浙江省典型地区环境中持久性有机污染物污染现状、分布规律和来源解析
|
摘要
本文在建立环境中持久性有机污染物分析方法的基础上，分别对浙江省典型地区环境空气、土壤、河流沉积物及污染源废气中持久性有机污染物的污染现状、分布规律及来源解析进行了研究。主要创新点及研究成果如下：
1)本文系统研究了城市大型生活垃圾焚烧炉排放废气对周边地区的环境影响。生活垃圾焚烧炉排放废气、环境空气及土壤之间二恶英异构体分布规律几乎相同，相关性非常强。17种二恶英类化合物对毒性当量贡献最大的均是2，3，4，7，8-PentaCDF，分别占总毒性当量的52．9±1．4％、50．5±2．8％及77．2％。环境空气和土壤中的二恶英主要来源于污染源废气的排放。
2)对具有中国特色的农村小型生活垃圾闷烧炉焚烧特点、二恶英排放特征、排放量及其对周边地区的环境影响进行了研究。根据闷烧炉内含氧量、一氧化碳、焚烧温度及风量的变化及实际观察情况，将闷烧炉的焚烧过程分为垃圾脱水阶段、自燃阶段、燃后阶段和余烬阶段四个过程。不同阶段二恶英排放浓度分别为235、27．6、44．9、69．2 ng I-TEQ／m~3。17种毒性较强的二恶英单体对废气及灰渣样品毒性当量贡献最大的均为2，3，4，7，8-PentaCDF，平均贡献率达到53．8％±14．0％。污染源周边环境土壤中二恶英国际毒性当量均值为4．64 I-TEQ pgI-TEQ／g，高于土壤背景值0．537 pg I-TEQ／g。污染源附近的松针和松枝样品中二恶英毒性当量分别为0．847和0．173 pg I-TEQ／g。通过对不同样品二恶英分布规律进行分析，发现废气、灰渣和植物样品中的二恶英的分布相关性较好，与土壤样品相关性较差。但数据分析显示，排放源排放的二恶英对周边地区土壤有一定贡献。
3)通过对浙江省典型地区的背景点土壤、拆解园区重点污染源周边的土壤及河流沉积物中二恶英及二恶英类多氯联苯的组成分布进行了系统研究，发现该地区背景土壤中二恶英和二恶英类多氯联苯的总WHO毒性当量浓度范围在0．017-5．04 Pg／g(干基)之间，土壤中二恶英类污染物污染情况总体较好。在拆解源主导风向下风向的土壤及水系沉积物中二恶英和二恶英类多氯联苯的总WHO毒性当量浓度范围在6．52-16．7 Pg／g及2．25-34．6 Pg／g之间，检测结果远远高于背景土壤。随着和污染源距离的加大，土壤及沉积物二恶英类污染物毒性当量逐渐降低。通过对污染区域土壤和沉积物样品中二恶英和二恶英类多氯联苯的分布规律进行研究，发现沉积物和土壤中的二恶英和多氯联苯有相同的来源，沉积物中的污染物基本上来自于陆地土壤的流失。
4)通过对不同季节杭州市大气环境PM_(2．5)中多环芳烃的时间、空间和粒径分布特征分析，并结合以多环芳烃和特征无机元素为标记物的化学质量平衡模型，定性定量地分析了杭州市大气中PM_(2．5)和多环芳烃的污染现状、污染物组成分布规律、以及污染源的贡献率。研究发现：1)杭州市环境大气中PM_(2．5)污染较为严重，不同功能区PM_(2．5)污染状况不尽相同，但都呈现春夏季节污染相对较低、秋冬季节则相对较高的现象；2)大气环境PM_(2．5)中PAHs总量不高，苯并[a]芘的监测浓度春、夏、秋三季基本上低于国家标准，但冬天测定结果基本超标。3)大气颗粒物污染来源中，燃煤烟尘的贡献率最大，占39．2％，其次为土壤尘、钢铁尘、机动车尘、地面扬尘、及燃油尘的影响，分别为19．1％、17．2％、11．1％、、10．7％和2．7％，说明杭州市大气气溶胶PM_(2．5)中依旧以燃煤污染为主，但钢铁企业和机动车辆的污染不可小视，而且从部分地区的分析结果来看，二者还可能是主要污染源。4)大气气溶胶中多环芳烃的主要来源为机动车尘的影响，占总量的43％，其次分别为土壤尘和燃煤尘的影响，分别占21％，而钢铁尘对PAHs的影响则较小，只有9％的贡献率，扬尘源的贡献率为6％。
A rapid,inexpensive and accurate analysis method for polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs)and dibenzofurans (PCDFs),dioxin-like polychlorinatedbiphenyls (dioxin-like PCBs),polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)inenvironmental matrix was evaluated in this research with gas chromatography / lowresolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/LRMS)at first.With this method,thedistribution,pollution and source analysis of the Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)in fule gas of pollution source,ambient air,soil and sediment in typical area ofZhejiang Province in China was researched.The main conclusions and innovationwere below:
1)The influence of the PCDD/Fs emission from a large-scale municipal solidwaste incinerator (MSWI)was evaluated by the research of the relativity among theemission gas,the ambient air and soil.It found that the most abundant congener ofPCDD/Fs in different mateixes was 2,3,4,7,8-PentaCDF,with 52.9±1.4%,50.5±2.8%,and 77.2% respectivally.Through the comparativity of the profile of different matrix,the correlation of the PCDD/Fs was very good,which means that the PCDD/Fs inambient air and soil was come from the emission of the MSWI.
2)According to the variance of the content of oxygen,carbon oxygen,temperature,gas flow rate and the observation of the furnace of the rural solid wasteincinerator (RSWI),the burning of the solid waste could be divided into four steps(baking step,buring step,post-burning step and ember step),with a level of PCDD/Fsemission of 235,27.6,44.9 and 69.2 ng I-TEQ/m~3 correspondingly.The mostabundant congener of PCDD/Fs was 2,3,4,7,8-PentaCDF,with 53.8%±14.0% inemission gas and the residua.The levels of the PCDD/Fs in soil samples around theemission source was 4.64 pg I-TEQ/g which was almost ten times of backgroundsample (0.537 pg I-TEQ/g),and the concentrations of the pine needle and the pinestem closed the RSWI were 0.847,0.173 pg I-TEQ/g respectively.Research thecorrelation of the PCDD/Fs profile in different matrix,the correlativity of the fule gas,residual of the incineration,and the plant samples was good which means that thesource of the PCDD/Fs in plant was come from the emission of the RSWI.Although the correlation of the PCDD/Fs in soil samples and other samples was not very good,the influence of the PCDD/Fs in RSWI to soil samples was still exist.
