基于Partnering模式的工程项目变更定价机制研究
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摘要
和其他所有工程项目一样,在Partnering工程项目中变更是不可避免的,由于变更次数多,费用很高,一旦定价不合理,容易导致Partnering团队成员产生争议,也可能会进一步导致项目效率降低和费用的增加。因此,本文对Partnering模式的变更定价机制进行研究,使工程项目的变更成本和收益在Partnering团队成员之间合理分配,以期最大程度地激励团队成员价值创新的积极性,实现项目整体利益和团队成员个体利益的最优化。
论文首先通过分析Partnering工程项目的变更原因,引出各类变更的处理方式,并分析了变更定价的关键影响因素和变更定价的流程,总结了变更定价的机理。其次,论文将变更成本分为单一变更成本和变更的累积影响成本,利用文献资料总结法,分析单一变更成本的定价方法和累积影响的量化方法,并根据各累积影响量化方法的优缺点和适用条件建立累积影响量化方法的选择模型。再次,对于基于价值工程的变更可能获得的收益,论文结合委托代理理论建立的模型分析了变更收益分配需考虑的因素及其与分配比例之间的关系。在分析了变更收益分配因素的基础上,论文利用Shapley值法处理变更收益中利用收益贡献度进行分配的问题,并结合风险和投资因素对Shapley值法下得出的收益分配做进一步改进,得出综合的变更收益分配模型,最后举例说明该方法的应用。变更定价的机理、变更成本的量化和变更收益分配模型共同组成了本文所要建立的基于Partnering模式的工程项目变更定价机制。
Just as other types of projects, change orders are unavoidable in partnering projects,considering the high frequency and cost of change orders, improper pricing will lead to disputes, lower efficiency and further cost. Therefore, this thesis studied on change pricing mechanism, in which maximum initiatives of innovation of team members are ignited through reasonable allocation of change cost and revenue among Partnering members, thereby realizing optimization of overall and individual interests of Partnering members.
Firstly, by analyzing reasons of change orders in Partnering projects, this thesis introduces approach of handling various change orders, analyzes key factors that influence change pricing and the process of change pricing, then summarizes basic change pricing principle. Secondly, change cost are divided into direct impact cost and cumulative impact cost in this thesis, reference summarization is used to analyze the pricing method of direct impact cost and the quantification of cumulative impact cost. A choice mode of cumulative impact quantification method is set up by comparing advantages, disadvantages and application conditions of each method. Thirdly, as to potential revenue brought by change orders based on Value Engineering, this thesis takes advantage of a mode based on Principal-Agent Theory to analyze factors which should be taken into account for allocation of change revenue. This thesis deals with team members’contributions to revenue using Shapley Value method, whose resolution is further improved to make a combined mode of change revenue allocation by taking account of factors of risk and investment. At last, An example is put forward to illustrate the implementation of such method. Basic principle of change pricing, quantification of change cost and mode of change revenue allocation all together formed the change pricing mechanism which is to be established in this thesis.
论文首先通过分析Partnering工程项目的变更原因,引出各类变更的处理方式,并分析了变更定价的关键影响因素和变更定价的流程,总结了变更定价的机理。其次,论文将变更成本分为单一变更成本和变更的累积影响成本,利用文献资料总结法,分析单一变更成本的定价方法和累积影响的量化方法,并根据各累积影响量化方法的优缺点和适用条件建立累积影响量化方法的选择模型。再次,对于基于价值工程的变更可能获得的收益,论文结合委托代理理论建立的模型分析了变更收益分配需考虑的因素及其与分配比例之间的关系。在分析了变更收益分配因素的基础上,论文利用Shapley值法处理变更收益中利用收益贡献度进行分配的问题,并结合风险和投资因素对Shapley值法下得出的收益分配做进一步改进,得出综合的变更收益分配模型,最后举例说明该方法的应用。变更定价的机理、变更成本的量化和变更收益分配模型共同组成了本文所要建立的基于Partnering模式的工程项目变更定价机制。
Just as other types of projects, change orders are unavoidable in partnering projects,considering the high frequency and cost of change orders, improper pricing will lead to disputes, lower efficiency and further cost. Therefore, this thesis studied on change pricing mechanism, in which maximum initiatives of innovation of team members are ignited through reasonable allocation of change cost and revenue among Partnering members, thereby realizing optimization of overall and individual interests of Partnering members.
