马齿苋的化学成分及抗氧化活性研究
|
摘要
马齿苋(Portulaca oleracea L.)广布于全世界温带和热带地区,在许多国家作为药食两用植物使用。马齿苋中含有脂肪酸、萜类、生物碱、香豆素、黄酮、酚酸和挥发油等多种化学成分。现代药理研究表明马齿苋具有抗菌、消炎止痛、松弛肌肉、治外伤和神经保护作用,以及显著的抗氧化和延缓衰老作用。由于目前对马齿苋抗氧化作用的物质基础研究很少,马齿苋的抗氧化活性部位和活性成分还不十分清楚。
本研究以马齿苋药材为原料,经70%乙醇回流提取,提取液经AB-8大孔吸附树脂洗脱,洗脱物依次经乙酸乙酯和正丁醇萃取,各萃取相经硅胶柱层析、聚酰胺柱层析、ODS-A反相硅胶柱层析和Sephadex LH-20柱层析等多种柱层析方法进行分离纯化,共获得8个单体化合物,经波谱解析(一维核磁共振氢谱和碳谱以及氢-氢化学位移相关谱、异核多量子相关谱和多键碳氢相关谱等二维核磁共振谱)鉴定了其中7个化合物,分别为咖啡酸(1)、马齿苋酰胺E(2)、马齿苋酰胺A(3)、马齿苋酰胺B(4)、橙皮苷(5)、腺苷(6)和腺嘌呤(7)。其中,化合物1、5、和7为首次从马齿苋中分离得到。
此外,本研究利用DPPH自由基清除法以及双氧水诱导的大鼠脑匀浆脂质过氧化模型,首次对马齿苋的各个部位,以及分离得到的新型酚性生物碱进行了较为系统的抗氧化活性研究。两种抗氧化分析方法均表明:马齿苋水提取物中乙酸乙酯相和正丁醇相的抗氧化活性最强,且呈剂量依赖性,是马齿苋的主要抗氧化活性部位;总水提物的活性较弱;而剩余水相在DPPH实验中表现出最弱的抗氧化活性,在脂质过氧化实验中,当为中等浓度(92.81μg/mL和185.63μg/mL)时,有明显的增强脂质过氧化作用。单体化合物中,咖啡酸活性最强。马齿苋酰胺A、马齿苋酰胺B和马齿苋酰胺E显示出一定的抗氧化活性。酚性生物碱清除DPPH自由基的活性顺序为马齿苋酰胺B>马齿苋酰胺A>马齿苋酰胺E,均强于阳性对照抗坏血酸和生育酚;其抑制双氧水诱导的大鼠脑匀浆脂质过氧化实验中,马齿苋酰胺E的活性最强,且呈剂量依赖性,其半数抑制浓度为73.13μM,与咖啡酸(72.09μM)接近,马齿苋酰胺A和马齿苋酰胺B低浓度时没有明显的抑制脂质过氧化活性,只在高浓度(大于200μM)时对脂质过氧化具有抑制作用。
本课题的创新之处为:首次利用双氧水诱导的大鼠脑匀浆脂质过氧化法,对马齿苋不同部位和分离得到的新型酚性生物碱进行抗氧化活性研究,进一步阐明了马齿苋抗氧化作用的物质基础和作用机制,为新的天然抗氧化剂的开发提供了理论依据,对将来马齿苋用于开发为保健食品或者一些慢性疾病的辅助治疗具有重要的现实意义。
Portulaca oleracea(Portulacaceae family) is a well-known edible plant,which is widespread in temperate and tropical regions of the world.Many types of chemical compounds were present in this plant,including unsaturated fatty acids,terpenoids,alkaloids,coumarins,flavonoids,phenolic acids and volatile oil.It is also used as folk medicine in many countries with various pharmacological effects such as antibacterial,analgesic, antiinflammatory,muscle relaxation,anthelminthic,wound healing and neuroprotective activities.It is noteworthy that many researches have shown that P.oleracea has strong antioxidant activity.However,the antioxidant ingredients in P.oleracea is not fully understood yet.
