金属辐射冷却顶板的研究及其应用
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摘要
辐射冷却吊顶是在国外,尤其是欧洲国家普遍采用的中央空调系统形式之一,它主要用于办公、医院、学校等级别较高的建筑。为了提高辐射吊顶的冷却能力,保证室内合理的气流组织,辐射吊顶往往结合机械送风系统使用。机械送风的形式有两种:置换通风和独立新风。根据我国的具体国情,辐射冷却吊顶结合独立新风系统是最佳选择,这种形式的空调系统具有舒适性高、噪声低、系统无回风、无冷凝水、安装检修方便等诸多优点,符合现代人对舒适、健康、节能空调系统的要求。
由于辐射供冷发展的历史以及国家气候、经济、文化等多方面的原因,人们对辐射供冷一直存在偏见,认为该系统容易结露,初投资过高,而且辐射板本身的冷却能力有限,因此适用范围狭窄。文章对以上三点疑虑进行了详细分析,纠正了这一错误的传统认识,从理论上证实了辐射供冷空调系统的可行性。
辐射板作为辐射冷却吊顶的主要设备,其热工特性直接关系到辐射冷却吊顶的性能。从理论上分析,可以将辐射板看作肋片结构建立数学模型,根据传统的辐射供冷理论和经验式,得出辐射板在实际运行时的冷量计算方法。山于辐射冷却吊顶应用的条件不同,辐射板生产厂家必须根据已有的测试标准对辐射板冷却性能进行测试。
因为国内至今仍无生产辐射板的厂家,所以进口产品昂贵的价格成为阻碍辐射供冷空调系统在我国应用的主要障碍之一。为了在我国推广辐射供冷空调系统,国内最新研制成功了一种新型辐射板,它具有结构简单、价格低廉的特点,经测试其供冷能力超出国外同类产品将近两倍。最为特殊的是,该辐射板的表面在经过憎水膜处理后,从根本上解决了辐射板凝露的问题,为辐射供冷在国内的广泛应用提供了可能。
Radiant cooling ceiling (RCC) is popular in oversea primarily European countries. It is widely used at high level buildings that need ceiling such as offices, hospitals and schools. Due to its limited cooling capacity, RCC is often combined with mechanical ventilation systems. There are two kinds of ventilation systems for us to choose: DOAS (Displacement and Dedicated Outdoor Air System), between which DOAS is fitter for native use. When radiant cooling ceiling is used as terminal device of DOAS, this system will perform excellently in affording good comfort, low operation noise, higher air quality by elimination of return air and condensation, what's more, the module panel design makes fitment and repair works more convenient. These advantages satisfy all personal demands for air conditioning system.However, the development of RCC suffers setbacks and leaves bad impression in people's mind as easily get condensation, high first cost and small cooling capacity. Modern RCC overcomes the above defects. This article explains in detail to get rid of those old biases and prove the application of RCC is possible.As the composing part of RCC, RCP (Radiant Cooling Panel) focuses on enhancing its heat conduct performance and cooling capacity. We can take the RCP as fin structure, and then build a computation module to get its actual cooling capacity at application occasions. Because RCP can be used in complicated situations that will result in different performances, merchant products should be sold with lab testing results with national standard.Till today, there is no native RCP producer in our country. The expensive price of imported RCP becomes the obstacle of application of RCC system. To our joy, we have lately developed a kind of RCP of completely new simple frame. According to the test results of Xi'an Jiaotong University, this new panel trebles cooling capacity compared with imported ones. The most worth noticing thing is the adoption of superhydrophobic technique in the panel surface processing. After getting on this special membrane, no water is able to stick on the panel surface even in extreme situations. Thus condensation is cleverly resolved and simplifies the control system for panel water loop.