Firstly, by analyzing reasons of change orders in Partnering projects, this thesis introduces approach of handling various change orders, analyzes key factors that influence change pricing and the process of change pricing, then summarizes basic change pricing principle. Secondly, change cost are divided into direct impact cost and cumulative impact cost in this thesis, reference summarization is used to analyze the pricing method of direct impact cost and the quantification of cumulative impact cost. A choice mode of cumulative impact quantification method is set up by comparing advantages, disadvantages and application conditions of each method. Thirdly, as to potential revenue brought by change orders based on Value Engineering, this thesis takes advantage of a mode based on Principal-Agent Theory to analyze factors which should be taken into account for allocation of change revenue. This thesis deals with team members’contributions to revenue using Shapley Value method, whose resolution is further improved to make a combined mode of change revenue allocation by taking account of factors of risk and investment. At last, An example is put forward to illustrate the implementation of such method. Basic principle of change pricing, quantification of change cost and mode of change revenue allocation all together formed the change pricing mechanism which is to be established in this thesis.
引文
[1]张传吉.建筑业价值工程[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1996.
[2]Li H, et al.. Partnering research in construction [J]. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 2000, 7 (1): 76-92.
[3] Winch G M. Managing construction projects: an information processing approach[M]. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2002: 32-40.
[4]Hellard R B. Project partnering principle and practice[M]. London: Thomas Telford, 1995.
[5]Bennett J, Jayes S. The seven pillars of partnering-a guide to second generation partnering[J].The Partnering Task Force of the Reading Construction Forum,The University of Reading, Thomas Telford, 1997(4).
[6]Bresnen M, Marshall N. Partnering in construction: acritical review of issues , problems and dilemmas [J]. Construction Management and Economics, 2000, 18 (2): 229-237.
[7]Crowley L G, Karim A. Concept model of partnering [J]. Journal of Management in Engineering, 1995, 11(5) : 33-39.
[8]吕文学,马萍萍,张连营.国际工程项目管理新模式[J].建筑经济,2003(5): 53-55.
[9]Eddie W. L. Cheng, Heng Li. Construction partnering process and associated critical success factors: quantitative investigation[J]. Journal of Management in Engineering , 2002(5): 194-202.
[10]马琳,陆惠民.国际工程项目管理新模式——Partnering模式研究[J].建筑管理现代化,2005(5):1-4.
[11]Shamil Naoum. An overview to the concept of partnering[J]. International Journal of Project Management, 2003(21): 71-76.
[12]ACA. ACA, Project Partnering Contract Partnering Terms[M].
[13]唐文哲,强茂山,陆佑楣.基于Partnering的项目风险管理研究[J].水利发电,2006,32(7):1-4.
[14]World Bank. Standard Bidding Document Procurement of Works[EB/OL].[2007-4-26].http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPROCUREMENT/Resources/Works-4-07-ev1.pdf.
[15]Awad S. Hanna, Richard Camlic, et al. Cumulative effect of project changes for electrical and mechanical construction[J]. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 2004(9): 47–52.
[16]Finke, M. R.. Claims for construction productivity losses[J]. Public Contract Law Journal, 1997(26): 311.
[17]William Ibbs, Long D. Nguyen, et al. Quantified impacts of project change[J]. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice. 2007(1): 45–52.
[18]Reginald M.Jones. Lost productivity: Claims for cumulative impact of multiple change orders[J]. Public Contract Law Journal. 2001, 31(1): 1-46.
[19]Clayford T. Grimm, Norman K. Wagner. Weather effects on masonry productivity[J]. Journal of the Construction Division. 1974, 100(3): 319-335.
[20]Enno Koehn, Gerald Brown. Climatic effects on construction[J]. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 1985, 111(2): 129-137.
[21]H. Randolph Thomas, Carman L. Napolitan. Quantitative effects of construction changes on labor productivity[J]. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management.1995, 121(3): 290-296.
[22]William Ibbs. Impact of Change’s Timing on Labor Productivity[J]. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 2005(11): 1219-1223.
[23] Mechanical Contractors Association of America (MCA). Labor estimating manual[M], Rockville, Md. 1986.
[24]AACE. International Recommended Practice No. 25R-03. Estimating Labor Productivity in Construction Claims. TCM Framework: 6.4– Forensic Performance Assessment. [EB/OL]. [2004-4-13]. http://www.aacei.org/technical/rp.shtml.