3)The distribution and concentrations of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in atypical area of China was evaluated by analysis of soil and sediment samples whichcollected from a typical disassembling electronic solid waste area of Zhejiang Provine.The range of WHO-TEQ values for the PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in 17 soilsamples representing the background investigation in the study area was 0.017-5.04pg/g dw,which means that the levels of dioxin pollution over the major part of thisdistrict were low.However,the WHO-TEQ values for PCDD/Fs and dioxin-likePCBs in soil samples to the leeward of a known pollution source was much higherthan that of the background investigation (6.52-16.7 pg/g dw),and the levels ofsediment samples downstream of this area was in the range 2.25-34.6 pg/g dw.Theconcentration levels in soil and sediment decreased with increasing distance from thepolluted area.The correlation of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in soil and sedimentindicated that the major source of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in the sedimentcame from soil loss.
4)The distribution,level,source resolution of Polycyclic AromaticHydrocarbons (PAHs)in PM_(2.5)with chemical mass balance (CMB)were researchedin ambient air in Hangzhou city.Research found:1)the pollution of PM_(2.5)in ambientair was relative serious in Hangzhou.2)the levels of PAHs in PM_(2.5)in Spring,Summer and Autumn season were relative gentle,and the results in winter wasrelative serious.3)according to the source resolution with CMB with several labeledcompounds,including PAHs,sulfur,chloroine and other selected materials,thecontribution to PM_(2.5)in ambient air was 39.2%,19.1%,17.2%,11.1%,10.0%,and2.7% to coal burning dust,soil,steel dust,vehicle dust,dust and oil burningrespectively;4)the contribution to PAHs in ambient air was 43%,21%,21% 9%,and6% in vehicle,soil,coal burning,steel,and dust respectively.
1)本文系统研究了城市大型生活垃圾焚烧炉排放废气对周边地区的环境影响。生活垃圾焚烧炉排放废气、环境空气及土壤之间二恶英异构体分布规律几乎相同，相关性非常强。17种二恶英类化合物对毒性当量贡献最大的均是2，3，4，7，8-PentaCDF，分别占总毒性当量的52．9±1．4％、50．5±2．8％及77．2％。环境空气和土壤中的二恶英主要来源于污染源废气的排放。
2)对具有中国特色的农村小型生活垃圾闷烧炉焚烧特点、二恶英排放特征、排放量及其对周边地区的环境影响进行了研究。根据闷烧炉内含氧量、一氧化碳、焚烧温度及风量的变化及实际观察情况，将闷烧炉的焚烧过程分为垃圾脱水阶段、自燃阶段、燃后阶段和余烬阶段四个过程。不同阶段二恶英排放浓度分别为235、27．6、44．9、69．2 ng I-TEQ／m~3。17种毒性较强的二恶英单体对废气及灰渣样品毒性当量贡献最大的均为2，3，4，7，8-PentaCDF，平均贡献率达到53．8％±14．0％。污染源周边环境土壤中二恶英国际毒性当量均值为4．64 I-TEQ pgI-TEQ／g，高于土壤背景值0．537 pg I-TEQ／g。污染源附近的松针和松枝样品中二恶英毒性当量分别为0．847和0．173 pg I-TEQ／g。通过对不同样品二恶英分布规律进行分析，发现废气、灰渣和植物样品中的二恶英的分布相关性较好，与土壤样品相关性较差。但数据分析显示，排放源排放的二恶英对周边地区土壤有一定贡献。
3)通过对浙江省典型地区的背景点土壤、拆解园区重点污染源周边的土壤及河流沉积物中二恶英及二恶英类多氯联苯的组成分布进行了系统研究，发现该地区背景土壤中二恶英和二恶英类多氯联苯的总WHO毒性当量浓度范围在0．017-5．04 Pg／g(干基)之间，土壤中二恶英类污染物污染情况总体较好。在拆解源主导风向下风向的土壤及水系沉积物中二恶英和二恶英类多氯联苯的总WHO毒性当量浓度范围在6．52-16．7 Pg／g及2．25-34．6 Pg／g之间，检测结果远远高于背景土壤。随着和污染源距离的加大，土壤及沉积物二恶英类污染物毒性当量逐渐降低。通过对污染区域土壤和沉积物样品中二恶英和二恶英类多氯联苯的分布规律进行研究，发现沉积物和土壤中的二恶英和多氯联苯有相同的来源，沉积物中的污染物基本上来自于陆地土壤的流失。
4)通过对不同季节杭州市大气环境PM_(2．5)中多环芳烃的时间、空间和粒径分布特征分析，并结合以多环芳烃和特征无机元素为标记物的化学质量平衡模型，定性定量地分析了杭州市大气中PM_(2．5)和多环芳烃的污染现状、污染物组成分布规律、以及污染源的贡献率。研究发现：1)杭州市环境大气中PM_(2．5)污染较为严重，不同功能区PM_(2．5)污染状况不尽相同，但都呈现春夏季节污染相对较低、秋冬季节则相对较高的现象；2)大气环境PM_(2．5)中PAHs总量不高，苯并[a]芘的监测浓度春、夏、秋三季基本上低于国家标准，但冬天测定结果基本超标。3)大气颗粒物污染来源中，燃煤烟尘的贡献率最大，占39．2％，其次为土壤尘、钢铁尘、机动车尘、地面扬尘、及燃油尘的影响，分别为19．1％、17．2％、11．1％、、10．7％和2．7％，说明杭州市大气气溶胶PM_(2．5)中依旧以燃煤污染为主，但钢铁企业和机动车辆的污染不可小视，而且从部分地区的分析结果来看，二者还可能是主要污染源。4)大气气溶胶中多环芳烃的主要来源为机动车尘的影响，占总量的43％，其次分别为土壤尘和燃煤尘的影响，分别占21％，而钢铁尘对PAHs的影响则较小，只有9％的贡献率，扬尘源的贡献率为6％。
A rapid,inexpensive and accurate analysis method for polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs)and dibenzofurans (PCDFs),dioxin-like polychlorinatedbiphenyls (dioxin-like PCBs),polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)inenvironmental matrix was evaluated in this research with gas chromatography / lowresolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/LRMS)at first.With this method,thedistribution,pollution and source analysis of the Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)in fule gas of pollution source,ambient air,soil and sediment in typical area ofZhejiang Province in China was researched.The main conclusions and innovationwere below:
1)The influence of the PCDD/Fs emission from a large-scale municipal solidwaste incinerator (MSWI)was evaluated by the research of the relativity among theemission gas,the ambient air and soil.It found that the most abundant congener ofPCDD/Fs in different mateixes was 2,3,4,7,8-PentaCDF,with 52.9±1.4%,50.5±2.8%,and 77.2% respectivally.Through the comparativity of the profile of different matrix,the correlation of the PCDD/Fs was very good,which means that the PCDD/Fs inambient air and soil was come from the emission of the MSWI.