由于辐射供冷发展的历史以及国家气候、经济、文化等多方面的原因,人们对辐射供冷一直存在偏见,认为该系统容易结露,初投资过高,而且辐射板本身的冷却能力有限,因此适用范围狭窄。文章对以上三点疑虑进行了详细分析,纠正了这一错误的传统认识,从理论上证实了辐射供冷空调系统的可行性。
辐射板作为辐射冷却吊顶的主要设备,其热工特性直接关系到辐射冷却吊顶的性能。从理论上分析,可以将辐射板看作肋片结构建立数学模型,根据传统的辐射供冷理论和经验式,得出辐射板在实际运行时的冷量计算方法。山于辐射冷却吊顶应用的条件不同,辐射板生产厂家必须根据已有的测试标准对辐射板冷却性能进行测试。
因为国内至今仍无生产辐射板的厂家,所以进口产品昂贵的价格成为阻碍辐射供冷空调系统在我国应用的主要障碍之一。为了在我国推广辐射供冷空调系统,国内最新研制成功了一种新型辐射板,它具有结构简单、价格低廉的特点,经测试其供冷能力超出国外同类产品将近两倍。最为特殊的是,该辐射板的表面在经过憎水膜处理后,从根本上解决了辐射板凝露的问题,为辐射供冷在国内的广泛应用提供了可能。
Radiant cooling ceiling (RCC) is popular in oversea primarily European countries. It is widely used at high level buildings that need ceiling such as offices, hospitals and schools. Due to its limited cooling capacity, RCC is often combined with mechanical ventilation systems. There are two kinds of ventilation systems for us to choose: DOAS (Displacement and Dedicated Outdoor Air System), between which DOAS is fitter for native use. When radiant cooling ceiling is used as terminal device of DOAS, this system will perform excellently in affording good comfort, low operation noise, higher air quality by elimination of return air and condensation, what's more, the module panel design makes fitment and repair works more convenient. These advantages satisfy all personal demands for air conditioning system.However, the development of RCC suffers setbacks and leaves bad impression in people's mind as easily get condensation, high first cost and small cooling capacity. Modern RCC overcomes the above defects. This article explains in detail to get rid of those old biases and prove the application of RCC is possible.As the composing part of RCC, RCP (Radiant Cooling Panel) focuses on enhancing its heat conduct performance and cooling capacity. We can take the RCP as fin structure, and then build a computation module to get its actual cooling capacity at application occasions. Because RCP can be used in complicated situations that will result in different performances, merchant products should be sold with lab testing results with national standard.Till today, there is no native RCP producer in our country. The expensive price of imported RCP becomes the obstacle of application of RCC system. To our joy, we have lately developed a kind of RCP of completely new simple frame. According to the test results of Xi'an Jiaotong University, this new panel trebles cooling capacity compared with imported ones. The most worth noticing thing is the adoption of superhydrophobic technique in the panel surface processing. After getting on this special membrane, no water is able to stick on the panel surface even in extreme situations. Thus condensation is cleverly resolved and simplifies the control system for panel water loop.
引文
[1] James Brodrick. Energy Consumption Characteristics of Commercial Building HVAC Systems Volume Ⅲ: Energy Savings Potential. New York: Department of Energy, 2002, 19-155
[2] Stanley A. Mumma. Chilled Ceilings in Parallel with Dedicated Outdoor Air systems:Addressing the Concerns of Condensation, Capacity, and Cost.ASHRAE Transactions, 2002, 108(2): 1-12
[3] 中华建筑报.国家空调委员确定空调能效国家标准.http://www.eea.com.cn/news/detail.asp?id=17603, 2004-12-13
[4] 中国新闻网.冬季用电大增警世节能重要.中国空调业酝酿变局.http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/20040209/0809622697.shtml,2004-02-09
[5] 殷平,杨芳,刘敏.新型辐射板的研制.见:2004全国暖通年会论文集.北京:中国建筑学会暖通专业委员会,2004,224