[25]William Schwartzkopf. Calculating lost labor productivity in construction claims [M]. New York: Wiley,.1995.
[26]H. Randolph Thomas, Ivica Zavr?ki. Construction baseline productivity[J]. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 1999, 125(5): 295-303.
[27]Oglesby, C. H., Parker, H. W., and Howell, G. A.. Productivity improvement in construction[M], New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989.
[28]Lee M, Hanna A S, et al. Decision tree approach to classify and quantifycumulative impact of change orders on productivity[J]. Journal of Computer in Civil Engineering. 2004, 18(2): 132-134.
[29]Osama Moselhi, Ihab Assem, et al. Change Orders Impact on Labor Productivity [J]. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 2005(3): 354-359.
[30]孙海淘,沈杰.工程变更价款的确定[J].基建优化,2006,27(5):44-46.
[31]孟宪海,周定山.劳动生产率损失索赔及案例[J].国际经济合作,2004(2):38-41.
[32]陈勇强,李瑞进,冯淑静.工程项目中各参与方之间的伙伴关系博弈分析与管理[J].港工技术,2005,3(9):32-34.
[33]弗·冯·维塞尔.自然价值[M].上海:商务印书馆,1982.
[34]林旭东,朱顺泉.供应链企业收益分配的博弈模型研究[J].价值工程,2004(3):29-31.
[35]Corbett C. J., Groole X.. Supplier’s optimal quantity discount policy under asymmetric information[J], Management Science, 2000, 46.
[36]罗定提,仲伟俊,梁美华.合作定价对装配式供应链运作效益影响的研究[J].系统工程学报,2002,17(4):374-378.
[37]郭敏,王红卫.合作型供应链的协调和激励机制研究[J].系统工程,2002,12(4):49-53.
[38]祁玉龙,胡鹏,,贾德福.基于供应链承包商收益分配模式研究[J].西安工业学院学报,2003,23(4):370-372.
[39]魏修建.供应链利益分配研究——资源与贡献率的分配思路与框架[J].南开管理评论,2005,8(2):78-83.
[40]马士华,王鹏.基于Shapley值法的供应链合作伙伴间收益分配机制[J].工业工程与管理,2006(4):43-45.
[41]郑立群,吴育华,夏庆.Aumann-Shapley定价公式在分配问题中的应用[J].系统工程学报,2001,16(2):133-137.
[42]Anita M.M.Liu, Richard Fellows. An eastern perspective on partnering[J]. Engineering, construction and architectural management, 2001, 8(1): 9-19.
[43]Bresnen,M., Marshall,N. The engineering or evolution of co-operation? A tale of two partnering projects[J]. International Journal of Project Management, 2002(20),497-505.
[44]Chan,A.P.C.et al.. Exploring critical success factors for partnering in construction projects[J]. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 2004, 130(2), 188-198.
[45]Cheng,E.W.L., Li,H. Construction partnering process and associated critical success factors: quantitative investigation[J]. Journal of management in engineering, 2002, 18(4), 194-202.
[46]Bennett, J, Jayes, S L. Trusting the team: the best practice guide to partnering in construction[M]. London: Thomas Telford, 1995.
[47] Chris Skeggs. Project Partnering in the International Construction Industry[D]. Sydney: Sydney University, 2002.
[48]杨倩,吕文学.PPC2000伙伴关系合同的项目管理流程及各方职责[J].国际经济合作,2008(5):69-73.
[49]Awad S. Hanna, Wafic B. Lotfallah, Min-Jae Lee. Statistical-Fuzzy approach to quantify cumulative impact of change orders[J]. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 2002(10):252-258.
[50]Awad S. Hanna, Richard Camlic, Pehr A. Peterson, et al. Cumulative Effect of Project Changes for Electrical and Mechanical Construction[J]. Journal of construction engineering and management, 2004(6): 762-771.
[51]Gulezian, R., Samelian, F.. Baseline determination in construction labor productivity-loss claims. Journal of Management and Engineering. 2003,19(4): 160-165.
[52]Forrester, J. Industrial dynamics[M]. Waltham: Pegasus Communications, 1961.
[53]Richardson, G., Pugh, A.. Introduction to system dynamics modeling with dynamo[M]. Waltham: Pegasus Communications, 1981.