2)According to the variance of the content of oxygen,carbon oxygen,temperature,gas flow rate and the observation of the furnace of the rural solid wasteincinerator (RSWI),the burning of the solid waste could be divided into four steps(baking step,buring step,post-burning step and ember step),with a level of PCDD/Fsemission of 235,27.6,44.9 and 69.2 ng I-TEQ/m~3 correspondingly.The mostabundant congener of PCDD/Fs was 2,3,4,7,8-PentaCDF,with 53.8%±14.0% inemission gas and the residua.The levels of the PCDD/Fs in soil samples around theemission source was 4.64 pg I-TEQ/g which was almost ten times of backgroundsample (0.537 pg I-TEQ/g),and the concentrations of the pine needle and the pinestem closed the RSWI were 0.847,0.173 pg I-TEQ/g respectively.Research thecorrelation of the PCDD/Fs profile in different matrix,the correlativity of the fule gas,residual of the incineration,and the plant samples was good which means that thesource of the PCDD/Fs in plant was come from the emission of the RSWI.Although the correlation of the PCDD/Fs in soil samples and other samples was not very good,the influence of the PCDD/Fs in RSWI to soil samples was still exist.
3)The distribution and concentrations of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in atypical area of China was evaluated by analysis of soil and sediment samples whichcollected from a typical disassembling electronic solid waste area of Zhejiang Provine.The range of WHO-TEQ values for the PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in 17 soilsamples representing the background investigation in the study area was 0.017-5.04pg/g dw,which means that the levels of dioxin pollution over the major part of thisdistrict were low.However,the WHO-TEQ values for PCDD/Fs and dioxin-likePCBs in soil samples to the leeward of a known pollution source was much higherthan that of the background investigation (6.52-16.7 pg/g dw),and the levels ofsediment samples downstream of this area was in the range 2.25-34.6 pg/g dw.Theconcentration levels in soil and sediment decreased with increasing distance from thepolluted area.The correlation of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in soil and sedimentindicated that the major source of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in the sedimentcame from soil loss.
4)The distribution,level,source resolution of Polycyclic AromaticHydrocarbons (PAHs)in PM_(2.5)with chemical mass balance (CMB)were researchedin ambient air in Hangzhou city.Research found:1)the pollution of PM_(2.5)in ambientair was relative serious in Hangzhou.2)the levels of PAHs in PM_(2.5)in Spring,Summer and Autumn season were relative gentle,and the results in winter wasrelative serious.3)according to the source resolution with CMB with several labeledcompounds,including PAHs,sulfur,chloroine and other selected materials,thecontribution to PM_(2.5)in ambient air was 39.2%,19.1%,17.2%,11.1%,10.0%,and2.7% to coal burning dust,soil,steel dust,vehicle dust,dust and oil burningrespectively;4)the contribution to PAHs in ambient air was 43%,21%,21% 9%,and6% in vehicle,soil,coal burning,steel,and dust respectively.
引文
[1]USEPA method 1613.Tetra-through Octa-chlorinated Dioxins and Furans by Isotope Dilution HRGC/HRMS.Revision A.1990
[2]Geyer H J,Rimkus G G,Scheunert I,Kaune A.et al.Bioaccumulation and occurrence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals(EDCs),persistent organic pollutants(POPs),and other compounds in fish and other organisms including humans.The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry,Part J.Springer-Verlag,Berlin,2000,2:30-90
[3]Beck H,Eckart K,Mathar W,et al.Levels of PCDD's and PCDF's in adipose tissue of occupationally exposed workers.Chemosphere,1989,18:507-516
[4]Sweeney M H,Fingerhut M A,Connally L B,et al.Progress of the NIOSH cross-sectional medical study of workers occupationally exposed to chemicals contaminated with 2,3,7,8-TCDD.Chemosphere,1989,19:973-977
[5]Saracci R,Kogevinas M,Bertazzi P,et al.Cancer mortality in workers exposed to chlorophenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols.Lancet,1991,38:1027-1032
[6]Worrall K，Newton A，Rao R，Wood D，GC-三级四极杆-MS／MS一次进样筛选鱼和飞灰样品基质中四至八氯代PCDD／Fs，环境化学，2006，25：524-527。
[7]Hayward D G.Quadrupole ion storage mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry application to the analysis of all 17 2,3,7,8-substituted chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins(dioxins)and chlorodibenzo furans(furans)in dairy products and high fat foods.US FDA Lab Info Bull No 4084,1997
[8]Hester R E,Harrison R M.Chlorinated Organic Micropollutants.The Royal Society of Chemistry.1996.
[9]Rainer L,Kevin C J.Dioxin and Furan in Air and Deposition:A Review of Levels,Behaviour and Processes.The Science of the Total Environment.1998,219:53-81.
[10]Shigeki M,Yuan Y,Isamu O,Satoshi N,Yutaka K,Masumi Y,Hunko N.Identifying Sources and Mass Balance of Dioxin Pollution in Lake Shinji Basin,Japan.Environ.Sci.Technol.2001,35:1967-1973.
[11]Sakurai T.Dioxins in Aquatic Sediment and Soil in the Kanto Region of Japan:Major Sources and Their Contributions.Environ.Sci.Technol.2003,37:3133-3140.
[12]Wu W Z,Schramm K W,Xu Y,and Kettrup A.Contamination and Distribution of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDD/F)in Agriculture Fields in Ya-Er Lake Area,China.Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.2002,53:141-147.
[13]Sakurai T,Kim J G,Suzuki Z,Matsuo T,Li D Q,Yao Y,Masunaga S,Nakanishi J.Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in sediment,soil,ash,shellish and crab samples from Tokyo Bay area,Japan.Chemosphere.2000,40:627-640.
[14] Schuhtnacher M, Granero S, Xifro A, Domingo, J L, Rivera J and Eljarrat E. Levels of PCDD/Fs in soil samples in the Vicinity of a municipal solid waste incinerator. Chemosphere. 1998, 37:2127-2137.