[6] Corina Stetiu. Radiant Cooling in US Office Buildings:[University of California at Berkeley, Doctor]. California: University Library of California at Berkeley, 1998, 3—24
[7] Helmut E Feustel. Radiant Cooling-a literature Survey. www.buildfind.com, 2003-12-23
[8] CHPS Inc. CHPS Best Practices Manual 2002 HVAC. US Trenton: Princeton University Press, 2002, 41-44
[9] Chilled Beams Flaicool. Flaktwoods~(?) 产品样本,2004
[10] KaRo Systems. A New Concept of Air Conditioning. http://www.rudekinc.com/radiant-cooling.htm, 2004-08-16
[11] Radiant Cooling Panel Catalog. Sterling~(?) 技术样本,2004
[12] Radiant Cooling Panel. Sterling~(?) 产品样本,2004
[13] Chilled Ceiling Elements. Trox~(?) 产品样本,2004
[14] Invensys. Radiant Cooling Technology. England: Invensys Inc, 2001, 1-2
[15] 朱能,田喆,马久贤.冷天花冷却顶板性能分析.制冷学报,2000,21(2):19-28
[16] Corina Stetiu, Helmut E Feustel. Development of a Model to Simulate the Performance of Hydronic Radiant Cooling Ceilings. ASHRAE Transactions, 1995, 101(2): 730-743
[17] Rolf Claessen. No Dirty Looks-Self cleaning Coatings. http://www.nano-tek.org/sci.nanotech/1657.html, 2003-01-18
[18] Wilhelm Barthlott. Detailed Information on the Lotus Effect. http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/system/lotus/en/lotus_effect_multimedia.html, 2004-10-15
[19] H.Yildirim, A.Levent Demirel, Yonca Avci, etc. Transformation of a Simple Plastic into a Superhydrophobic Surface. Science Journal, 2003, 299(8): 1377-1380
[20] 杨世铭,陶文铨.传热学.第三版.北京:高等教育出版社,1998,189-190
[21] ASHRAE Committee. ASHRAE Handbook. New York: American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1999, 328-334
[22] Boulder, Colorado. Radiant Cooling Design Brief. www.energydesign resources.com, 2005-03-27
[23] Jae-Weon Jeong , Stanley A. Mumma. Impact of Mixed Convection on Ceiling Radiant Cooling Panel Capacity. ASHRAE Research Journal, 2003, 9(3): 1-8
[24] Jae-Weon Jeong, Stanley A.Mumma.Simplified Cooling Capacity Estimation Model for Top Insulated Metal Ceiling Radiant Cooling Panels. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2004, 23(9): 1-18
[25] Abhijeet Pande. Simulating a Radiant Cooling System. [Arizona State University, Doctor], AZ Tempe: School of Architecture, 2001, 1-6
[26] 田喆,彭鹏,周志雄,等.冷却顶板的测试标准及相应的实验研究.建筑热能通风空调,2004,23(2):87—91
[27] Jae-Weon Jeong. Simplified Radiant Cooling Panel and Enthalpy Wheel Models for Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems Design: [Pennsylvanian State University, Doctor of Philosophy].Pennsylvanian State University: The Graduate School College of Engineering, 2004, 22-30
[28] Vladimir Zmrhall,Jan Hensen, Frantisek Drkal. Modeling and Simulation of A Room with Radiant cooling Ceiling. in: Eighth International IBPSA Conference. Washington DC: ACSA press, 2003, 1491-1495
[29] 赵育根,李强民.冷却吊顶的特性及应用.建筑热能与空调,1999,18(1):30-32
[30] 赵荣义,范存养,薛殿华,等.空气调节.第三版.北京:建筑工业出版社,1998,20—34
[31] 狄洪发,王威,江亿,等.辐射吊顶的实验研究.暖通空调,2002,30(4):5-8
[32] 马景骏,孙丽颖.冷却吊顶系统的热舒适性分析.哈尔滨工程大学学报,2001,22(5):27-30
[33] Yukio Nakano. Development of Ductless Air Supply Radiant Ceiling Panel HVAC System Integrated with Ice Storage System. Tokyo: Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 2002, 1-4
[34] 朱能,刘珊.置换通风与冷却顶板的热舒适性研究.制冷学报,2004,25(4):64-70
[35] 张帆.置换通风加冷却顶板技术评述.建筑热能通风空调,1999,19(4):31-34
[36] Mattine Behne. Indoor Air Quality With Cooled Ceiling, Mixed or rather Displacement Ventilaitions. ASHRAE Transactions, 1999, 105(30): 155-166
