基于荧光机理的温度测量技术的研究
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摘要
随着工业生产的不断发展,生产过程中对温度的要求越来越高,因此,实现温度的准确测量变得十分重要,但是,在某些特殊的环境中,准确地测量温度非常的困难,甚至测温仪无法工作。所以人们一直在探索新的温度测量方法。荧光光纤温度测量技术是一种新型的温度传感技术,相比于传统的温度传感器,光纤传感器具有耐腐蚀、灵敏度高、结构简单、电绝缘性好、体积小、重量轻、信息容量大、响应速度快,传输损耗低,耗电少等优点,受到了国内外学者的高度重视。本文研究并设计了一套荧光光纤测温系统,以实现特殊环境下温度的实时测量。
从荧光产生的机理出发,分析了物质分子的激发与去活化过程。研究了几种常见的荧光材料及其荧光特性,阐述了荧光测温的机理。列举了荧光测温的几种方法并进行比较,确定了采用荧光寿命型传感器。分析了荧光非指数性的原因并给出了改进措施。
分析了锁相环路检测荧光寿命的工作机理,对锁相环路的模型和噪声特性进行了分析。研究了基本的两相锁定检测法,在此基础上设计了系统的锁相环路。
基于光纤的传光特性,对不同激发光源的特性进行比较,选取了稳定高效的激发光源。阐述了光电探测器的工作原理并对其基本特性进行了分析。构建了荧光光纤测温系统的整体结构,包括光源及其驱动电路,荧光光纤传感探头,光电探测器及前置放大电路,滤波电路,锁相环路,单片机系统的设计。
研究了系统中常用的两种数据处理方法,通过综合比较,选用了小波变换的方法。最后通过实验得出数据并进行分析,得出测温系统的测量范围和精度。
With the continuous development of industrial production, we have higher demand to the temperature, so it is important to achieve accurate measurement of temperature. However, in some special circumstances, the thermometer can not measure the temperature accurately, even does not work. So people have been exploring new temperature measurement method. Fluorescence optical fiber temperature measurement technology is a new temperature sensing technology, compared to the traditional temperature sensor, fluorescence optical fiber temperature sensor has the features of corrosion resistance, high sensitivity, simple structure, electrical insulation and good, small size, light weight, high information content, fast response, low transmission loss and power consumption, etc. So the fiber sensor gets great attention of domestic and foreign scholars. In order to achieve real-time measurement of temperature in special circumstances, a set of fluorescence optical fiber temperature measurement system is researched and designed in this paper.
The paper has studied the mechanism of fluorescence generated, analyzed the excitation and the inactivation process of the molecular, studied several common fluorescent material and analyzed the general characteristics of them, analyzed the relationship between fluorescence lifetime and temperature, listed several methods of temperature measurement using fluorescence and compared them, then selected fluorescence lifetime sensor, analyzed the non-exponential of the fluorescence and given some improvements.
The mechanism of fluorescence lifetime detection using phase-locked principle is analyzed. The mathematic model of the phase-locked loop and the characteristic of noise are researched. The basic two-phase lock detection method is analyzed and the phase-locked loop of the system was designed.
Based on the transmission characteristics of optical fiber, compared the characteristics of the different excitation light source, the stable and efficient excitation light source was selected. The paper has described the working principle of the photoelectric detector and analyzed its basic characteristics, structured the overall structure of the fluorescence optical fiber temperature measurement system, including the design of light source and its drive circuit, fluorescent fiber optic probe, optical detector and preamplifier circuit, filter circuit, PLL and MCU system.
Two common methods of data processing are analyzed, Through comprehensive comparison, the method of the wavelet transform was selected. Finally, the experiment is taken and the experimental data is analyzed. The temperature measurement range and accuracy of the system are obtained.