[15] Hyeon Im S, Kannan K C, Giesy J, Matsuda M, Kimoto T. Concentrations and Profiles of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Soils from Korea. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36: 3700-3705.
[16] Xiao K, Gao L R, Liu W B, Zhang B, Fang L P, Zheng M H. Characteristics and Levels of Dioxins in the Soils along the Bank of Dongting Lake. 25th annual general conference on Chinese Chemistry Academy. 2006.
[17] Zheng M H, Chu S G, Sheng G Y, Ming Y S, Xu X B. Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Surface Sediments from Pearl River Delta in China, Bull. Environ. Contam.& Toxicol. 2001,66:504
[18] Yasuhiko Ohsaki, Takahiko Matsueda and Youichi Kurokawa, Distribution of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins, Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans and Non-ortho Coplanar Polychlorinated Biphenyls in River and Offshore Sediments. Environmental Pollution, 1997, 96: 79-88.
[19] Olie K, Venneulen P L, Hutzinger O, chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and chlorodibenzofurans are trace compounds of fly ash and flue gas of some municipal incinerators in the Nertherlands,Chemosphere. 1977, 8: 453-459
[20] Stanmore B. R., The formation of dioxins in combustion systems. Combustion and Flame. 2004, 136: 398-427
[21] Gordon McKay, Dioxin characterisation, formation and minimisation during municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration: review. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2002, 86: 343-368
[22] Taylor P H, sidhu S S, Rubey W A, Dellinger B, Wehrmeier A, Lenoir D, Schramm K W. Effects of Varying Combustion Conditions on PCDD/F Formation. Proc. Combust. Inst. 1998, 27: 1769-1775.
[23] Wehrmeier A, Lenoir D, sidhu S S, Taylor P H, Rubey W A, Kettrup A, Dellinger B, Role of Copper Species in Chlorination and Condensation Reactions of Acetylene, Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998,32:2741-2748.
[24] Addink R, Olie K, Effect of gasous inhibitors on PCDD/Fs formation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1995,29: 1425-1435.
[25] Hell K, Stieglit I Z, Altwicker E R, Addink R, Will R. Reactions of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on model fly ash: oxidation to CO and CO_2, condensation to PCDD/F and conversion into related compounds. Chemosphere, 2001,42: 697-702.
[26] Moo Been Chang, Chung Han Lee. Dioxin Emissions in the emission from Municipal Waste incinerators in Tanwan. Chemosphere, 1998, 36: 2483-2490
[27]Kim S C,Jeon S H,Jung I R,Kim K H,Kwon M H,Kim J H,Yi J H,Kim S J,You J C,Jung D H.Formation and Emission Status of PCDDs/PCDFs in municipal solid waste incinerators in Korea.Chemosphere,2001,43:701-707.
[28]Yan J H,Chen T,Li X D,Zhang J,Lu S Y,Ni M J,Cen K F,Evaluation of PCDD/Fs emission from fluidized bed incinerators co-firing MSW with coal in China,Journal of Hazardous Materials,2006,135:47-51
[29]严建华，陆胜勇，李晓东，陈彤，池涌，倪明江，岑可法，流化床垃圾焚烧炉飞灰中二恶英的分布，工程热物理学报，2004，25：155-158
[30]Li Xiao-dong,Zhang Ji,Yan Jian-hua,Chen Tong,Lu Sheng-yong,Cen Ke-fa,Effect of water on catalyzed de novo formation ofpolychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans,Journal of Hazardous Materials,2006,137:57-61
[31]陆胜勇，李晓东，章骥，池涌，严建华，陈彤，岑可法，基于PCA方法对垃圾焚烧流化床污染物排放的分析，浙江大学学报(工学版)，2006，40：2002-2006
[32]Yan J H,Peng Z,Lu S Y,Li X D,Cen K F,Removal of PCDDs/Fs from municipal solid waste incineration by entrained-flow adgorption technology,Journal of Zhejiang University(Science),2006,7:1896-1903
[33]陈彤，李晓东，严建华，陆胜勇，金余其，岑可法，垃圾焚烧炉飞灰中二恶英的分布特性，燃料化学学报，2004，32：59-64
[34]仲兆平，金宝升，蓝计香，董长青，周宏仓，城市生活垃圾与煤混烧过程中二恶英的排放与进化研究。中国机电工程学报，2003，23：184-188．
[35]陈彤，谷月玲，严建华，李晓东，陆胜勇，岑可法，氯苯在飞灰表面低温生成二恶英的特性，燃烧科学与技术，2006，12：253-256
[36]金宜英，田洪海，聂永丰，殷惠民，海颖，陈左生。3个城市生活垃圾焚烧炉飞灰中二英类分析。环境科学，2003，24：21-25．
[37]刘劲松，刘维屏，罗愉，高亮，钟光剑，炉排型城市生活垃圾焚烧炉二恶英污染状况及存在问题，中国环境监测，2005，21(4)：46-48
[38]Basham J P,Whitwell I.Dispersion modeling of dioxin releases from the waste incinerator at A vonmouth,Bristol,UK.Atmospheric Envionment.1999,33:3405-3416
[39]Mark D,Cohen B R,Draxler R A,et al.Modeling the atmospheric transport and deposition of PCDD/Fs to the Great Lakes.Environ.Sci.Technol.2002,36:4831-4845
[40]Nathalie Floret,Eric Lucot,Pierre-Marie Badot,Frederic Mauny,Jean-Francois Viel.A municipal solid waste incinerator as the single dominant point source of PCDD/Fs in an area of increased non-Hodgkin's lymphoma incidence.Chemosphere.2007,68:1419-1426
[41]Marta Schuhmacher,Jose'L.Domingo.Long-term study of environmental levels ofdioxins and furans in the vicinity of a municipal solid waste incinerator.Environment International.2006,32:397-404.
[42]Nadal M,Agramunt M C,Schuhmacher M,Domingo J L.PCDD/PCDF congener profiles in soil and herbage samples collected in the vicinity of a municipal waste incinerator before and after pronounced reductions of PCDD/PCDF emissions from the facility.Chemosphere,2002,49:153-159.