[37] Stanley A. Mumma. Ceiling Panel Cooling Systems. ASHRAE Journal, 2001, 43(11): 1-5
[38] Melikov, A.K., and J.B.Nielsen.Local thermal discomfort due to draft and vertical temperature difference in rooms with displacement ventilation. ASHRAE Transactions, 1989, 95(2): 27-35
[39] 庄淼,刘传聚.舒适、节能的冷却吊顶空调系统.能源研究与信息,1998,14(4):9-15
[40] Stanley A.Mumma.Economics of Improved Environmental Quality. ASHRAE IAQ Applications newsletter, 2002, 3(2): 15-18
[41] 单寄平.空调负荷实用计算法.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1989,66—68
[42] 顾兴蓥.民用建筑暖通空调技术措施.第二版.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1996,69—70
[43] 梁琦.三部委联合公布最新中央空调新风量卫生标准.北京青年报,2003-05-24
[44] Corina Stetiu, Helmut E Feustel, Yukio Nakano. Ventilation Control Strategies For Buildings With Hydronic Radiant Cooling In Hot Humid Climates. in: Proceedings of the Room Vent. Japan: Yokohama, 1996, 1-6
[45] Stanley A. Mumma. Integration of Hydornic Thermal Transport with Fire Suppression Systems. ASHRAE Transactions, 2001, 107(1): 572-577
[46] 蔡敬琅.与冰蓄冷系统相结合的辐射供冷系统.电力需求侧管理,2001,3(6):42-45
[47] 冈建雄.冰蓄冷辐射供冷系统的综合评价.暖通空调,2002,32(4):48-52
[48] Stephen Carpenter, M.A.Sc., P.Eng.Richard Lay, etc. Radiant Cooling Systems —A Solution for LEED Buildings in Temperate Climates. Enermodal Engineering Ltd., 2003, 1-9
[49] Stanley A. Mumma. Radiant Cooling Ceiling. http://doas-radiant.psu.edu/leed. html, 2005-02-16
[50] 孙丽颖,马最良.冷却吊顶供水方式对系统运行能耗的影响.暖通空调,2003,33(1):107-109
[2] Stanley A. Mumma. Chilled Ceilings in Parallel with Dedicated Outdoor Air systems:Addressing the Concerns of Condensation, Capacity, and Cost.ASHRAE Transactions, 2002, 108(2): 1-12
[3] 中华建筑报.国家空调委员确定空调能效国家标准.http://www.eea.com.cn/news/detail.asp?id=17603, 2004-12-13
[4] 中国新闻网.冬季用电大增警世节能重要.中国空调业酝酿变局.http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/20040209/0809622697.shtml,2004-02-09
[5] 殷平,杨芳,刘敏.新型辐射板的研制.见:2004全国暖通年会论文集.北京:中国建筑学会暖通专业委员会,2004,224
[6] Corina Stetiu. Radiant Cooling in US Office Buildings:[University of California at Berkeley, Doctor]. California: University Library of California at Berkeley, 1998, 3—24
[7] Helmut E Feustel. Radiant Cooling-a literature Survey. www.buildfind.com, 2003-12-23
[8] CHPS Inc. CHPS Best Practices Manual 2002 HVAC. US Trenton: Princeton University Press, 2002, 41-44
[9] Chilled Beams Flaicool. Flaktwoods~(?) 产品样本,2004
[10] KaRo Systems. A New Concept of Air Conditioning. http://www.rudekinc.com/radiant-cooling.htm, 2004-08-16
[11] Radiant Cooling Panel Catalog. Sterling~(?) 技术样本,2004
[12] Radiant Cooling Panel. Sterling~(?) 产品样本,2004
[13] Chilled Ceiling Elements. Trox~(?) 产品样本,2004
[14] Invensys. Radiant Cooling Technology. England: Invensys Inc, 2001, 1-2
[15] 朱能,田喆,马久贤.冷天花冷却顶板性能分析.制冷学报,2000,21(2):19-28
[16] Corina Stetiu, Helmut E Feustel. Development of a Model to Simulate the Performance of Hydronic Radiant Cooling Ceilings. ASHRAE Transactions, 1995, 101(2): 730-743
[17] Rolf Claessen. No Dirty Looks-Self cleaning Coatings. http://www.nano-tek.org/sci.nanotech/1657.html, 2003-01-18
[18] Wilhelm Barthlott. Detailed Information on the Lotus Effect. http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/system/lotus/en/lotus_effect_multimedia.html, 2004-10-15
[19] H.Yildirim, A.Levent Demirel, Yonca Avci, etc. Transformation of a Simple Plastic into a Superhydrophobic Surface. Science Journal, 2003, 299(8): 1377-1380
[20] 杨世铭,陶文铨.传热学.第三版.北京:高等教育出版社,1998,189-190