从荧光产生的机理出发,分析了物质分子的激发与去活化过程。研究了几种常见的荧光材料及其荧光特性,阐述了荧光测温的机理。列举了荧光测温的几种方法并进行比较,确定了采用荧光寿命型传感器。分析了荧光非指数性的原因并给出了改进措施。
分析了锁相环路检测荧光寿命的工作机理,对锁相环路的模型和噪声特性进行了分析。研究了基本的两相锁定检测法,在此基础上设计了系统的锁相环路。
基于光纤的传光特性,对不同激发光源的特性进行比较,选取了稳定高效的激发光源。阐述了光电探测器的工作原理并对其基本特性进行了分析。构建了荧光光纤测温系统的整体结构,包括光源及其驱动电路,荧光光纤传感探头,光电探测器及前置放大电路,滤波电路,锁相环路,单片机系统的设计。
研究了系统中常用的两种数据处理方法,通过综合比较,选用了小波变换的方法。最后通过实验得出数据并进行分析,得出测温系统的测量范围和精度。
With the continuous development of industrial production, we have higher demand to the temperature, so it is important to achieve accurate measurement of temperature. However, in some special circumstances, the thermometer can not measure the temperature accurately, even does not work. So people have been exploring new temperature measurement method. Fluorescence optical fiber temperature measurement technology is a new temperature sensing technology, compared to the traditional temperature sensor, fluorescence optical fiber temperature sensor has the features of corrosion resistance, high sensitivity, simple structure, electrical insulation and good, small size, light weight, high information content, fast response, low transmission loss and power consumption, etc. So the fiber sensor gets great attention of domestic and foreign scholars. In order to achieve real-time measurement of temperature in special circumstances, a set of fluorescence optical fiber temperature measurement system is researched and designed in this paper.
The paper has studied the mechanism of fluorescence generated, analyzed the excitation and the inactivation process of the molecular, studied several common fluorescent material and analyzed the general characteristics of them, analyzed the relationship between fluorescence lifetime and temperature, listed several methods of temperature measurement using fluorescence and compared them, then selected fluorescence lifetime sensor, analyzed the non-exponential of the fluorescence and given some improvements.
The mechanism of fluorescence lifetime detection using phase-locked principle is analyzed. The mathematic model of the phase-locked loop and the characteristic of noise are researched. The basic two-phase lock detection method is analyzed and the phase-locked loop of the system was designed.
Based on the transmission characteristics of optical fiber, compared the characteristics of the different excitation light source, the stable and efficient excitation light source was selected. The paper has described the working principle of the photoelectric detector and analyzed its basic characteristics, structured the overall structure of the fluorescence optical fiber temperature measurement system, including the design of light source and its drive circuit, fluorescent fiber optic probe, optical detector and preamplifier circuit, filter circuit, PLL and MCU system.
Two common methods of data processing are analyzed, Through comprehensive comparison, the method of the wavelet transform was selected. Finally, the experiment is taken and the experimental data is analyzed. The temperature measurement range and accuracy of the system are obtained.
引文
1 Yage Zhan, Hua Wu, Qinyu Yang. Fiber grating sensors for high-temperature measurement. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 2008, 46(4): 349-354
2 J.Castrellon Uribe. Experimental results of the performance of a laser fiber as a remote sensor of temperature. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 2005, 43: 633-644
3 David Monzón-Hernández, Donato Luna-Moreno, Dalia Martínez-Escobar. Fast response fiber optic hydrogen sensor based on palladium and gold nano-layers.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2009, 136(2): 562-566
4 K.T.V.Grattan, R.K.Selli, A.W.Palmer. Fluorescence referencing for fiber opticthermo- meters using visible wavelengths. Review of Scientific Instruments, 1988, 59(2): 1784-1787
5 K.T.V.Grattan, Z.Y.Zhang. Fiber optic fluorescence thermometry. London: CHAPMAN & HALL, 1995: 1-200
6刘卫东,刘延冰,刘建国.检测微弱光信号的PIN的光电检测电路的设计.电测与仪表, 1999,36(4): 28-30
7武金玲.基于小波变换技术的荧光光纤温度传感器研究.光子学报, 2009, 38(5): 1149-1152
8 Wang G F, Peng Q, Li Y D. Upconversion luminescence of monodisperse CaF2: Yb3+/Er3+ nanocrystals. J Am ChemSoc, 2009, 131(40): 14200-14201.