[43]Li H R,Yu L P,Sheng G Y,Fu J M,Peng P A.Severe PCDD/F and PBDD/F Pollutionin Air around an Electronic Waste Dismantling Area in China.Environ.Sci.Technol.2007,41:5641-5646
[44]Pai-Sheng Cheng,Ming-Sheng Hsu,Edward Ma,Ukai Chou,Yong-Chien Ling,Levels of PCDD/FS in ambient air and soil in the vicinityof a municipal solid waste incinerator in Hsinchu,Chemosphere.2003,52:1389-1396
[45]Domingo J L,Granero S,Schuhmacher M,Congener profiles of PCDD/Fs in soil and vegetation samples collected near to a municipal waste incinerator.Chemosphere,2001,43:517-524.
[46]Cai Q Y,Mo CH,Wu Q T,Katsoyiannis A,Zeng Q Y.The status of soil contamination by semivolatile organic chemicals(SVOCs)in China:A review.Sci.Total Environ.2008,389:209-224.
[47]Xu Y,Zhang Q H,Wu W Z,Li W.Patterns and levels of PCDD/F in a Chinese graphite electrode sludge,Chinese Sci Bull,2000,45:1471-1475
[48]Schecter A,Jiang K,Papke O,Ftrst P,Ftrst C.Comparison ofdibenzodioxin levels in blood and milk in agriculture workers and others following pentachlorophenol exposure in China.Chemosphere,1994,29:2371-2380
[49]Zheng M H,Yang L C,Zhang C.Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in breast milk from Chinese schistosomiasis areas.Bull Environ Contam Toxicol,2003,70:189-192
[50]Gawlik B M,Platzer B,Muntau H.Monitoring of chlorinated and other organic trace contaminants in selected stretches of the Liao and Yangtzse River(China).Final Report.International cooperation with developing countries.European Communities,2000,Italy
[51]李洪，付宇众，周传光，徐恒振．大连湾和锦州湾表层沉积物中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分布特征．海洋环境科学，1998，17：73-76
[52]陈静生，高学民，Qi M，Blunt J．我国东部河流沉积物中的多氯联苯．环境科学学报，1999，19：614-618
[53]康跃惠，麦碧娴，盛国英．珠江三角洲河口及邻近海区沉积物中含氯有机污染物的分布特征．中国环境科学，2000，20：245-249
[54]康跃惠，麦碧娴．珠江三角洲一些表层沉积物中多氯联苯的初步研究．环境化学，2000，19：262-269
[55]Liu M,Yang Y,Hou L,Xu S,Ou D,Zhang B,Liu Q.Chlorinated organic contaminants in surface sediments from the Yangtze Estuary and nearby coastal areas,China.Mar Pollut Bull,2003,46:659-676
[56]洛永明，滕应，李清波等，长江三角洲地区土壤环境质量与修复研究Ⅰ，典型污染区农田土壤中多氯代二苯并二恶英／呋喃(PCDD／Fs)组成和污染的初步研究，土壤学报，2005，42：570-575．
[57]储少岗，杨春，徐晓白，刘晓星，典型污染地区底泥和土壤中残留多氯联苯的情况调查，中国环境科学。1995，15：199-203．
[58]储少岗，徐晓白，董逸平，多氯联苯在典型地区环境中的分布及其环境行为。环境科学学报，1995，15：423-432．
[59]李霜，韩关根，徐盈等，南方某地产妇和婴儿体内多氯联苯蓄积水平调查，中国工业医学杂志，2005，4：278-280．．
[60]铁晓威，沈海涛，韩见龙，任一平，浙江省部分地区淡水鱼中多氯联苯污染研究。中国卫生检验杂志，2005，15(10)：1241-1242。
[61]Zhao G F,Xu Y,Han G G,ling B.Biotransfer of persistent organic pollutants from a large site in China used for the disassembly of electronic and electrical waste.Envrion.Geochem.Health.2006,28:341-351.
[62]Han J L,Shen H T,Tie X W,Zhang W P,Zhu G N,Ren Y P.Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans and polychlorinated biphenyls in fresh fishes from Qiantangjiang River,China.Chemosphere,2007,68:112-119
[63]张月英，王淑梅，高秀媛．民用煤炉排放多环芳烃的研究．中国环境科学，1990，10：161-165
[64]姚渭溪，徐晓白．燃煤污染源多环芳烃的排放规律及其分布特征．环境科学学报．1993，13：317-324
[65]厉曙光，潘定华．某些饮食业食用油及其加热产物中多环芳烃的分析．环境科学与健康杂志．1992，19：217-219
[66]Zhu L.Z.,Wang J.Sources and patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution in kitchen air,China.Chemosphere.2003,50(5):611-618
[67]朱利中，王静，江斌焕．厨房空气中PAHs污染特征及来源初探．中国环境科学．2002,22：142-145
[68]Miguel,A H;Kirchstetter,T W;Harley,R;Hering,S V.On-road emissions of particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and black carbon from gasoline and diesel vehicles.Environ. Sci.Technol.1998,32:450-455
[69]朱利中，刘勇建，沈学优，沈红心，邱殿星，周宁．公路隧道空气中多环芳烃的污染现状及影响因素．中国环境科学．1999，19：201-205
[70]Westerholm R J,Li H.A multivariate statistical analysis of fuel-related Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles.Environ.Sci.Technol.1994,28(5):965-972
[71]Khalili N R;Scheff P A;Holsen T M.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)sourcesfingerprints for coke oven diesel and gasoline engines,highway tunnel and wood combustion emission.Atmospheric Environment.1995,29:533-542
[72]王静，朱利中，刘勇健。杭州市交通空气中多环芳烃污染，环境科学。2002，14(2)：145-150
[73]王静，朱利中．空气中多环芳烃污染源研究．浙江大学学报．200l，28：302-308
[74]Wagrowski D.M.,Hites R.A..Insights into the global distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans.Environ.Sci.Technol.2000,24:2952-2958
[75]Fiedler H.,Lau C,Kjeller L O,Rappe C.Patterns and Sources of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans Found in Soil and Sediment Samples in Southern Mississipi[J].Chemosphere,1996,32:421-432
[76]韩静蕾，任明忠，许振成，彭晓春，张素坤，珠江三角洲低丘土壤中二恶英类化合物污染水平。中国环境科学，2006,26：328-332．
[77]Muller J.,Gaus C.,Prange J.,et al.Polychiorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in sediments from Hong Kong[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin.2002,45:372-378.
[78]Boos R.,Himsl A.,Wurst F.,et al.Determination of PCDDs and PCDFs in soil samples for Salzburb,Austria[J].Chemosphere.1992,25:283-291.
