13.56MHz阅读器芯片射频接口的研究和设计
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摘要
RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)是一种无线射频识别技术,最初被用于无法使用条形码跟踪技术的特殊工业场合,许多行业和公司利用它来定位、确认及跟踪库存产品或其他目标。RFID技术具有非接触、读取距离长,可识别运动目标等优点。一个基本的射频识别系统包括阅读器(Reader)和电子标签(Tag)两部分。电子标签由于成本因素,其结构较为简单,信号传输能力较弱,这就意味着阅读器芯片射频接口需具有更好的性能和更高的稳定性。所以阅读器的射频接口是射频识别系统中的最关键技术之一。
本文系统的论述了阅读器芯片射频接口电路的设计流程和关键技术。首先从电磁波系统理论基础进行推导和介绍,分析了阅读器芯片射频接口中的关键技术,并提出了设计方案。然后根据射频理论和阅读器的功能要求,确定了阅读器射频接口的体系架构。对阅读器射频接口电路的部分模块进行了系统级仿真,并为各模块提出了电路级设计的参数要求。然后根据新提出的理论架构,设计出了正交解调采样电路,带通滤波电路,可变增益放大器电路和脉冲整形电路,并对其在电路级仿真,达到预期目标。
最后,本文在射频理论的基础上利用CN1302标签芯片的电路进行了RFID射频接口的仿真建模,并给出了验证方案和系统仿真结果。本文的电路设计和仿真采用中芯国际0.35μm嵌入式EEPROM工艺库,在各个场强、温度和工艺角的仿真结果表明所设计的射频接口完全满足高频RFID系统的工作要求,最终实现预期的功能并达到国际标准ISO15693所要求的性能指标。
RFID is a kind of wireless identification technology. Its initial usage was in a particular industrial conditions where bar code scout technology could not apply in, and at that time many enterprises and companies use it to orientate、confirm and scout stored products as well as other objects. RFID tag has many advantages which lie in noncontact, long distance reading, capable of identifying moving objects. A basic RFID system includes Reader and Tag. The circuit of the tag is very simple cause of the low cost. Thus the RF interface circuit of the reader chip should have better performance as well as higher stability. RF interface is one of the most significant techniques in the RFID chips.
This paper systematically discusses the design process and key technique of the RF interface circuit of the reader chip. Firstly derivation and introduction basing on the electromagnetic wave system theory, the paper analyses the important technique of the reader RF interface, and provides useful solutions. Then, the system configuration is designed on the basis of RF protocol and performance requirement of the reader. Part of circuit modules are simulated in the system level and the parameter requirements in circuit level for each module are given. According to the new system configuration, quadrature demodulation sampling circuit, band filter circuit, adjustable amplifier circuit and pulse building circuit are designed and simulated in the transistor level.
At last, using the CN1302 tag chip circuit, the simulation model of the whole RF interface is made. The verification methods and simulation results are presented at the end of the paper. The design has been implemented with 0.35um CMOS technology by SMIC . The RF interface design realizes the anticipation functions and fulfills the performance requirement of the international standard.
本文系统的论述了阅读器芯片射频接口电路的设计流程和关键技术。首先从电磁波系统理论基础进行推导和介绍,分析了阅读器芯片射频接口中的关键技术,并提出了设计方案。然后根据射频理论和阅读器的功能要求,确定了阅读器射频接口的体系架构。对阅读器射频接口电路的部分模块进行了系统级仿真,并为各模块提出了电路级设计的参数要求。然后根据新提出的理论架构,设计出了正交解调采样电路,带通滤波电路,可变增益放大器电路和脉冲整形电路,并对其在电路级仿真,达到预期目标。
最后,本文在射频理论的基础上利用CN1302标签芯片的电路进行了RFID射频接口的仿真建模,并给出了验证方案和系统仿真结果。本文的电路设计和仿真采用中芯国际0.35μm嵌入式EEPROM工艺库,在各个场强、温度和工艺角的仿真结果表明所设计的射频接口完全满足高频RFID系统的工作要求,最终实现预期的功能并达到国际标准ISO15693所要求的性能指标。
RFID is a kind of wireless identification technology. Its initial usage was in a particular industrial conditions where bar code scout technology could not apply in, and at that time many enterprises and companies use it to orientate、confirm and scout stored products as well as other objects. RFID tag has many advantages which lie in noncontact, long distance reading, capable of identifying moving objects. A basic RFID system includes Reader and Tag. The circuit of the tag is very simple cause of the low cost. Thus the RF interface circuit of the reader chip should have better performance as well as higher stability. RF interface is one of the most significant techniques in the RFID chips.