In this study,the crude drug of P.oleracea was extracted with 70%ethanol.The condensed extract was subjected on AB-8 resin,and the eluates were partitioned with ethyl acetate and n-butanol,sequentially.Eight compounds were isolated from above extracts using various chromatographic methods,such as silica gel column chromatography,polyamide column chromatography,ODS-A column chromatography and polydextran gel SephadexLH-20 column chromatography.Based on various spectroscopic data(~1H-NMR, ~(13)C-NMR,H-H COSY,HMQC and HMBC),seven compounds were identified as caffeic acid(1),oleracein E (2),oleracein A(3),oleracein B(4),hesperidin(5),adenosine(6) and adenine(7).Compound 1,5,and 7 were isolated from P.oleracea L.for the first time.
Antioxidant activities of different fractions and phenolic compounds from Portulaca oleracea were determined,based on scavenging activity against DPPH radical and inhibitory effect on hydrogen peroxide-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenates.In both assays,n-butanol fraction and ethyl acetate fraction were shown to be the more potent antioxidants,and were in a dose-dependent manner, followed by the whole water fraction.The remaining water fraction showed the weakest DPPH free-radical scavenging activity and stimulated lipid peroxidation significantly at the median concentration(92.81μg/mL and 185.63μg/mL).As for individual compound,caffeic acid showed the strongest antioxidant activity. Phenolic alkaloids also served as a new class of antioxidant agent in this plant.The DPPH radical-scavenging activities of three phenolic alkaloids,i.e.oleracein A(OA),oleracein B(OB) and oleracein E(OE),were higher than the positive control,ascorbic acid and a-tocopherol,being in the following order:OB>OA>OE. Among three alkaloids,OE was most potent in preventing hydrogen peroxide-induced formation of MDA in a dose-dependent manner,with IC_(50) value of 73.13μM,close to that of caffeic acid(72.09μM).However,OA and OB showed no activity at low concentration and significant inhibitory activity occurred only at high concentrations above 200μM.
The innovative point of this study was that we first determined the antioxidant activities of different fractions and phenolic compounds from Portulaca oleracea depending on the inhibitory effect on hydrogen peroxide-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenates.This study further elucidated the antioxidant ingredients of P.oleracea and their action mechanism.It would be very important for the future usage of P. oleracea as functional food or potential drugs for the prevention and treatment of some chronic diseases.
本研究以马齿苋药材为原料,经70%乙醇回流提取,提取液经AB-8大孔吸附树脂洗脱,洗脱物依次经乙酸乙酯和正丁醇萃取,各萃取相经硅胶柱层析、聚酰胺柱层析、ODS-A反相硅胶柱层析和Sephadex LH-20柱层析等多种柱层析方法进行分离纯化,共获得8个单体化合物,经波谱解析(一维核磁共振氢谱和碳谱以及氢-氢化学位移相关谱、异核多量子相关谱和多键碳氢相关谱等二维核磁共振谱)鉴定了其中7个化合物,分别为咖啡酸(1)、马齿苋酰胺E(2)、马齿苋酰胺A(3)、马齿苋酰胺B(4)、橙皮苷(5)、腺苷(6)和腺嘌呤(7)。其中,化合物1、5、和7为首次从马齿苋中分离得到。
此外,本研究利用DPPH自由基清除法以及双氧水诱导的大鼠脑匀浆脂质过氧化模型,首次对马齿苋的各个部位,以及分离得到的新型酚性生物碱进行了较为系统的抗氧化活性研究。两种抗氧化分析方法均表明:马齿苋水提取物中乙酸乙酯相和正丁醇相的抗氧化活性最强,且呈剂量依赖性,是马齿苋的主要抗氧化活性部位;总水提物的活性较弱;而剩余水相在DPPH实验中表现出最弱的抗氧化活性,在脂质过氧化实验中,当为中等浓度(92.81μg/mL和185.63μg/mL)时,有明显的增强脂质过氧化作用。单体化合物中,咖啡酸活性最强。马齿苋酰胺A、马齿苋酰胺B和马齿苋酰胺E显示出一定的抗氧化活性。酚性生物碱清除DPPH自由基的活性顺序为马齿苋酰胺B>马齿苋酰胺A>马齿苋酰胺E,均强于阳性对照抗坏血酸和生育酚;其抑制双氧水诱导的大鼠脑匀浆脂质过氧化实验中,马齿苋酰胺E的活性最强,且呈剂量依赖性,其半数抑制浓度为73.13μM,与咖啡酸(72.09μM)接近,马齿苋酰胺A和马齿苋酰胺B低浓度时没有明显的抑制脂质过氧化活性,只在高浓度(大于200μM)时对脂质过氧化具有抑制作用。