[79]刘劲松，谭湘萍，庞晓露，高亮，钟光剑，许行义，同位素稀释HRGC-LRMS法测定环境样品中二恶英类多氯联苯，分析测试学报，2004，23：177-180．
[80]刘劲松，庞晓露，许行义，气相色谱质谱测定土壤中的多氯联苯，分析测试学报，2003，22：182-185．
[81]Rappe C,Anderson R,Bonner M,et al.PCDDs and PCDFs in soil and river sediment samples from a rural aera in the United States of America[J].Chemosphere,1997,34:1297-1314.
[82]Prange J A,Gaus C,Papke O,et al.Investigation into the PCDD contamination of topsoil river sediments and kaolinite clay in Queensland Australia[J],Chemosphere,2002,46:1335-1342
[83]Rappe C,Bergek S,Fiedler H,et al.PCDD and PCDF contamination in catfish feed from Arkansas USA[J].Chemosphere,1998,36:2705-2720.
[84]杨永亮，史双昕，潘静等，南四湖沉积物中二恶英类化合物分布，环境化学，2003，23：549-555．
[85]Hornberg,Maciuleviciure,Seemayer,et al.Induction of Sister chromatide exchanges(SCE)in human tracheal epithelial cells by the fractions PM_(10)and PM_(2.5)of airborne Particulartes[J].Toxicollelt,1998,96-97:215-220.
[86]Wieslaw,Elzbjeta,ct al.The advcrsc effect of low levels of ambient air Pollutants on lung function growth in pre-adolescent children[J].Environ Health Perspect,1999,107:669-674.
[87]Arden,Randy,Martin.Particulate air Pollution and daily mortality on Ltah's wasathfront.Environ Health Perspect,1999,107:567-573.
[88]曾凡刚，王玮，梁宝生，潘志，刘红杰，岳欣，机动车排放颗粒物中多环芳烃化合物的研究，环境科学研究，2004，14，32-35
[2]Geyer H J,Rimkus G G,Scheunert I,Kaune A.et al.Bioaccumulation and occurrence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals(EDCs),persistent organic pollutants(POPs),and other compounds in fish and other organisms including humans.The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry,Part J.Springer-Verlag,Berlin,2000,2:30-90
[3]Beck H,Eckart K,Mathar W,et al.Levels of PCDD's and PCDF's in adipose tissue of occupationally exposed workers.Chemosphere,1989,18:507-516
[4]Sweeney M H,Fingerhut M A,Connally L B,et al.Progress of the NIOSH cross-sectional medical study of workers occupationally exposed to chemicals contaminated with 2,3,7,8-TCDD.Chemosphere,1989,19:973-977
[5]Saracci R,Kogevinas M,Bertazzi P,et al.Cancer mortality in workers exposed to chlorophenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols.Lancet,1991,38:1027-1032
[6]Worrall K，Newton A，Rao R，Wood D，GC-三级四极杆-MS／MS一次进样筛选鱼和飞灰样品基质中四至八氯代PCDD／Fs，环境化学，2006，25：524-527。
[7]Hayward D G.Quadrupole ion storage mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry application to the analysis of all 17 2,3,7,8-substituted chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins(dioxins)and chlorodibenzo furans(furans)in dairy products and high fat foods.US FDA Lab Info Bull No 4084,1997
[8]Hester R E,Harrison R M.Chlorinated Organic Micropollutants.The Royal Society of Chemistry.1996.
[9]Rainer L,Kevin C J.Dioxin and Furan in Air and Deposition:A Review of Levels,Behaviour and Processes.The Science of the Total Environment.1998,219:53-81.
[10]Shigeki M,Yuan Y,Isamu O,Satoshi N,Yutaka K,Masumi Y,Hunko N.Identifying Sources and Mass Balance of Dioxin Pollution in Lake Shinji Basin,Japan.Environ.Sci.Technol.2001,35:1967-1973.
[11]Sakurai T.Dioxins in Aquatic Sediment and Soil in the Kanto Region of Japan:Major Sources and Their Contributions.Environ.Sci.Technol.2003,37:3133-3140.
[12]Wu W Z,Schramm K W,Xu Y,and Kettrup A.Contamination and Distribution of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans(PCDD/F)in Agriculture Fields in Ya-Er Lake Area,China.Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.2002,53:141-147.
[13]Sakurai T,Kim J G,Suzuki Z,Matsuo T,Li D Q,Yao Y,Masunaga S,Nakanishi J.Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in sediment,soil,ash,shellish and crab samples from Tokyo Bay area,Japan.Chemosphere.2000,40:627-640.
[14] Schuhtnacher M, Granero S, Xifro A, Domingo, J L, Rivera J and Eljarrat E. Levels of PCDD/Fs in soil samples in the Vicinity of a municipal solid waste incinerator. Chemosphere. 1998, 37:2127-2137.
[15] Hyeon Im S, Kannan K C, Giesy J, Matsuda M, Kimoto T. Concentrations and Profiles of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Soils from Korea. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36: 3700-3705.
[16] Xiao K, Gao L R, Liu W B, Zhang B, Fang L P, Zheng M H. Characteristics and Levels of Dioxins in the Soils along the Bank of Dongting Lake. 25th annual general conference on Chinese Chemistry Academy. 2006.
[17] Zheng M H, Chu S G, Sheng G Y, Ming Y S, Xu X B. Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Surface Sediments from Pearl River Delta in China, Bull. Environ. Contam.& Toxicol. 2001,66:504
[18] Yasuhiko Ohsaki, Takahiko Matsueda and Youichi Kurokawa, Distribution of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins, Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans and Non-ortho Coplanar Polychlorinated Biphenyls in River and Offshore Sediments. Environmental Pollution, 1997, 96: 79-88.
[19] Olie K, Venneulen P L, Hutzinger O, chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and chlorodibenzofurans are trace compounds of fly ash and flue gas of some municipal incinerators in the Nertherlands,Chemosphere. 1977, 8: 453-459
[20] Stanmore B. R., The formation of dioxins in combustion systems. Combustion and Flame. 2004, 136: 398-427
[21] Gordon McKay, Dioxin characterisation, formation and minimisation during municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration: review. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2002, 86: 343-368
[22] Taylor P H, sidhu S S, Rubey W A, Dellinger B, Wehrmeier A, Lenoir D, Schramm K W. Effects of Varying Combustion Conditions on PCDD/F Formation. Proc. Combust. Inst. 1998, 27: 1769-1775.
