高压变频调速器中的若干技术研究
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摘要
随着电力电子器件、计算机技术以及现代控制理论的迅速发展,大功率电力电子技术在电力系统中的应用已越来越广泛。在电力传动领域已出现交流传动取代直流传动的趋势。高压大功率变频调速技术是解决传统驱动方式带来的能源浪费问题的最有效手段之一,可实现资源节约,对电力工业可持续发展的战略任务具有重要的现实意义。
本文首先介绍了高压变频器的基本组成和工作原理,介绍了几种应用广泛的拓扑结构,比较了几种不同结构的优缺点。同时,本文详细介绍了IGCT器件的特性以及IGCT失效的机理。基于IGCT的中性点箝位型三电平高压大功率变频器中,为了获得6kV输出电压等级,需要IGCT的直接串联。为了研究串联IGCT关断时的暂态特性,本文建立了串联IGCT的关断电流数学模型,该模型考虑了所串联的同一型号半导体开关器件物理特性存在的细微差异。基于上述模型,本文提出了用微分方程研究串联IGCT电路关断均压特性的思路。为了验证该思路的有效性,本文建立了基于串联IGCT斩波电路的关断暂态模型。
此外,本文研究了直流环节的时间常数和相间换流间隔时间的配合问题。通过简化实验电路来模拟三电平高压大功率变频器换流过程,实验结果验证了当直流限流电路的时间常数小于PWM调制的相间换流间隔时间时,开关管的di/dt较小。同时对相关问题的后续工作进行了展望。
With the rapid development of power electronic devices, computer technology and automatic control theory, high power electronic technology has been widely used in the power system this years. In the mechanical and electrical transmission field, the AC drive system will replace the DC drive system. High voltage and high-power variable frequency drive technology, an effective method to resolve the waste of energy of traditional AC drive system, has practical significance to the sustainable development of power system.
This paper introduces the buildup and working principle of the high voltage and high-power inverter at first, also several structures widely used now, and points out the advantages and disadvantages of them. At the same time, this paper introduces the basic characteristic and the failure mechanism of the IGCT. Based on the IGCTs, the series connection of power devices is necessary for obtaining 6kV output voltage in neutral point clamped (NPC) three-level high power medium voltage drives (MVDs). As the process of the transient turn-off is very complex for discussing the transient turn-off characteristics of series connected IGCTs, their corresponding turn-off transient current models are developed with the different performances between the connected IGCTs taken into accounts in this paper. According to the current models, the method using differential equations to study the voltage sharing during IGCTs’turn-off transients is proposed. This paper uses a mathematics method to calculate out the turn-off transient voltage of the connected IGCTs. Consequently, the turn-off transient model based on the chopper circuit is deduced to confirm its efficiency, in which the RC-snubbers of IGCT and stray inductance are analysed. Simulation and experimental results show that the model based on the proposed method can well describe the turn-off voltage sharing of series connected IGCTs.
In addition, this paper analyses the turn-on and turn-off di/dt of the IGCT when the time constant of the DC-Link is more than or less than the commutated time between two phases. When the time constant of the DC-Link is less than the commutated time between two phases, low turn-on current decay rate can be observed. On the contrary, the turn-on di/dt will be high,which may cause the devices failure. This paper designs a simplified experimental circuit to simulate the switch commutation of the MVDs, the results confirm the analysis in this paper.
本文首先介绍了高压变频器的基本组成和工作原理,介绍了几种应用广泛的拓扑结构,比较了几种不同结构的优缺点。同时,本文详细介绍了IGCT器件的特性以及IGCT失效的机理。基于IGCT的中性点箝位型三电平高压大功率变频器中,为了获得6kV输出电压等级,需要IGCT的直接串联。为了研究串联IGCT关断时的暂态特性,本文建立了串联IGCT的关断电流数学模型,该模型考虑了所串联的同一型号半导体开关器件物理特性存在的细微差异。基于上述模型,本文提出了用微分方程研究串联IGCT电路关断均压特性的思路。为了验证该思路的有效性,本文建立了基于串联IGCT斩波电路的关断暂态模型。
此外,本文研究了直流环节的时间常数和相间换流间隔时间的配合问题。通过简化实验电路来模拟三电平高压大功率变频器换流过程,实验结果验证了当直流限流电路的时间常数小于PWM调制的相间换流间隔时间时,开关管的di/dt较小。同时对相关问题的后续工作进行了展望。
With the rapid development of power electronic devices, computer technology and automatic control theory, high power electronic technology has been widely used in the power system this years. In the mechanical and electrical transmission field, the AC drive system will replace the DC drive system. High voltage and high-power variable frequency drive technology, an effective method to resolve the waste of energy of traditional AC drive system, has practical significance to the sustainable development of power system.