本课题的创新之处为:首次利用双氧水诱导的大鼠脑匀浆脂质过氧化法,对马齿苋不同部位和分离得到的新型酚性生物碱进行抗氧化活性研究,进一步阐明了马齿苋抗氧化作用的物质基础和作用机制,为新的天然抗氧化剂的开发提供了理论依据,对将来马齿苋用于开发为保健食品或者一些慢性疾病的辅助治疗具有重要的现实意义。
Portulaca oleracea(Portulacaceae family) is a well-known edible plant,which is widespread in temperate and tropical regions of the world.Many types of chemical compounds were present in this plant,including unsaturated fatty acids,terpenoids,alkaloids,coumarins,flavonoids,phenolic acids and volatile oil.It is also used as folk medicine in many countries with various pharmacological effects such as antibacterial,analgesic, antiinflammatory,muscle relaxation,anthelminthic,wound healing and neuroprotective activities.It is noteworthy that many researches have shown that P.oleracea has strong antioxidant activity.However,the antioxidant ingredients in P.oleracea is not fully understood yet.
In this study,the crude drug of P.oleracea was extracted with 70%ethanol.The condensed extract was subjected on AB-8 resin,and the eluates were partitioned with ethyl acetate and n-butanol,sequentially.Eight compounds were isolated from above extracts using various chromatographic methods,such as silica gel column chromatography,polyamide column chromatography,ODS-A column chromatography and polydextran gel SephadexLH-20 column chromatography.Based on various spectroscopic data(~1H-NMR, ~(13)C-NMR,H-H COSY,HMQC and HMBC),seven compounds were identified as caffeic acid(1),oleracein E (2),oleracein A(3),oleracein B(4),hesperidin(5),adenosine(6) and adenine(7).Compound 1,5,and 7 were isolated from P.oleracea L.for the first time.
Antioxidant activities of different fractions and phenolic compounds from Portulaca oleracea were determined,based on scavenging activity against DPPH radical and inhibitory effect on hydrogen peroxide-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenates.In both assays,n-butanol fraction and ethyl acetate fraction were shown to be the more potent antioxidants,and were in a dose-dependent manner, followed by the whole water fraction.The remaining water fraction showed the weakest DPPH free-radical scavenging activity and stimulated lipid peroxidation significantly at the median concentration(92.81μg/mL and 185.63μg/mL).As for individual compound,caffeic acid showed the strongest antioxidant activity. Phenolic alkaloids also served as a new class of antioxidant agent in this plant.The DPPH radical-scavenging activities of three phenolic alkaloids,i.e.oleracein A(OA),oleracein B(OB) and oleracein E(OE),were higher than the positive control,ascorbic acid and a-tocopherol,being in the following order:OB>OA>OE. Among three alkaloids,OE was most potent in preventing hydrogen peroxide-induced formation of MDA in a dose-dependent manner,with IC_(50) value of 73.13μM,close to that of caffeic acid(72.09μM).However,OA and OB showed no activity at low concentration and significant inhibitory activity occurred only at high concentrations above 200μM.
The innovative point of this study was that we first determined the antioxidant activities of different fractions and phenolic compounds from Portulaca oleracea depending on the inhibitory effect on hydrogen peroxide-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenates.This study further elucidated the antioxidant ingredients of P.oleracea and their action mechanism.It would be very important for the future usage of P. oleracea as functional food or potential drugs for the prevention and treatment of some chronic diseases.