[23] Wehrmeier A, Lenoir D, sidhu S S, Taylor P H, Rubey W A, Kettrup A, Dellinger B, Role of Copper Species in Chlorination and Condensation Reactions of Acetylene, Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998,32:2741-2748.
[24] Addink R, Olie K, Effect of gasous inhibitors on PCDD/Fs formation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1995,29: 1425-1435.
[25] Hell K, Stieglit I Z, Altwicker E R, Addink R, Will R. Reactions of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on model fly ash: oxidation to CO and CO_2, condensation to PCDD/F and conversion into related compounds. Chemosphere, 2001,42: 697-702.
[26] Moo Been Chang, Chung Han Lee. Dioxin Emissions in the emission from Municipal Waste incinerators in Tanwan. Chemosphere, 1998, 36: 2483-2490
[27]Kim S C,Jeon S H,Jung I R,Kim K H,Kwon M H,Kim J H,Yi J H,Kim S J,You J C,Jung D H.Formation and Emission Status of PCDDs/PCDFs in municipal solid waste incinerators in Korea.Chemosphere,2001,43:701-707.
[28]Yan J H,Chen T,Li X D,Zhang J,Lu S Y,Ni M J,Cen K F,Evaluation of PCDD/Fs emission from fluidized bed incinerators co-firing MSW with coal in China,Journal of Hazardous Materials,2006,135:47-51
[29]严建华，陆胜勇，李晓东，陈彤，池涌，倪明江，岑可法，流化床垃圾焚烧炉飞灰中二恶英的分布，工程热物理学报，2004，25：155-158
[30]Li Xiao-dong,Zhang Ji,Yan Jian-hua,Chen Tong,Lu Sheng-yong,Cen Ke-fa,Effect of water on catalyzed de novo formation ofpolychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans,Journal of Hazardous Materials,2006,137:57-61
[31]陆胜勇，李晓东，章骥，池涌，严建华，陈彤，岑可法，基于PCA方法对垃圾焚烧流化床污染物排放的分析，浙江大学学报(工学版)，2006，40：2002-2006
[32]Yan J H,Peng Z,Lu S Y,Li X D,Cen K F,Removal of PCDDs/Fs from municipal solid waste incineration by entrained-flow adgorption technology,Journal of Zhejiang University(Science),2006,7:1896-1903
[33]陈彤，李晓东，严建华，陆胜勇，金余其，岑可法，垃圾焚烧炉飞灰中二恶英的分布特性，燃料化学学报，2004，32：59-64
[34]仲兆平，金宝升，蓝计香，董长青，周宏仓，城市生活垃圾与煤混烧过程中二恶英的排放与进化研究。中国机电工程学报，2003，23：184-188．
[35]陈彤，谷月玲，严建华，李晓东，陆胜勇，岑可法，氯苯在飞灰表面低温生成二恶英的特性，燃烧科学与技术，2006，12：253-256
[36]金宜英，田洪海，聂永丰，殷惠民，海颖，陈左生。3个城市生活垃圾焚烧炉飞灰中二英类分析。环境科学，2003，24：21-25．
[37]刘劲松，刘维屏，罗愉，高亮，钟光剑，炉排型城市生活垃圾焚烧炉二恶英污染状况及存在问题，中国环境监测，2005，21(4)：46-48
[38]Basham J P,Whitwell I.Dispersion modeling of dioxin releases from the waste incinerator at A vonmouth,Bristol,UK.Atmospheric Envionment.1999,33:3405-3416
[39]Mark D,Cohen B R,Draxler R A,et al.Modeling the atmospheric transport and deposition of PCDD/Fs to the Great Lakes.Environ.Sci.Technol.2002,36:4831-4845
[40]Nathalie Floret,Eric Lucot,Pierre-Marie Badot,Frederic Mauny,Jean-Francois Viel.A municipal solid waste incinerator as the single dominant point source of PCDD/Fs in an area of increased non-Hodgkin's lymphoma incidence.Chemosphere.2007,68:1419-1426
[41]Marta Schuhmacher,Jose'L.Domingo.Long-term study of environmental levels ofdioxins and furans in the vicinity of a municipal solid waste incinerator.Environment International.2006,32:397-404.
[42]Nadal M,Agramunt M C,Schuhmacher M,Domingo J L.PCDD/PCDF congener profiles in soil and herbage samples collected in the vicinity of a municipal waste incinerator before and after pronounced reductions of PCDD/PCDF emissions from the facility.Chemosphere,2002,49:153-159.
[43]Li H R,Yu L P,Sheng G Y,Fu J M,Peng P A.Severe PCDD/F and PBDD/F Pollutionin Air around an Electronic Waste Dismantling Area in China.Environ.Sci.Technol.2007,41:5641-5646
[44]Pai-Sheng Cheng,Ming-Sheng Hsu,Edward Ma,Ukai Chou,Yong-Chien Ling,Levels of PCDD/FS in ambient air and soil in the vicinityof a municipal solid waste incinerator in Hsinchu,Chemosphere.2003,52:1389-1396
[45]Domingo J L,Granero S,Schuhmacher M,Congener profiles of PCDD/Fs in soil and vegetation samples collected near to a municipal waste incinerator.Chemosphere,2001,43:517-524.
[46]Cai Q Y,Mo CH,Wu Q T,Katsoyiannis A,Zeng Q Y.The status of soil contamination by semivolatile organic chemicals(SVOCs)in China:A review.Sci.Total Environ.2008,389:209-224.