This paper introduces the buildup and working principle of the high voltage and high-power inverter at first, also several structures widely used now, and points out the advantages and disadvantages of them. At the same time, this paper introduces the basic characteristic and the failure mechanism of the IGCT. Based on the IGCTs, the series connection of power devices is necessary for obtaining 6kV output voltage in neutral point clamped (NPC) three-level high power medium voltage drives (MVDs). As the process of the transient turn-off is very complex for discussing the transient turn-off characteristics of series connected IGCTs, their corresponding turn-off transient current models are developed with the different performances between the connected IGCTs taken into accounts in this paper. According to the current models, the method using differential equations to study the voltage sharing during IGCTs’turn-off transients is proposed. This paper uses a mathematics method to calculate out the turn-off transient voltage of the connected IGCTs. Consequently, the turn-off transient model based on the chopper circuit is deduced to confirm its efficiency, in which the RC-snubbers of IGCT and stray inductance are analysed. Simulation and experimental results show that the model based on the proposed method can well describe the turn-off voltage sharing of series connected IGCTs.
In addition, this paper analyses the turn-on and turn-off di/dt of the IGCT when the time constant of the DC-Link is more than or less than the commutated time between two phases. When the time constant of the DC-Link is less than the commutated time between two phases, low turn-on current decay rate can be observed. On the contrary, the turn-on di/dt will be high,which may cause the devices failure. This paper designs a simplified experimental circuit to simulate the switch commutation of the MVDs, the results confirm the analysis in this paper.
引文
[1]徐政,卢强.电力电子技术在电力系统中的应用.电工技术学报, 2004, 19(8):23-27
[2]张承慧,程金,夏东伟,崔纳新.变频调速技术的发展及其在电力系统中的应用.热能动力工程,2003,18(5):43-47
[3]陈辉明,徐甫荣.发电厂高压变频调速技术应用综述.变频器世界,2006,4:58-65
[4]吴加林.高压变频器无需输入变压器是变频技术的巨大进步.变频器世界,2005,5:44-47
[5]吴加林,吴加强,张锦荣.IGBT大功率高压变频器的特点及应用.变频器世界,2005,8:55-58
[6]查申森,郑建勇,苏麟,吴恒荣,陈军.基于IGBT串联运行的动态均压研究.电力自动化设备,2005,25(5):20-23
[7] Nagel A, Bernet S, Bruckner T, Steimer P.K, Apeldorn O. Design of IGCT series connection for 6 kV medium voltage drives. PWM Medium Voltage Drives (Ref. No. 2000/063), IEE Seminar 11 , 2000,5 :2/1-2/5
[8]段先波,王丹,范澍,毛承雄,陆继明. 6kV变频调速系统中IGCT串联缓冲电路设计.电气传动,2005,3:40-42
[9]韩安荣.通用变频器及其应用.北京机械工业出版社,2002.p66-p70
[10] BinWu, FrankA, Dewinter. Voltage stress on induction motors in medium voltage(2300-6900V) PWM GTO CSI drives, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 1997, 12 (2):213-220.
[11] A.Nabae, I.Takahashi, H.akagi. A new neutral-point-clamped PWM inverter. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Application, 1981,17:518-523.
[12] Loveridgea, David. Medium voltage three-level, NPC inverters and their application as paper machine wet end drives. Tappi Process Control, Electrical and Information Conference, 2000:55-67.
[13] Sommer, R., Mertens, A., Griggs, M., New medium voltage drive systems using three-level neutral point clamped inverter with high voltage IGBT. Industry Applications Conference, Thirty-Fourth IAS Annual Meeting, 1999,3:1513-1519.
[14]李晔,余时强,朱宗晓等.单元串联多电平中压变频器的研制综述.电气传动自动化, 2002, (4):3-7
[15] Giuseppe Carrara, Simone Gardella. A new multilevel PWM method: a theoretical analysis. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics. 1992, 7(3): 497-505.