[54]Sterman, J. D.. Business dynamics, system thinking and modeling for a complex world[M]. New York: Irwin McGraw-Hill, 2000.
[55]Ibbs, W.. Impact of change’s timing on labor productivity[J]. Journal of Construction and Engineering. Management, 2005, 131(11): 1219-1223.
[56]陈剑,冯蔚东.虚拟企业构建与管理[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2002.
[57]张维迎.博弈论与信息经济学[M].上海:三联书店,上海人民出版社,2005.
[58]姜启源.数学模型(第二版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002.
[2]Li H, et al.. Partnering research in construction [J]. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 2000, 7 (1): 76-92.
[3] Winch G M. Managing construction projects: an information processing approach[M]. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2002: 32-40.
[4]Hellard R B. Project partnering principle and practice[M]. London: Thomas Telford, 1995.
[5]Bennett J, Jayes S. The seven pillars of partnering-a guide to second generation partnering[J].The Partnering Task Force of the Reading Construction Forum,The University of Reading, Thomas Telford, 1997(4).
[6]Bresnen M, Marshall N. Partnering in construction: acritical review of issues , problems and dilemmas [J]. Construction Management and Economics, 2000, 18 (2): 229-237.
[7]Crowley L G, Karim A. Concept model of partnering [J]. Journal of Management in Engineering, 1995, 11(5) : 33-39.
[8]吕文学,马萍萍,张连营.国际工程项目管理新模式[J].建筑经济,2003(5): 53-55.
[9]Eddie W. L. Cheng, Heng Li. Construction partnering process and associated critical success factors: quantitative investigation[J]. Journal of Management in Engineering , 2002(5): 194-202.
[10]马琳,陆惠民.国际工程项目管理新模式——Partnering模式研究[J].建筑管理现代化,2005(5):1-4.
[11]Shamil Naoum. An overview to the concept of partnering[J]. International Journal of Project Management, 2003(21): 71-76.
[12]ACA. ACA, Project Partnering Contract Partnering Terms[M].
[13]唐文哲,强茂山,陆佑楣.基于Partnering的项目风险管理研究[J].水利发电,2006,32(7):1-4.
[14]World Bank. Standard Bidding Document Procurement of Works[EB/OL].[2007-4-26].http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPROCUREMENT/Resources/Works-4-07-ev1.pdf.
[15]Awad S. Hanna, Richard Camlic, et al. Cumulative effect of project changes for electrical and mechanical construction[J]. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 2004(9): 47–52.
[16]Finke, M. R.. Claims for construction productivity losses[J]. Public Contract Law Journal, 1997(26): 311.
[17]William Ibbs, Long D. Nguyen, et al. Quantified impacts of project change[J]. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice. 2007(1): 45–52.
[18]Reginald M.Jones. Lost productivity: Claims for cumulative impact of multiple change orders[J]. Public Contract Law Journal. 2001, 31(1): 1-46.
[19]Clayford T. Grimm, Norman K. Wagner. Weather effects on masonry productivity[J]. Journal of the Construction Division. 1974, 100(3): 319-335.
[20]Enno Koehn, Gerald Brown. Climatic effects on construction[J]. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 1985, 111(2): 129-137.
[21]H. Randolph Thomas, Carman L. Napolitan. Quantitative effects of construction changes on labor productivity[J]. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management.1995, 121(3): 290-296.
[22]William Ibbs. Impact of Change’s Timing on Labor Productivity[J]. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 2005(11): 1219-1223.
[23] Mechanical Contractors Association of America (MCA). Labor estimating manual[M], Rockville, Md. 1986.
[24]AACE. International Recommended Practice No. 25R-03. Estimating Labor Productivity in Construction Claims. TCM Framework: 6.4– Forensic Performance Assessment. [EB/OL]. [2004-4-13]. http://www.aacei.org/technical/rp.shtml.
[25]William Schwartzkopf. Calculating lost labor productivity in construction claims [M]. New York: Wiley,.1995.
[26]H. Randolph Thomas, Ivica Zavr?ki. Construction baseline productivity[J]. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 1999, 125(5): 295-303.
[27]Oglesby, C. H., Parker, H. W., and Howell, G. A.. Productivity improvement in construction[M], New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989.