引文
[1]王仲英,李香兰,宜春生.马齿苋总生物碱的测定[J].太原理工大学学报,2001,32(2):197-199.
[2]Feng,P.C.,Haynes,L.J.,Magnus,K.E..High concentration of(-)noradrenaline in Portulaca oleracea L.[J].Nature,1961,191:1108.
[3]Zhang,J.Y.,Chen,X.G.,Hu,Z.D.,et al..Quantification of noradrenaline and dopamine in Portulaca oleracea L.by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,2002,471:203-209.
[4]Piattelli,M.,Minale,L..Pigments of centrospermae Ⅱ.Distribution of betacyanins[J].Phytochemistry,1964,3:547-557.
[5]Mizutani,M.,Hashidoko,Y.,Tahara,S..Factors responsible for inhibiting the motility of zoospores of the phytopathogenic fungus Aphanomyces cochlioides isolated from the non-host plant Portulaca oleracea [J].FEBS letters,1998,438:236-240.
[6]Rasheed A.N.,Afifi F.U.,Shaedah M.,et al..Investigation of the active constituents of Portulaca oleracea L.(Portulacaceae) growing in Jordan[J].Pak.J.Pharm.Sci.2004,69(1):34-37.
[7]Imperato,F..Acylated betacyanins of Portulaca oleracea[J].Phytochemistry,1975,14:2091-2092.
[8]Xiang L,Xing D,Wang W,et al..Alkaloids from Portulaca oleracea L.[J].Phytochemistry,2005,66(21):2595-2601.
[9]Sakai,N.,Inada,K.,Okamoto,M.,et al..Portuloside A,a monoterpene glucoside from Portulaca oleracea[J].Phytochemistry,1996,42(6):625-1628.
[10]Seo,Y.,Shin,J.,Cha,H.J.,et al..A new monoterpene glycoside from Portulaca oleracea[J].Bull.Kor.Chem.Soc,2003,24(10):1475-1477.
[11]Sun,J.,Zhang,H.,Zhang,J.M.,et al..Chemical constituents from Portulaca oleracea L.[J].Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences,2004,13(4):291-292.
[12]Boschelle,O.,Sblattero,S.,Porto,CD.,et al..Lipid composition of Portulaca oleracea[J].Riv.Ital.Sostanze Grasse,1991,68(6):287-292.
[13]郜志峰,刘鹏岩,傅承光,等.离子排斥色谱法测定马齿苋中低分子羧酸[J].色谱,1996,14(1):50-52.
[14]Awad,N.E..Lipid content and antimicrobial activity of phenolic constituents of cultivated Portulaca oleracea L.[J].Bulletin of the Faculty of Pharmacy(Cairo University),1994,32(1):137-142.
[15]刘鹏岩,郭志峰,安秋容,等.马齿苋及其籽中脂肪酸的比较研究[J].分析测试学报,1995,14(5):70-72.
[16]邹耀洪.2-氨基-2-甲基丙醇化学改良气相色谱-质谱法分析马齿苋脂肪酸[J].食品科学,2004,25(5):154-158.
[17]周阳,张冬惠.马齿苋与ω-3多价不饱和脂肪酸[J].国外医药.植物药分册,1995,10(6):247-250.
[18]李香兰,王仲英.马齿苋不同部位总黄酮含量的测定[J].光谱实验室,2004,21(5):898-900.
[19]Seo Y.,Shin J.,Lee B.J.,et al..Two biophenolic glycosides from Portulaca oleracea[J].Journal of Korean Chemistry Society,2003,47(1):43-46.
[20]刘鹏岩,靳伯礼,郭志峰,等.马齿苋挥发油的GC-MS分析[J].河北大学学报,1994,14(3):71-74.
[21]Garti,N.,Slavin,Y.,Aserin,A..Surface and emulsification properties of a new gum extracted from Portulaca oleracea L.[J].Food Hydrocolloids,1999,13:145-155.
[22]刘志勇,王莉,鲁建江,等.马齿苋多糖的微波提取及含量测定[J].中国药师,2002,5(11):667-668.