This paper systematically discusses the design process and key technique of the RF interface circuit of the reader chip. Firstly derivation and introduction basing on the electromagnetic wave system theory, the paper analyses the important technique of the reader RF interface, and provides useful solutions. Then, the system configuration is designed on the basis of RF protocol and performance requirement of the reader. Part of circuit modules are simulated in the system level and the parameter requirements in circuit level for each module are given. According to the new system configuration, quadrature demodulation sampling circuit, band filter circuit, adjustable amplifier circuit and pulse building circuit are designed and simulated in the transistor level.
At last, using the CN1302 tag chip circuit, the simulation model of the whole RF interface is made. The verification methods and simulation results are presented at the end of the paper. The design has been implemented with 0.35um CMOS technology by SMIC . The RF interface design realizes the anticipation functions and fulfills the performance requirement of the international standard.
引文
[1]蒋立新,康继纲.电子标签的应用与发展.国防技术基础, 2004, 3:35-37
[2] Howard H.Xia, Henry L. Bertoni and Leandro R. Maciel. Radio Propagation Characteristics for Line-of-Sight Microcellular and personal Communications, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, No.10, 1993
[3] A.J.Motley, J.M.P.Keenan. Personal communication radio coverage in buildings ata 900MHz and 1700MHz, Electronics Letters, Vol.24, 1998:763-764
[4] Udo Karthaus, Martin Fischer. Fully Integrated Passive UHF RFID Transponder IC With 16.7-uW Minimum RF Input Power, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 2003, 38(10):121-125
[5] S.M. Wu, J.R. Yang, T.Y. Liu. An ASIC for transponder for RFID system, Proceeding to the Ninth Annual IEEE International ASIC Conference and Exhibit, 1996, 27(9):111-114
[6] ISO/IEC 15693-1 2000-07-15 Identification cards-Contactless integrated circuit(s) cards-Vicinity cards-part1:Physical characteristics
[7] ISO/IEC 15693-2 2000-07-15 Identification cards-Contactless integrated circuit(s) cards-Vicinity cards-part2:Air interface and initialization
[8] Chia-Chun Tsai, Sheng-Bin Dai. The RF Circuit Design for Magnetic Power and Data Transmission, IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, 2004, 6:12-18
[9] D.Friedman、H.Heinrich. A Low-Power CMOS Integrated Circuit for Field-Powered Radio Frequency Identification Tags,ISSCC97,SESSION17, 1997:294-295
[10]倪昊,徐元森.非接触式IC卡天线的CMOS集成化设计.功能材料与器件学报,2003, 9(2):195-200
[11]徐峰.电感耦合射频卡系统能量和信号传输的研究及电路实现:[硕士学位论文].保存地点:华中科技大学数字图书馆. 2003, 5:25-32
[12]李少锐,林德云,石长生.非接触识别卡通信方案的比较分析.电路与系统学报,2000, 5(3): 82-86
[13] Nak-Gwon Choi, Hyuek-Jae Lee, Sang-Hoon Lee. A 13.56MHz RFID System, IEEE J. of Solid State Circuits, 2005, 3(5): 289-292
[14]刘治宇.带通信号欠采样-滤波数字化机理及正交解调技术研究: [硕士学位论文].保存地点:华中科技大学数字图书馆. 2000
[15]张珺.一种正交解调方法的研究: [硕士学位论文].保存地点:华中科技大学数字图书馆. 2004,3:15-38
[16] ISO/IEC 15693-3 2000-04-01 Identification cards-Contactless integrated circuit(s) cards-Vicinity cards-part3:Anticollision and transmission protocol
[17] MicroChip. 13.56MHz RFID System Design Guide, 2001:77-85
[18] Ken Hansen. Wireless RF Design Challenges. IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, 2003, 9: 3-7
[19] Shoichi Masui, Eiichi Ishii, Takanori Iwawaki et al. A 13.56MHz CMOS RF Identification Transponder Integrated Circuit With A Dedicated CPU. 1999 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference
[20] ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-3, Information Technology AIDC Techniques-RFID for Item Management, International Standardization Organization, April 2003: 12-20
[21] Lal Chand Godara,“Handbook of Antennas in wireless Communication,”CRC Press, 2002:187-211
[22]陈大才.射频识别技术(第二版).北京:电子工业出版社,2001:119-153
[23] Kyung-Won Min, Suk-Byung Chai, and Shiho Kim. An Analog Front-End Circuit for ISO/IEC 14443-Compatible RFID Interrogators. ETRI Journal 2004,26(6):560-561