[21] ASHRAE Committee. ASHRAE Handbook. New York: American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1999, 328-334
[22] Boulder, Colorado. Radiant Cooling Design Brief. www.energydesign resources.com, 2005-03-27
[23] Jae-Weon Jeong , Stanley A. Mumma. Impact of Mixed Convection on Ceiling Radiant Cooling Panel Capacity. ASHRAE Research Journal, 2003, 9(3): 1-8
[24] Jae-Weon Jeong, Stanley A.Mumma.Simplified Cooling Capacity Estimation Model for Top Insulated Metal Ceiling Radiant Cooling Panels. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2004, 23(9): 1-18
[25] Abhijeet Pande. Simulating a Radiant Cooling System. [Arizona State University, Doctor], AZ Tempe: School of Architecture, 2001, 1-6
[26] 田喆,彭鹏,周志雄,等.冷却顶板的测试标准及相应的实验研究.建筑热能通风空调,2004,23(2):87—91
[27] Jae-Weon Jeong. Simplified Radiant Cooling Panel and Enthalpy Wheel Models for Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems Design: [Pennsylvanian State University, Doctor of Philosophy].Pennsylvanian State University: The Graduate School College of Engineering, 2004, 22-30
[28] Vladimir Zmrhall,Jan Hensen, Frantisek Drkal. Modeling and Simulation of A Room with Radiant cooling Ceiling. in: Eighth International IBPSA Conference. Washington DC: ACSA press, 2003, 1491-1495
[29] 赵育根,李强民.冷却吊顶的特性及应用.建筑热能与空调,1999,18(1):30-32
[30] 赵荣义,范存养,薛殿华,等.空气调节.第三版.北京:建筑工业出版社,1998,20—34
[31] 狄洪发,王威,江亿,等.辐射吊顶的实验研究.暖通空调,2002,30(4):5-8
[32] 马景骏,孙丽颖.冷却吊顶系统的热舒适性分析.哈尔滨工程大学学报,2001,22(5):27-30
[33] Yukio Nakano. Development of Ductless Air Supply Radiant Ceiling Panel HVAC System Integrated with Ice Storage System. Tokyo: Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 2002, 1-4
[34] 朱能,刘珊.置换通风与冷却顶板的热舒适性研究.制冷学报,2004,25(4):64-70
[35] 张帆.置换通风加冷却顶板技术评述.建筑热能通风空调,1999,19(4):31-34
[36] Mattine Behne. Indoor Air Quality With Cooled Ceiling, Mixed or rather Displacement Ventilaitions. ASHRAE Transactions, 1999, 105(30): 155-166
[37] Stanley A. Mumma. Ceiling Panel Cooling Systems. ASHRAE Journal, 2001, 43(11): 1-5
[38] Melikov, A.K., and J.B.Nielsen.Local thermal discomfort due to draft and vertical temperature difference in rooms with displacement ventilation. ASHRAE Transactions, 1989, 95(2): 27-35
[39] 庄淼,刘传聚.舒适、节能的冷却吊顶空调系统.能源研究与信息,1998,14(4):9-15
[40] Stanley A.Mumma.Economics of Improved Environmental Quality. ASHRAE IAQ Applications newsletter, 2002, 3(2): 15-18
[41] 单寄平.空调负荷实用计算法.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1989,66—68
[42] 顾兴蓥.民用建筑暖通空调技术措施.第二版.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1996,69—70
[43] 梁琦.三部委联合公布最新中央空调新风量卫生标准.北京青年报,2003-05-24
[44] Corina Stetiu, Helmut E Feustel, Yukio Nakano. Ventilation Control Strategies For Buildings With Hydronic Radiant Cooling In Hot Humid Climates. in: Proceedings of the Room Vent. Japan: Yokohama, 1996, 1-6
[45] Stanley A. Mumma. Integration of Hydornic Thermal Transport with Fire Suppression Systems. ASHRAE Transactions, 2001, 107(1): 572-577
[46] 蔡敬琅.与冰蓄冷系统相结合的辐射供冷系统.电力需求侧管理,2001,3(6):42-45
[47] 冈建雄.冰蓄冷辐射供冷系统的综合评价.暖通空调,2002,32(4):48-52
[48] Stephen Carpenter, M.A.Sc., P.Eng.Richard Lay, etc. Radiant Cooling Systems —A Solution for LEED Buildings in Temperate Climates. Enermodal Engineering Ltd., 2003, 1-9
[49] Stanley A. Mumma. Radiant Cooling Ceiling. http://doas-radiant.psu.edu/leed. html, 2005-02-16
[50] 孙丽颖,马最良.冷却吊顶供水方式对系统运行能耗的影响.暖通空调,2003,33(1):107-109