[16]胡兆庆,毛承雄,陆继明,范澍.高压变频器中IGCT的快熔保护.高电压技术,2003,1:8-11
[17]查申森,郑建勇,苏麟,吴恒荣,陈军.基于IGBT串联运行的动态均压研究.电力自动化设备,2005,25(5):20-23
[18] Wenhua Liu, Qiang Song,Qingguang Yu,Yuanhua Chen. Analysis of high di/dt current pulses in three-level NPC inverters using series connected IGCTs and RC snubbers. Industrial Electronics Society, 2003. IECON '03. The 29th Annual Conference of the IEEE, Volume 3, 2-6 Nov. 2003 ,3:2771-2776.
[19] Steimer.P.K,Gruning.H.E,Werninger.J,Carroll.E,Klaka.S,Linder.S. IGCT-a new emerging technology for high power, low cost inverters,Industry Applications Conference, 1997. Thirty-Second IAS Annual Meeting, IAS '97,Conference Record of the 1997 IEEE,Volume 2, 5-9 Oct.1997 ,2:1592-1599.
[20] Yu Qingguang,Liu Wenhua,Song Qiang.Failure analysis of IGCTs (5SHX 08F4502) in series connection in three level VSI.TENCON '02. Proceedings. 2002 IEEE Region 10 Conference on Computers, Communications Control and Power Engineering, Volume 3,28-31 Oct. 2002 ,3:2091-2094
[21] Ernst. Applying IGCT Gate Unites. ABB Application Note, 5SYA 2032-01, 2002
[22] Sakano J, Kobayashi H, Mori M. Large SOA insulated gate controlled thyristor(IGCT)with p-base clamp.Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Power Semiconductor Devices and ICs, 1998:155-158
[23] Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristors Application Notes. ABB Report,2003.
[24]陈文生.IGCT结构特点和性能研究.机电设备,2005,4:8-11
[25]袁立强,赵争鸣,刘建政,李崇坚,李耀华.基于IGCT的大功率NPC逆变器设计仿真与分析.电力自动化设备, 2004,1:46-53
[26]于庆广,姜齐荣,张戈.4.5kV/4.0kA IGCT的应用研究.电力电子技术,2004,8:92-94
[27] A.Nagel,S.Berne, T.Brückner , P.K.Steimer, O.Apeldoorn. Characterization of IGCTs for Series Connected Operation. ABB Corporate Research
[28] Harald Kuhn , Dierk Schr?der, Senior Member, IEEE. A New Validated PhysicallyBased IGCT Model for Circuit Simulation of Snubberless and Series Operation.IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol.38, NO.6, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2002:1606-1612
[29]刘文华,宋强,严干贵,陈远华,于庆广,吴步宁.采用IGCT电压型三电平逆变器的高压变频调速器.电力系统自动化,2002, 26(20):61-65
[30] Lu Jiming, Wang Dan, Mao Chengxiong.Study of RC-snubber for series IGCTs. Power System Technology, 2002. Proceedings Power Con 2002. International Conference on Volume 1, 13-17 Oct. 2002 ,1:595 - 599
[31]毛承雄,李维波,陆继明,范澍.高压变频器共模电压仿真研究.中国电机工程学报,2003,23(9):57-62
[32]陆继明,李维波,毛承雄,范澍,胡兆庆,王丹.高压变频器输出滤波器研究,高电压技术,2002,28(11):13-16
[33]幸善成,高晓冬.基于IGCT的空间电压矢量三电平PWM变频调速.舰船电子工程, 2004,2:87-90
[34] Qiongxuan GE,Xiaoxin WANG,A High Power NPC Three-Level Inverter Equipped with IGCTs .The 4th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, Aug 14-16. 2004,3: 1097–1100.
[35] Qiongxuan Ge,Xiaoxin Wang, Shutian Zhang, Yaohua Li, Li Kong. Implement of High Power NPC Three-Level Inverter Equipped with IGCTs. Industrial Technology, 2005. ICIT 2005. IEEE International Conference on
[36]刘文华,宋强,陈远华,谢小荣.NPC逆变器SHE-PWM开关角度的计算方法研究.中国电机工程学报,2002,22(11):31-34
[37]陈增禄,毛惠丰,周炳根. SPWM数字化自然采样法的理论及应用研究.中国电机工程学报,2005,25(1):32-37
[38]薄保中,刘卫国,苏彦民.三电平逆变器PWM控制窄脉冲补偿技术的研究.中国电机工程学报,2005,25(10):60-64
[39]毛承雄,李维波,陆继明,范澍.高压变频器共模电压仿真研究.中国电机工程学报,2003,23(9):57-62
[40]李维波,毛承雄,陆继明,范澍,胡兆庆,王丹.高压变频器输出滤波器动态特性研究.高电压技术,2002,28(12):5-10
[41]陆继明,李维波,毛承雄,范澍,胡兆庆,王丹.高压变频器输出滤波器研究.高电压技术,2002,28(11):13-16
[42]胡兆庆,毛承雄,陆继明.高压变频器中快熔模型及IGCT保护.高压电器,2005,41(2):125-127
[43] Seung Gijeong, Min Ho Park. The analysis and compensation of Dead-Time effects in PWM inverters. IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, 1991,38(2): 108-114.