[24]曹志刚,钱亚生.现代通信原理,北京:清华大学出版社,1992:252-275
[25] Phillip E.Allen,Douglas R. Holberg. CMOS Analog Circuit Design(Second Edition). Beijing:Publishing House of Electronics Industry .2002:499-550
[26] Warren L. Stutzman and Gary A. Thiele. Antenna Theory and Design, IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, 1998:96-123
[27] P.Villard,C.Bour,E.Dallard,etc. A low-voltage mixed-mode CMOS/SOI integrated circuit for 13.56MHz RFID applications.2002 IEEE International SOIConference,10,02:163
[28] G.Matthaei, E.M.T. Jones, and L. Young. Microwave Filters, Impedance-Matching Networks and Coupling Structures. Artech House, Boston, First edition, 1980:120-136
[29] Behzad Razavi. Design Considerations for Direct-Conversion Receivers, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and System-II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, 1997,44(6): 192-196
[30] Konstantin Aslanidis O, Andreas Hagl. Texas Instruments Incorporated. Transponder signal collision avoidance system. US patent number: 5,793,324, Jan.1996
[31] Philips Semiconductors I.CODE Coil Design Guide Product Specification Revision 3.0 September 2002:38-47
[32] Ulrich Rohde Jerry Whitaker. Communications Receivers, McGraw-Hill, 2001:561-578
[33] Thierry Melly, Alain-Serge Porret, Christian C. Enz. An Ultralow-Power UHF Transceiver Integrated in a Standard Digital CMOS Process: Transmitter, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 2001, 36(3):252-256
[34] Behzad Razavi,Design of Analog CMOS Interated Circuit,The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,2001:1-310
[35] Jacobs.G, Allstot.D Brodersen.R Gray.P, Design techniques for MOS switched capacitor ladder filters, Circuits and Systems, IEEE Transactions on Volume 25, Issue 12, 1978: 1014-1021
[36] Auto-ID lab at University of Adelaide, RFID Analog Front End Design Tutorical(version 0.0), North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005:10-12
[37] Pobanz C. A microwave noncontact identification transponder using subharmonic interrogation. IEEE Trans. On Microwave Theory and Techniques, 1995, 43(7):167-1697
[38] Khong-Meng Tham. A Low supply voltage high PSRR voltage reference in CMOS process, IEEE J Solid-State Circuit, 1995, 30(5):586
[39] LIU Dongsheng, ZOU Xuecheng, YANG Qiuping, XIONG Tingwen. An Analog Front-End Circuit for ISO/IEC 15693-Compatible RFID Transponder IC. Journal ofZhejiang University SCIENCE, 2006, 7(10):1765-1777
[40] Jan M.Rabaey,Digital Integrated Circuits (Second Edition),Beijing:Publishing House of Electronics Industry .2005:238-358
[41] Cadence. Cadence AMS Simulator User Guide. Product Version 1.0. September 200
[2] Howard H.Xia, Henry L. Bertoni and Leandro R. Maciel. Radio Propagation Characteristics for Line-of-Sight Microcellular and personal Communications, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, No.10, 1993
[3] A.J.Motley, J.M.P.Keenan. Personal communication radio coverage in buildings ata 900MHz and 1700MHz, Electronics Letters, Vol.24, 1998:763-764
[4] Udo Karthaus, Martin Fischer. Fully Integrated Passive UHF RFID Transponder IC With 16.7-uW Minimum RF Input Power, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 2003, 38(10):121-125
[5] S.M. Wu, J.R. Yang, T.Y. Liu. An ASIC for transponder for RFID system, Proceeding to the Ninth Annual IEEE International ASIC Conference and Exhibit, 1996, 27(9):111-114
[6] ISO/IEC 15693-1 2000-07-15 Identification cards-Contactless integrated circuit(s) cards-Vicinity cards-part1:Physical characteristics
[7] ISO/IEC 15693-2 2000-07-15 Identification cards-Contactless integrated circuit(s) cards-Vicinity cards-part2:Air interface and initialization
[8] Chia-Chun Tsai, Sheng-Bin Dai. The RF Circuit Design for Magnetic Power and Data Transmission, IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, 2004, 6:12-18
[9] D.Friedman、H.Heinrich. A Low-Power CMOS Integrated Circuit for Field-Powered Radio Frequency Identification Tags,ISSCC97,SESSION17, 1997:294-295
[10]倪昊,徐元森.非接触式IC卡天线的CMOS集成化设计.功能材料与器件学报,2003, 9(2):195-200