[23]段玉峰,韩果萍.马齿苋多糖组分的分离纯化及抗氧化活性研究[J].食品科学,2005,26(3):225-228.
[24]李利峰.马齿苋——野生蔬菜中的保健珍品[J].辽宁农业科学,1997,(4):56.
[25]谭丽霞,周求良,尹建国,等.马齿苋的营养成份分析及其开发利用[J].中国野生植物资源,2000,19(2):49-50.
[26]高莉,刘捷,隋彦辉,等.马齿苋的功能及其开发利用[J].食品与药品,2005,7(10):26-29.
[27]Abas,F.,Lajis,N.H.,Israf,D.A.,et al..Antioxidant and nitric oxide inhibition activities of selected Malay traditional vegetables[J].Food Chemistry,2006,95(4):566-573.
[28]Odhav,B.,Beekrum,S.Akula,U.,et al..Preliminary assessment of nutritional value of traditional leafy vegetables in KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa[J].Journal of Food Composition and Analysis,2007,20(5):430-435.
[29]Lim,Y.Y.,Quah,E.P.L..Antioxidant properties of different cultivars of Portulaca oleracea[J].Food Chemistry,2007,103(3):734-740.
[30]余庆皋,王晓春,熊志青.马齿苋的不同部位在体内外抗氧自由基作用的比较研究[J].实用预防医学,2007,14(2):346-348.
[31]刘浩,李丽华,崔美芝.马齿苋粉延缓衰老的实验研究[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(3):170-171.
[32]王丹,江旭东,王明富,等.马齿苋水提液对衰老模型小鼠心肌线粒体氧化损伤的保护作用[J].黑龙江医药科学,2003,26(6):18-19.
[33]凌晨.马齿苋对D-半乳糖衰老模型小鼠应激能力的影响[J].中西医结合学报,2004,2(5):361-363.
[34]鞠兴荣,施洪飞.马齿苋抗氧化作用实验研究[J].山东中医药大学学报,2000,24(6):466-467.
[35]牛广财,张燕雅,孟宪军,等.马齿苋多糖对油脂抗氧化作用的研究[J].粮油加工与食品机械,2005,7:58-59.
[36]朱晓宦,吴向阳,仰榴青,等.马齿苋粗多糖的提取及清除羟自由基活性作用[J].江苏大学学报(医学版),2007,17(1):57-60.
[37]王丹,欧芹,魏晓东,等.马齿苋多糖对衰老模型小鼠心肌线粒体能量代谢的影响[J].中医药学报,2005,33f4):23-24.
[38]卢新华,关章顺,何军山,等.马齿苋总黄酮对氧自由基引发人红细胞膜损伤的保护作用[J].中国药学杂志,2004,39(8):587-589.
[39]孙希云,刘宁,陈波,等.马齿苋总黄酮抗氧化性质的研究[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2006,37(1):108-110.
[40]Simopoulos,A.P.,Norman,H.A.,Gillaspy J.E.,et al..Common purslane:a source of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants[J].Journal of the American College of Nutrition,1992,11(4):374-382.
[41]贺圣文,赵仁宏,吴洪鹃,等.野生马齿苋对家兔动脉粥样硬化形成的影响[J].中华预防医学杂志,1997,31(2):91.
[42]贺圣文,赵仁宏,王燕琳,等.6-酮-前列腺素-F1α及血管组织形态结构在降脂实验中的变化[J].潍坊学报,2004,26(2):105-107.
[43]王仲英,李香兰,卫九菊.马齿苋总黄酮对大鼠心功能和动脉血压的影响[J].山西中医学院学报,2005,6(4):12-13.
[44]崔美芝,刘浩,李春艳.糖尿病大鼠血糖变化与马齿苋的干预效应[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(27):92-93.
[45]沈岚,陆付耳.马齿苋对Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗的影响[J].中国医院药学杂志,2005,25(4):293-295.
[46]岳义田,董立威,李敏.马齿苋水提物抗小鼠缺氧呼吸机制研究[J].公共卫生,2005,26(1):1-3.