[44]陈坚.电力电子学-电力电子变换和控制技术.高等教育出版社, 2002
[45] Dongsheng Zhou, Didier G.Rouaud. Dead-time effect and compensations of three-level neutral point clamp inverters for high-performance drive applications. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, 1999, 14(4): 782-788.
[46]陶小辉,张建华,王旭明.一种适用于大功率IGBT模块串联工作的新型驱动电路.雷达与对抗, 2006,1:64-68
[2]张承慧,程金,夏东伟,崔纳新.变频调速技术的发展及其在电力系统中的应用.热能动力工程,2003,18(5):43-47
[3]陈辉明,徐甫荣.发电厂高压变频调速技术应用综述.变频器世界,2006,4:58-65
[4]吴加林.高压变频器无需输入变压器是变频技术的巨大进步.变频器世界,2005,5:44-47
[5]吴加林,吴加强,张锦荣.IGBT大功率高压变频器的特点及应用.变频器世界,2005,8:55-58
[6]查申森,郑建勇,苏麟,吴恒荣,陈军.基于IGBT串联运行的动态均压研究.电力自动化设备,2005,25(5):20-23
[7] Nagel A, Bernet S, Bruckner T, Steimer P.K, Apeldorn O. Design of IGCT series connection for 6 kV medium voltage drives. PWM Medium Voltage Drives (Ref. No. 2000/063), IEE Seminar 11 , 2000,5 :2/1-2/5
[8]段先波,王丹,范澍,毛承雄,陆继明. 6kV变频调速系统中IGCT串联缓冲电路设计.电气传动,2005,3:40-42
[9]韩安荣.通用变频器及其应用.北京机械工业出版社,2002.p66-p70
[10] BinWu, FrankA, Dewinter. Voltage stress on induction motors in medium voltage(2300-6900V) PWM GTO CSI drives, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 1997, 12 (2):213-220.
[11] A.Nabae, I.Takahashi, H.akagi. A new neutral-point-clamped PWM inverter. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Application, 1981,17:518-523.
[12] Loveridgea, David. Medium voltage three-level, NPC inverters and their application as paper machine wet end drives. Tappi Process Control, Electrical and Information Conference, 2000:55-67.
[13] Sommer, R., Mertens, A., Griggs, M., New medium voltage drive systems using three-level neutral point clamped inverter with high voltage IGBT. Industry Applications Conference, Thirty-Fourth IAS Annual Meeting, 1999,3:1513-1519.
[14]李晔,余时强,朱宗晓等.单元串联多电平中压变频器的研制综述.电气传动自动化, 2002, (4):3-7
[15] Giuseppe Carrara, Simone Gardella. A new multilevel PWM method: a theoretical analysis. IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics. 1992, 7(3): 497-505.
[16]胡兆庆,毛承雄,陆继明,范澍.高压变频器中IGCT的快熔保护.高电压技术,2003,1:8-11
[17]查申森,郑建勇,苏麟,吴恒荣,陈军.基于IGBT串联运行的动态均压研究.电力自动化设备,2005,25(5):20-23
[18] Wenhua Liu, Qiang Song,Qingguang Yu,Yuanhua Chen. Analysis of high di/dt current pulses in three-level NPC inverters using series connected IGCTs and RC snubbers. Industrial Electronics Society, 2003. IECON '03. The 29th Annual Conference of the IEEE, Volume 3, 2-6 Nov. 2003 ,3:2771-2776.
[19] Steimer.P.K,Gruning.H.E,Werninger.J,Carroll.E,Klaka.S,Linder.S. IGCT-a new emerging technology for high power, low cost inverters,Industry Applications Conference, 1997. Thirty-Second IAS Annual Meeting, IAS '97,Conference Record of the 1997 IEEE,Volume 2, 5-9 Oct.1997 ,2:1592-1599.