[11]徐峰.电感耦合射频卡系统能量和信号传输的研究及电路实现:[硕士学位论文].保存地点:华中科技大学数字图书馆. 2003, 5:25-32
[12]李少锐,林德云,石长生.非接触识别卡通信方案的比较分析.电路与系统学报,2000, 5(3): 82-86
[13] Nak-Gwon Choi, Hyuek-Jae Lee, Sang-Hoon Lee. A 13.56MHz RFID System, IEEE J. of Solid State Circuits, 2005, 3(5): 289-292
[14]刘治宇.带通信号欠采样-滤波数字化机理及正交解调技术研究: [硕士学位论文].保存地点:华中科技大学数字图书馆. 2000
[15]张珺.一种正交解调方法的研究: [硕士学位论文].保存地点:华中科技大学数字图书馆. 2004,3:15-38
[16] ISO/IEC 15693-3 2000-04-01 Identification cards-Contactless integrated circuit(s) cards-Vicinity cards-part3:Anticollision and transmission protocol
[17] MicroChip. 13.56MHz RFID System Design Guide, 2001:77-85
[18] Ken Hansen. Wireless RF Design Challenges. IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, 2003, 9: 3-7
[19] Shoichi Masui, Eiichi Ishii, Takanori Iwawaki et al. A 13.56MHz CMOS RF Identification Transponder Integrated Circuit With A Dedicated CPU. 1999 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference
[20] ISO/IEC FDIS 18000-3, Information Technology AIDC Techniques-RFID for Item Management, International Standardization Organization, April 2003: 12-20
[21] Lal Chand Godara,“Handbook of Antennas in wireless Communication,”CRC Press, 2002:187-211
[22]陈大才.射频识别技术(第二版).北京:电子工业出版社,2001:119-153
[23] Kyung-Won Min, Suk-Byung Chai, and Shiho Kim. An Analog Front-End Circuit for ISO/IEC 14443-Compatible RFID Interrogators. ETRI Journal 2004,26(6):560-561
[24]曹志刚,钱亚生.现代通信原理,北京:清华大学出版社,1992:252-275
[25] Phillip E.Allen,Douglas R. Holberg. CMOS Analog Circuit Design(Second Edition). Beijing:Publishing House of Electronics Industry .2002:499-550
[26] Warren L. Stutzman and Gary A. Thiele. Antenna Theory and Design, IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, 1998:96-123
[27] P.Villard,C.Bour,E.Dallard,etc. A low-voltage mixed-mode CMOS/SOI integrated circuit for 13.56MHz RFID applications.2002 IEEE International SOIConference,10,02:163
[28] G.Matthaei, E.M.T. Jones, and L. Young. Microwave Filters, Impedance-Matching Networks and Coupling Structures. Artech House, Boston, First edition, 1980:120-136
[29] Behzad Razavi. Design Considerations for Direct-Conversion Receivers, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and System-II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, 1997,44(6): 192-196
[30] Konstantin Aslanidis O, Andreas Hagl. Texas Instruments Incorporated. Transponder signal collision avoidance system. US patent number: 5,793,324, Jan.1996
[31] Philips Semiconductors I.CODE Coil Design Guide Product Specification Revision 3.0 September 2002:38-47
[32] Ulrich Rohde Jerry Whitaker. Communications Receivers, McGraw-Hill, 2001:561-578
[33] Thierry Melly, Alain-Serge Porret, Christian C. Enz. An Ultralow-Power UHF Transceiver Integrated in a Standard Digital CMOS Process: Transmitter, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 2001, 36(3):252-256
[34] Behzad Razavi,Design of Analog CMOS Interated Circuit,The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc,2001:1-310
[35] Jacobs.G, Allstot.D Brodersen.R Gray.P, Design techniques for MOS switched capacitor ladder filters, Circuits and Systems, IEEE Transactions on Volume 25, Issue 12, 1978: 1014-1021
[36] Auto-ID lab at University of Adelaide, RFID Analog Front End Design Tutorical(version 0.0), North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005:10-12
[37] Pobanz C. A microwave noncontact identification transponder using subharmonic interrogation. IEEE Trans. On Microwave Theory and Techniques, 1995, 43(7):167-1697
[38] Khong-Meng Tham. A Low supply voltage high PSRR voltage reference in CMOS process, IEEE J Solid-State Circuit, 1995, 30(5):586
[39] LIU Dongsheng, ZOU Xuecheng, YANG Qiuping, XIONG Tingwen. An Analog Front-End Circuit for ISO/IEC 15693-Compatible RFID Transponder IC. Journal ofZhejiang University SCIENCE, 2006, 7(10):1765-1777
[40] Jan M.Rabaey,Digital Integrated Circuits (Second Edition),Beijing:Publishing House of Electronics Industry .2005:238-358
[41] Cadence. Cadence AMS Simulator User Guide. Product Version 1.0. September 200