985
[35]刘华,鞠小明,陈家远.供水管道系统中的水力过渡过程研究[J].四川大学学报,1999(1)：56-59.
[36]刘梅清,冯卫民.单向调压塔防水锤特性的数值模拟与研究[J].水利学报,1995(10)：44-48.
[37]刘梅清,孙兰凤,周龙才,等.长管道泵系统中空气阀的水锤防护特性模拟[J].武汉大学学报(工学版),2004,37(5),23-27
[38]杨玉思,羡巨智.有压供水管道气水两相流态及排气方式.天津：中国给水排水[J],2005.12,62-64
[39]刘光临,蒋劲等.泵站水锤阀调节防护试验研究.武汉：武汉水利电力大学学报[J],1991.12
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