9赵雪峰,路杰,王艳红.一种BOTDR光纤温度传感器试验研究.防灾减灾工程学报. 2010(30): 247-250
10张月芳,叶林华,裘燕青.锁相相关检测技术在荧光光纤温度传感器中的应用.仪表技术与传感器. 2009(3): 104-106
11沈永行.从室温到1800℃全程测温的蓝宝石单晶光纤温度传感器.光学学报, 2000,20(1): 83-87
12 M.C.Vergara, S.W.Wade, Y.P.He. The application of an optical fiber temperature sensor in the investigation of window glass breakage in fires. INTERFLAM. 99. 1999:1417-1422
13李剑亮.荧光X射线分析仪(XRF)在电子材料检验中的应用.通信与广播电视. 2008(2): 36-41
14郑东,隋成华,蔡萍根等. ZnO薄膜温变特性在透射型光纤温度传感器中应用的研究.仪器仪表学报, 2009, 30(6): 85-88
15 Y.L.Hu, Z.Y.Zhang, K.T.V.Grattan. Design aspects of a ruby-based fiber optic thermometer probe for use in the cryogenic region. Review of Scientific Instruments, 1996,67(6): 2394-2398
16叶林华,周小芬,张金风等. LED泵浦蓝宝石光纤荧光温度传感器.光子学报, 2009, 38(9): 2234-2237
17 S.A.Wade, S.F.Collins, G.W.Baxter. Fluorescence characteristics of several Yb-doped optical fibers for temperature sensing applications. SPIE. 2006, 37(46): 200-203
18 R.S.Meltzer, D.L.Beshears, M.R.Cates et al. LED-induced fluorescence diagnostics for turbine and combustion engine thermometry. SPIE. 2005, 44(48): 28-31
19 G.Paez, M.Strojnik. Experimental results of ratio-based erbium-doped-silica temperature sensor. Optical Engineering, 2003, 42(6): 1805-181l
20 S.W.Allison, G.T.Gillies, A.J.Rondinone et al. Nanoscale thermometry via the fluorescence of YAG. Nanotechnology, 2007,14: 859-863
21 Z.Y.Zhaug, T.Sun, K.T.V.Grattan. Optical fiber temperature sensor scheme usingTm: doped yttrium oxide power-based probe. SPIE.1999,3746: 422-425
22黄章勇.光纤通信用新型光无源器件.北京:北京邮电大学出版社, 2006:18-60
23夏锦尧.实用荧光分析法.北京:科学出版社. 1992: 1-3
24王玉田,郑龙江,侯培国等.光电子学与光纤传感器技术.北京:国防工业出版社, 2003: 171-173
25 T.Sun, Z.Y.Zhang, K.T.V.Grattan et al. Quasi-distributed and average temperature measurement using fluorescence sensor technology. Applied optics division conference. Brighton,1998: 16-19
26丁毅,张立儒.红宝石荧光光纤温度传感器.第五届全国光纤通信学术会议论文集, 2001: 558-561
27 K.T.V.Grattan, R.K.Selli, A.W.Palmer. Fiber-optic absorption temperature sensor usingfluorescence reference channel. Review of Scientific Instruments, 2006,57(6): 1231 -1234
28 Tashiro.Y, Biwa.T,Yazaki.T.Calibration of a thermocouple for measurement of oscillating temperature. Review of Scientific Instruments.2005,76.12: 24901-24905
29 Dongjun Wang, Toyoko Imae, Masao Miki.Fluorescence emission from PAMAM and PPI dendrimers.Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online, 2006,11(22): 67-71
30陈国珍,黄贤志.荧光分析法.北京:科学出版社,第二版, 1990: 23-28
31 T.D.Shelle. Fluorescence-based fiber optic temperature sensor fore aerospace application.SPIE.1991, 15(89): 32-37
32武金铃,王玉田.荧光寿命的锁相检测技术研究.半导体光电, 2005, 26(4): 359-361
33胡春海.光纤荧光温度传感器理论和实验研究. [燕山大学工学博士学位论文]. 2003:40-45
34杨性愉.光学检测原理与技术.呼和浩特:内蒙古大学出版社, 1995: 262-276
35 Z.Y.Zhang, K.T.V.Grattan, A.W.Andrew et al.YAG:Cr3+for a wide ranging temperature sensing:correlation of theory and experiment.SPIE.1995, 23(88): 190-195
36沈永行.荧光测温与辐射测温一体化的蓝宝石光纤温度传感器. [浙江大学工学博士学位论文].1999: 81-89
37苏翼凯.高速光纤传感系统.北京:科学出版社, 2009: 36-37
38郭凤珍,于长泰.光纤传感器技术与应用.杭州:浙江大学出版社, 1992,10:125-129
39 W.B.Spillman, Jr. Multimode fiber-optical pressure sensor based on the photo elastic effect. Opt. Lett. , 2002, 7(8): 388-390
40 K.A.Wickershiem, M.H.Sun.Fiber-optic thermometry and its applications.Journal of Microwave Power,1987,22(2): 85-94