[47]Wang,W.Y.,Gu,L.M.,Dong,L.W.,et al.Protective effect of Portulaca oleracea extracts on hypoxic nerve tissue and its mechanism[J].Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition,2007,16(Suppl 1):227-233.
[48]中国人民解放军第二军医大学.马齿苋提取物与人参皂苷复方制剂及其抗缺氧用途[P].中国,A61K35/78,200410016121.1,2005-01-26.
[49]凌晨.马齿苋提取物及其抗缺氧用途[P].中国,A61K35/78,200410016122.6,2004-12-29.
[50]董立巍,王万银,岳义田,等.马齿苋总黄酮抗小鼠缺氧作用及其机制研究[J].中西医结合学报,2005,3(6):450-454.
[51]Zhang,X.J.,Ji,Y.B.,Qu,Zh.Y.,et al..Experimental studies on antibiotic functions of Portulaca oleracea L.in vitro[J].Chinese Journal of Microecology,2002,14(5):277-280.
[52]张秀娟,季宇彬,曲中原,等.马齿苋体外抗菌作用的实验研究[J].中国微生态学杂志,2002,14(5):277-280.
[53]王云,于军,关显智,等.马齿苋提取液对铜绿假单胞菌R质粒消除作用的研究[J].微生物学杂志,1999,19(3):40.
[54]朱丹,牛广财,孙希云.马齿苋黄酮类物质抑菌作用的研究[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(1):7-8.
[55]刘淑清,宋其桂,王彩风,等.新鲜单味马齿苋糖块治疗小儿细菌性痢疾42例临床观察[J].中国中西医结合杂志,1995,15(4):246.
[56]刘红霞.马齿苋在皮肤病中的应用[J].陕西中医,1996,17(3):136.
[57]张小可.马齿苋外敷治疗婴儿湿疹86例[J].中医外治杂志,2003,12(6):24.
[58]Chan,K.,Islam,M.W.,Kamil,M.,et al..The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Portulaca oleracea L.subsp.sativa(Haw.) Celak[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2000,73:445-451.
[59]崔健,陈新,姜艳王,等.马齿苋的药用研究概况[J].长春中医学院学报,2004,20(4):58-60.
[60]初香美,崔美卿.马齿苋治疗静脉炎[J].河南中医,2001,21(1):66.
[61]Rashed,A.N.,Afifi,F.U.,Disi,A.M..Simple evaluation of the wound healing activity of a crude extract of Portulaca oleracea L.(growing in Jordan) in Mus musculus JVI-1[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2003,88(2-3):131-136.
[62]李兰夏,雷淑英.马齿苋加芒硝外敷治疗骨折部位红肿热痛[J].河北中医,2001,23(8):630.
[63]贺圣文,尤敏,苗乃法,等.野生马齿苋对家兔淋巴细胞PHA诱导下增殖的影响[J].潍坊医学院学报,1996,18(3):206-207.
[64]王晓波,刘殿武,郭丽莉.马齿苋的抑瘤作用及对免疫功能的影响[J].中国公共卫生,2004,20(12):1460-1461.
[65]王晓波,刘殿武,丁月新,等.马齿苋多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞免疫功能作用[J].中国公共卫生,2005,21(4):462-463.
[66]崔曼,尹苗,安利国.马齿苋多糖的抗肿瘤活性[J].山东师大学报(自然科学版),2002,17(1):73-76.
[67]Parry,O.,Okwuasaba,F.K.,Ejike,C.Skeletal muscle relaxant action of an aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea in the rat[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,1987,19(3):247-253.
[68]Okwuasaba,F.,Ejike,C,Parry,O..Effects of extracts of Portulaca oleracea on skeletal muscle in vitro [J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,1987,21(1):55-63.
[69]雅芳产品公司.马齿苋处理面部皱纹的应用[P].中国,A61K35/78,200380100172.6,2005-11-30.
[70]毛露甜.马齿苋对子宫兴奋作用的机理研究[J].惠州大学学报(自然科学版),2001,21(4):61-64.