[28]Lee M, Hanna A S, et al. Decision tree approach to classify and quantifycumulative impact of change orders on productivity[J]. Journal of Computer in Civil Engineering. 2004, 18(2): 132-134.
[29]Osama Moselhi, Ihab Assem, et al. Change Orders Impact on Labor Productivity [J]. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 2005(3): 354-359.
[30]孙海淘,沈杰.工程变更价款的确定[J].基建优化,2006,27(5):44-46.
[31]孟宪海,周定山.劳动生产率损失索赔及案例[J].国际经济合作,2004(2):38-41.
[32]陈勇强,李瑞进,冯淑静.工程项目中各参与方之间的伙伴关系博弈分析与管理[J].港工技术,2005,3(9):32-34.
[33]弗·冯·维塞尔.自然价值[M].上海:商务印书馆,1982.
[34]林旭东,朱顺泉.供应链企业收益分配的博弈模型研究[J].价值工程,2004(3):29-31.
[35]Corbett C. J., Groole X.. Supplier’s optimal quantity discount policy under asymmetric information[J], Management Science, 2000, 46.
[36]罗定提,仲伟俊,梁美华.合作定价对装配式供应链运作效益影响的研究[J].系统工程学报,2002,17(4):374-378.
[37]郭敏,王红卫.合作型供应链的协调和激励机制研究[J].系统工程,2002,12(4):49-53.
[38]祁玉龙,胡鹏,,贾德福.基于供应链承包商收益分配模式研究[J].西安工业学院学报,2003,23(4):370-372.
[39]魏修建.供应链利益分配研究——资源与贡献率的分配思路与框架[J].南开管理评论,2005,8(2):78-83.
[40]马士华,王鹏.基于Shapley值法的供应链合作伙伴间收益分配机制[J].工业工程与管理,2006(4):43-45.
[41]郑立群,吴育华,夏庆.Aumann-Shapley定价公式在分配问题中的应用[J].系统工程学报,2001,16(2):133-137.
[42]Anita M.M.Liu, Richard Fellows. An eastern perspective on partnering[J]. Engineering, construction and architectural management, 2001, 8(1): 9-19.
[43]Bresnen,M., Marshall,N. The engineering or evolution of co-operation? A tale of two partnering projects[J]. International Journal of Project Management, 2002(20),497-505.
[44]Chan,A.P.C.et al.. Exploring critical success factors for partnering in construction projects[J]. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 2004, 130(2), 188-198.
[45]Cheng,E.W.L., Li,H. Construction partnering process and associated critical success factors: quantitative investigation[J]. Journal of management in engineering, 2002, 18(4), 194-202.
[46]Bennett, J, Jayes, S L. Trusting the team: the best practice guide to partnering in construction[M]. London: Thomas Telford, 1995.
[47] Chris Skeggs. Project Partnering in the International Construction Industry[D]. Sydney: Sydney University, 2002.
[48]杨倩,吕文学.PPC2000伙伴关系合同的项目管理流程及各方职责[J].国际经济合作,2008(5):69-73.
[49]Awad S. Hanna, Wafic B. Lotfallah, Min-Jae Lee. Statistical-Fuzzy approach to quantify cumulative impact of change orders[J]. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 2002(10):252-258.
[50]Awad S. Hanna, Richard Camlic, Pehr A. Peterson, et al. Cumulative Effect of Project Changes for Electrical and Mechanical Construction[J]. Journal of construction engineering and management, 2004(6): 762-771.
[51]Gulezian, R., Samelian, F.. Baseline determination in construction labor productivity-loss claims. Journal of Management and Engineering. 2003,19(4): 160-165.
[52]Forrester, J. Industrial dynamics[M]. Waltham: Pegasus Communications, 1961.
[53]Richardson, G., Pugh, A.. Introduction to system dynamics modeling with dynamo[M]. Waltham: Pegasus Communications, 1981.
[54]Sterman, J. D.. Business dynamics, system thinking and modeling for a complex world[M]. New York: Irwin McGraw-Hill, 2000.
[55]Ibbs, W.. Impact of change’s timing on labor productivity[J]. Journal of Construction and Engineering. Management, 2005, 131(11): 1219-1223.
[56]陈剑,冯蔚东.虚拟企业构建与管理[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2002.
[57]张维迎.博弈论与信息经济学[M].上海:三联书店,上海人民出版社,2005.
[58]姜启源.数学模型(第二版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002.