41 Fan C H, Longt in J P. Laser-based measurement of temperature or consent ration change at liquids surfaces. Journal of Heat Transfer, Transactions Assume, 2000, 122(4): 757-762
42夏远飞.半导体激光器在实时测温系统中的应用.中国测试技术, 2004,(2): 8-9
43钟永春,黄启俊,何民才等.内调制光电探测器线性补偿及温度补偿的高精度方法,测控技术, 2000,(5): 27-29
44宫经宽,刘樾.光纤传感器及其应用技术.航空精密制造技术, 2010, (5):49-53
45王冬生,潘玮炜.一种测量高温中间包的蓝宝石光纤温度计. 2010, (4):614-616
46 T.Liu, G.F.Fernando, Z.Y.Zhang et al. Simultaneous strain and temperature measurements incomposites using extrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometric and intrinsic rare-earth doped fibersensors. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Volume 80, Issue 3, 2000,3(15): 208-215
47 K.T.V.Grattan, A.W.Palmer. Fiber-optic-addressed temperature transducers using solid-state fluorescent materials. Sensors and Actuators, Volume 12, Issue 4, 1987, 11-12: 375-387
48秦侠,沈兰荪.小波分析及其在光谱分析中的应用.光谱学与光谱分析, 2000,20(6): 892-897
49吕新华,武斌,攸阳等.小波变换Mallat算法实现中的边界延拓研究.天津理工大学学报, 2006,(2): 37-40
50武金玲.基于荧光机理的光纤温度测量技术的研究. [燕山大学工学博士学位论文].2008:40-45
51刘院芳,杨先麟.小波变换的Mallat算法在LabVIEW中的实现.国外电子测量技术, 2006,(9): 49-53
52周晶,李天伟,李明海.基于小波阈值滤波的激光陀螺消噪方法.光学与光电技术, 2006(3): 17-20
2 J.Castrellon Uribe. Experimental results of the performance of a laser fiber as a remote sensor of temperature. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 2005, 43: 633-644
3 David Monzón-Hernández, Donato Luna-Moreno, Dalia Martínez-Escobar. Fast response fiber optic hydrogen sensor based on palladium and gold nano-layers.Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2009, 136(2): 562-566
4 K.T.V.Grattan, R.K.Selli, A.W.Palmer. Fluorescence referencing for fiber opticthermo- meters using visible wavelengths. Review of Scientific Instruments, 1988, 59(2): 1784-1787
5 K.T.V.Grattan, Z.Y.Zhang. Fiber optic fluorescence thermometry. London: CHAPMAN & HALL, 1995: 1-200
6刘卫东,刘延冰,刘建国.检测微弱光信号的PIN的光电检测电路的设计.电测与仪表, 1999,36(4): 28-30
7武金玲.基于小波变换技术的荧光光纤温度传感器研究.光子学报, 2009, 38(5): 1149-1152
8 Wang G F, Peng Q, Li Y D. Upconversion luminescence of monodisperse CaF2: Yb3+/Er3+ nanocrystals. J Am ChemSoc, 2009, 131(40): 14200-14201.
9赵雪峰,路杰,王艳红.一种BOTDR光纤温度传感器试验研究.防灾减灾工程学报. 2010(30): 247-250
10张月芳,叶林华,裘燕青.锁相相关检测技术在荧光光纤温度传感器中的应用.仪表技术与传感器. 2009(3): 104-106
11沈永行.从室温到1800℃全程测温的蓝宝石单晶光纤温度传感器.光学学报, 2000,20(1): 83-87
12 M.C.Vergara, S.W.Wade, Y.P.He. The application of an optical fiber temperature sensor in the investigation of window glass breakage in fires. INTERFLAM. 99. 1999:1417-1422
13李剑亮.荧光X射线分析仪(XRF)在电子材料检验中的应用.通信与广播电视. 2008(2): 36-41
14郑东,隋成华,蔡萍根等. ZnO薄膜温变特性在透射型光纤温度传感器中应用的研究.仪器仪表学报, 2009, 30(6): 85-88
15 Y.L.Hu, Z.Y.Zhang, K.T.V.Grattan. Design aspects of a ruby-based fiber optic thermometer probe for use in the cryogenic region. Review of Scientific Instruments, 1996,67(6): 2394-2398
16叶林华,周小芬,张金风等. LED泵浦蓝宝石光纤荧光温度传感器.光子学报, 2009, 38(9): 2234-2237
17 S.A.Wade, S.F.Collins, G.W.Baxter. Fluorescence characteristics of several Yb-doped optical fibers for temperature sensing applications. SPIE. 2006, 37(46): 200-203
18 R.S.Meltzer, D.L.Beshears, M.R.Cates et al. LED-induced fluorescence diagnostics for turbine and combustion engine thermometry. SPIE. 2005, 44(48): 28-31