[20] Yu Qingguang,Liu Wenhua,Song Qiang.Failure analysis of IGCTs (5SHX 08F4502) in series connection in three level VSI.TENCON '02. Proceedings. 2002 IEEE Region 10 Conference on Computers, Communications Control and Power Engineering, Volume 3,28-31 Oct. 2002 ,3:2091-2094
[21] Ernst. Applying IGCT Gate Unites. ABB Application Note, 5SYA 2032-01, 2002
[22] Sakano J, Kobayashi H, Mori M. Large SOA insulated gate controlled thyristor(IGCT)with p-base clamp.Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Power Semiconductor Devices and ICs, 1998:155-158
[23] Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristors Application Notes. ABB Report,2003.
[24]陈文生.IGCT结构特点和性能研究.机电设备,2005,4:8-11
[25]袁立强,赵争鸣,刘建政,李崇坚,李耀华.基于IGCT的大功率NPC逆变器设计仿真与分析.电力自动化设备, 2004,1:46-53
[26]于庆广,姜齐荣,张戈.4.5kV/4.0kA IGCT的应用研究.电力电子技术,2004,8:92-94
[27] A.Nagel,S.Berne, T.Brückner , P.K.Steimer, O.Apeldoorn. Characterization of IGCTs for Series Connected Operation. ABB Corporate Research
[28] Harald Kuhn , Dierk Schr?der, Senior Member, IEEE. A New Validated PhysicallyBased IGCT Model for Circuit Simulation of Snubberless and Series Operation.IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol.38, NO.6, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2002:1606-1612
[29]刘文华,宋强,严干贵,陈远华,于庆广,吴步宁.采用IGCT电压型三电平逆变器的高压变频调速器.电力系统自动化,2002, 26(20):61-65
[30] Lu Jiming, Wang Dan, Mao Chengxiong.Study of RC-snubber for series IGCTs. Power System Technology, 2002. Proceedings Power Con 2002. International Conference on Volume 1, 13-17 Oct. 2002 ,1:595 - 599
[31]毛承雄,李维波,陆继明,范澍.高压变频器共模电压仿真研究.中国电机工程学报,2003,23(9):57-62
[32]陆继明,李维波,毛承雄,范澍,胡兆庆,王丹.高压变频器输出滤波器研究,高电压技术,2002,28(11):13-16
[33]幸善成,高晓冬.基于IGCT的空间电压矢量三电平PWM变频调速.舰船电子工程, 2004,2:87-90
[34] Qiongxuan GE,Xiaoxin WANG,A High Power NPC Three-Level Inverter Equipped with IGCTs .The 4th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, Aug 14-16. 2004,3: 1097–1100.
[35] Qiongxuan Ge,Xiaoxin Wang, Shutian Zhang, Yaohua Li, Li Kong. Implement of High Power NPC Three-Level Inverter Equipped with IGCTs. Industrial Technology, 2005. ICIT 2005. IEEE International Conference on
[36]刘文华,宋强,陈远华,谢小荣.NPC逆变器SHE-PWM开关角度的计算方法研究.中国电机工程学报,2002,22(11):31-34
[37]陈增禄,毛惠丰,周炳根. SPWM数字化自然采样法的理论及应用研究.中国电机工程学报,2005,25(1):32-37
[38]薄保中,刘卫国,苏彦民.三电平逆变器PWM控制窄脉冲补偿技术的研究.中国电机工程学报,2005,25(10):60-64
[39]毛承雄,李维波,陆继明,范澍.高压变频器共模电压仿真研究.中国电机工程学报,2003,23(9):57-62
[40]李维波,毛承雄,陆继明,范澍,胡兆庆,王丹.高压变频器输出滤波器动态特性研究.高电压技术,2002,28(12):5-10
[41]陆继明,李维波,毛承雄,范澍,胡兆庆,王丹.高压变频器输出滤波器研究.高电压技术,2002,28(11):13-16
[42]胡兆庆,毛承雄,陆继明.高压变频器中快熔模型及IGCT保护.高压电器,2005,41(2):125-127
[43] Seung Gijeong, Min Ho Park. The analysis and compensation of Dead-Time effects in PWM inverters. IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, 1991,38(2): 108-114.
[44]陈坚.电力电子学-电力电子变换和控制技术.高等教育出版社, 2002
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