[47]Xu Y,Zhang Q H,Wu W Z,Li W.Patterns and levels of PCDD/F in a Chinese graphite electrode sludge,Chinese Sci Bull,2000,45:1471-1475
[48]Schecter A,Jiang K,Papke O,Ftrst P,Ftrst C.Comparison ofdibenzodioxin levels in blood and milk in agriculture workers and others following pentachlorophenol exposure in China.Chemosphere,1994,29:2371-2380
[49]Zheng M H,Yang L C,Zhang C.Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in breast milk from Chinese schistosomiasis areas.Bull Environ Contam Toxicol,2003,70:189-192
[50]Gawlik B M,Platzer B,Muntau H.Monitoring of chlorinated and other organic trace contaminants in selected stretches of the Liao and Yangtzse River(China).Final Report.International cooperation with developing countries.European Communities,2000,Italy
[51]李洪，付宇众，周传光，徐恒振．大连湾和锦州湾表层沉积物中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分布特征．海洋环境科学，1998，17：73-76
[52]陈静生，高学民，Qi M，Blunt J．我国东部河流沉积物中的多氯联苯．环境科学学报，1999，19：614-618
[53]康跃惠，麦碧娴，盛国英．珠江三角洲河口及邻近海区沉积物中含氯有机污染物的分布特征．中国环境科学，2000，20：245-249
[54]康跃惠，麦碧娴．珠江三角洲一些表层沉积物中多氯联苯的初步研究．环境化学，2000，19：262-269
[55]Liu M,Yang Y,Hou L,Xu S,Ou D,Zhang B,Liu Q.Chlorinated organic contaminants in surface sediments from the Yangtze Estuary and nearby coastal areas,China.Mar Pollut Bull,2003,46:659-676
[56]洛永明，滕应，李清波等，长江三角洲地区土壤环境质量与修复研究Ⅰ，典型污染区农田土壤中多氯代二苯并二恶英／呋喃(PCDD／Fs)组成和污染的初步研究，土壤学报，2005，42：570-575．
[57]储少岗，杨春，徐晓白，刘晓星，典型污染地区底泥和土壤中残留多氯联苯的情况调查，中国环境科学。1995，15：199-203．
[58]储少岗，徐晓白，董逸平，多氯联苯在典型地区环境中的分布及其环境行为。环境科学学报，1995，15：423-432．
[59]李霜，韩关根，徐盈等，南方某地产妇和婴儿体内多氯联苯蓄积水平调查，中国工业医学杂志，2005，4：278-280．．
[60]铁晓威，沈海涛，韩见龙，任一平，浙江省部分地区淡水鱼中多氯联苯污染研究。中国卫生检验杂志，2005，15(10)：1241-1242。
[61]Zhao G F,Xu Y,Han G G,ling B.Biotransfer of persistent organic pollutants from a large site in China used for the disassembly of electronic and electrical waste.Envrion.Geochem.Health.2006,28:341-351.
[62]Han J L,Shen H T,Tie X W,Zhang W P,Zhu G N,Ren Y P.Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans and polychlorinated biphenyls in fresh fishes from Qiantangjiang River,China.Chemosphere,2007,68:112-119
[63]张月英，王淑梅，高秀媛．民用煤炉排放多环芳烃的研究．中国环境科学，1990，10：161-165
[64]姚渭溪，徐晓白．燃煤污染源多环芳烃的排放规律及其分布特征．环境科学学报．1993，13：317-324
[65]厉曙光，潘定华．某些饮食业食用油及其加热产物中多环芳烃的分析．环境科学与健康杂志．1992，19：217-219
[66]Zhu L.Z.,Wang J.Sources and patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution in kitchen air,China.Chemosphere.2003,50(5):611-618
[67]朱利中，王静，江斌焕．厨房空气中PAHs污染特征及来源初探．中国环境科学．2002,22：142-145
[68]Miguel,A H;Kirchstetter,T W;Harley,R;Hering,S V.On-road emissions of particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and black carbon from gasoline and diesel vehicles.Environ. Sci.Technol.1998,32:450-455
[69]朱利中，刘勇建，沈学优，沈红心，邱殿星，周宁．公路隧道空气中多环芳烃的污染现状及影响因素．中国环境科学．1999，19：201-205
[70]Westerholm R J,Li H.A multivariate statistical analysis of fuel-related Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles.Environ.Sci.Technol.1994,28(5):965-972
[71]Khalili N R;Scheff P A;Holsen T M.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)sourcesfingerprints for coke oven diesel and gasoline engines,highway tunnel and wood combustion emission.Atmospheric Environment.1995,29:533-542
[72]王静，朱利中，刘勇健。杭州市交通空气中多环芳烃污染，环境科学。2002，14(2)：145-150
[73]王静，朱利中．空气中多环芳烃污染源研究．浙江大学学报．200l，28：302-308
[74]Wagrowski D.M.,Hites R.A..Insights into the global distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans.Environ.Sci.Technol.2000,24:2952-2958
[75]Fiedler H.,Lau C,Kjeller L O,Rappe C.Patterns and Sources of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans Found in Soil and Sediment Samples in Southern Mississipi[J].Chemosphere,1996,32:421-432
[76]韩静蕾，任明忠，许振成，彭晓春，张素坤，珠江三角洲低丘土壤中二恶英类化合物污染水平。中国环境科学，2006,26：328-332．
[77]Muller J.,Gaus C.,Prange J.,et al.Polychiorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in sediments from Hong Kong[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin.2002,45:372-378.
[78]Boos R.,Himsl A.,Wurst F.,et al.Determination of PCDDs and PCDFs in soil samples for Salzburb,Austria[J].Chemosphere.1992,25:283-291.
[79]刘劲松，谭湘萍，庞晓露，高亮，钟光剑，许行义，同位素稀释HRGC-LRMS法测定环境样品中二恶英类多氯联苯，分析测试学报，2004，23：177-180．
[80]刘劲松，庞晓露，许行义，气相色谱质谱测定土壤中的多氯联苯，分析测试学报，2003，22：182-185．
[81]Rappe C,Anderson R,Bonner M,et al.PCDDs and PCDFs in soil and river sediment samples from a rural aera in the United States of America[J].Chemosphere,1997,34:1297-1314.
[82]Prange J A,Gaus C,Papke O,et al.Investigation into the PCDD contamination of topsoil river sediments and kaolinite clay in Queensland Australia[J],Chemosphere,2002,46:1335-1342
[83]Rappe C,Bergek S,Fiedler H,et al.PCDD and PCDF contamination in catfish feed from Arkansas USA[J].Chemosphere,1998,36:2705-2720.
[84]杨永亮，史双昕，潘静等，南四湖沉积物中二恶英类化合物分布，环境化学，2003，23：549-555．
[85]Hornberg,Maciuleviciure,Seemayer,et al.Induction of Sister chromatide exchanges(SCE)in human tracheal epithelial cells by the fractions PM_(10)and PM_(2.5)of airborne Particulartes[J].Toxicollelt,1998,96-97:215-220.
[86]Wieslaw,Elzbjeta,ct al.The advcrsc effect of low levels of ambient air Pollutants on lung function growth in pre-adolescent children[J].Environ Health Perspect,1999,107:669-674.
[87]Arden,Randy,Martin.Particulate air Pollution and daily mortality on Ltah's wasathfront.Environ Health Perspect,1999,107:567-573.
[88]曾凡刚，王玮，梁宝生，潘志，刘红杰，岳欣，机动车排放颗粒物中多环芳烃化合物的研究，环境科学研究，2004，14，32-35