19 G.Paez, M.Strojnik. Experimental results of ratio-based erbium-doped-silica temperature sensor. Optical Engineering, 2003, 42(6): 1805-181l
20 S.W.Allison, G.T.Gillies, A.J.Rondinone et al. Nanoscale thermometry via the fluorescence of YAG. Nanotechnology, 2007,14: 859-863
21 Z.Y.Zhaug, T.Sun, K.T.V.Grattan. Optical fiber temperature sensor scheme usingTm: doped yttrium oxide power-based probe. SPIE.1999,3746: 422-425
22黄章勇.光纤通信用新型光无源器件.北京:北京邮电大学出版社, 2006:18-60
23夏锦尧.实用荧光分析法.北京:科学出版社. 1992: 1-3
24王玉田,郑龙江,侯培国等.光电子学与光纤传感器技术.北京:国防工业出版社, 2003: 171-173
25 T.Sun, Z.Y.Zhang, K.T.V.Grattan et al. Quasi-distributed and average temperature measurement using fluorescence sensor technology. Applied optics division conference. Brighton,1998: 16-19
26丁毅,张立儒.红宝石荧光光纤温度传感器.第五届全国光纤通信学术会议论文集, 2001: 558-561
27 K.T.V.Grattan, R.K.Selli, A.W.Palmer. Fiber-optic absorption temperature sensor usingfluorescence reference channel. Review of Scientific Instruments, 2006,57(6): 1231 -1234
28 Tashiro.Y, Biwa.T,Yazaki.T.Calibration of a thermocouple for measurement of oscillating temperature. Review of Scientific Instruments.2005,76.12: 24901-24905
29 Dongjun Wang, Toyoko Imae, Masao Miki.Fluorescence emission from PAMAM and PPI dendrimers.Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online, 2006,11(22): 67-71
30陈国珍,黄贤志.荧光分析法.北京:科学出版社,第二版, 1990: 23-28
31 T.D.Shelle. Fluorescence-based fiber optic temperature sensor fore aerospace application.SPIE.1991, 15(89): 32-37
32武金铃,王玉田.荧光寿命的锁相检测技术研究.半导体光电, 2005, 26(4): 359-361
33胡春海.光纤荧光温度传感器理论和实验研究. [燕山大学工学博士学位论文]. 2003:40-45
34杨性愉.光学检测原理与技术.呼和浩特:内蒙古大学出版社, 1995: 262-276
35 Z.Y.Zhang, K.T.V.Grattan, A.W.Andrew et al.YAG:Cr3+for a wide ranging temperature sensing:correlation of theory and experiment.SPIE.1995, 23(88): 190-195
36沈永行.荧光测温与辐射测温一体化的蓝宝石光纤温度传感器. [浙江大学工学博士学位论文].1999: 81-89
37苏翼凯.高速光纤传感系统.北京:科学出版社, 2009: 36-37
38郭凤珍,于长泰.光纤传感器技术与应用.杭州:浙江大学出版社, 1992,10:125-129
39 W.B.Spillman, Jr. Multimode fiber-optical pressure sensor based on the photo elastic effect. Opt. Lett. , 2002, 7(8): 388-390
40 K.A.Wickershiem, M.H.Sun.Fiber-optic thermometry and its applications.Journal of Microwave Power,1987,22(2): 85-94
41 Fan C H, Longt in J P. Laser-based measurement of temperature or consent ration change at liquids surfaces. Journal of Heat Transfer, Transactions Assume, 2000, 122(4): 757-762
42夏远飞.半导体激光器在实时测温系统中的应用.中国测试技术, 2004,(2): 8-9
43钟永春,黄启俊,何民才等.内调制光电探测器线性补偿及温度补偿的高精度方法,测控技术, 2000,(5): 27-29
44宫经宽,刘樾.光纤传感器及其应用技术.航空精密制造技术, 2010, (5):49-53
45王冬生,潘玮炜.一种测量高温中间包的蓝宝石光纤温度计. 2010, (4):614-616
46 T.Liu, G.F.Fernando, Z.Y.Zhang et al. Simultaneous strain and temperature measurements incomposites using extrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometric and intrinsic rare-earth doped fibersensors. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Volume 80, Issue 3, 2000,3(15): 208-215
47 K.T.V.Grattan, A.W.Palmer. Fiber-optic-addressed temperature transducers using solid-state fluorescent materials. Sensors and Actuators, Volume 12, Issue 4, 1987, 11-12: 375-387
48秦侠,沈兰荪.小波分析及其在光谱分析中的应用.光谱学与光谱分析, 2000,20(6): 892-897
49吕新华,武斌,攸阳等.小波变换Mallat算法实现中的边界延拓研究.天津理工大学学报, 2006,(2): 37-40
50武金玲.基于荧光机理的光纤温度测量技术的研究. [燕山大学工学博士学位论文].2008:40-45
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