[71]王晓波,王本华,董少霞,等.马齿苋水提物对氟中毒大鼠抗氧化能力影响的实验研究[J].中国地方病学杂志,2003,22(2):122-123.
[72]Quinlan,M.B.,Quinlan,R.J.,Nolan,J.M..Ethnophysiology and herbal treatments of intestinal worms in Dominica,West Indies[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2002,80(1):75-83.
[73]陈楷华,王雅云.马齿苋治疗胆结石42例[J].福建中医药,2001,32(3):43.
[74]李燕丽,苗蠼薛,春兰.马齿苋治疗黄褐斑药学机理的探讨[J].天津药学,1996,8(3):7-10.
[75]Getoff,N..Anti-aging and aging factors in life.The role of free radicals[J].Radiation Physics and Chemistry,2007,76(10):1577-1586.
[76]Brys,K.,Vanfleteren,J.R.,Braeckman,B.P..Testing the rate-of-living/oxidative damage theory of aging in the nematode model Caenorhabditis elegans[J].Experimental Gerontology,2007,42:845-851.
[77]Mamelak,M..Alzheimer's disease,oxidative stress and gammahydroxybutyrate[J].Neurobiology of Aging,2007,28:1340-1360.
[78]徐尚志.氧化应激与白内障[J].国外医学:眼科学分册,1998,22(5):296-302.
[79]Demirbag,R.,Gur,M.,Yilmaz R.,et al..Influence of oxidative stress on the development of collateral circulation in total coronary occlusions[J].International Journal of Cardiology,2007,116(1):14-19.
[80]Matsubara,M,Akizuki,O.,Ikeda,J.,et al..Benidipine,an anti-hypertensive drug,inhibits reactive oxygen species production in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and oxidative stress in salt-loaded stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats[J].European Journal of Pharmacology,2008,580(1-2):201-213.
[81]Mariani,E.,Polidori,M.C.,Cherubini,A.,et al.Oxidative stress in brain aging,neurodegenerative and vascular diseases:an overview[J].Journal of Chromatography B,2005,827(1):65-75.
[82]Sharma,A.,Kaur,P.,Kumar,B.,et al..Plasma lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status of Parkinson's disease patients in the Indian population[J].Parkinsonism and Related Disorders,2008,14(1):52-57.
[83]Victor,V.M.,Rocha,M.,Fuente,M.D..Immune cells:free radicals and antioxidants in sepsis[J].International Immunopharmacology,2004,4(3):327-347.
[84]Valko,M.,Rhodes,C.J.,Moncol,J.,et al.Free radicals,metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer[J].Chemico-Biological Interactions,2006,160(1):1-40.
[85]Lipinski,B..Pathophysiology of oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus[J].Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications,2001,15(4):203-210.
[86]许芳.自由基与白血病关系的研究进展[J].中国实验血液学杂志,2002,10(2):163-167.
[87]刘冬,许西琳.慢性阻塞性肺疾病与氧化/抗氧化[J].实用诊断与治疗杂志,2007,21(9):676-678.
[88]Sodhi,S.,Sharma,A.,Brar,A.P.S.,et al..Effect of a tocopherol and selenium on antioxidant status,lipid peroxidation and hepatopathy induced by malathion in chicks[J].Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology,2008,90:82-86.
[89]Inoue,N.,Kobayashi,S.,Yokoyama,M..Oxidative stress and inflammation in plaque instability-role of vascular C-reactive protein[J].International Congress Series,2004,1262(1):71-74.
[90]杨国志,王润秀,林源.氧化应激与创面愈合[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复,2007,11(2):355-358.
[91]Bozkurt,H..Utilization of natural antioxidants:green tea extract and Thymbra spicata oil in Turkish dry-fermented sausage[J].Meat Science,2006,73(3):442-450.
[92]Shui,G.,Leong,L.P..Residue from star fruit as valuable source for functional food ingredients and antioxidant nutraceuticals[J].Food Chemistry,2006,97(2):277-284.
[93]Mazza,M.,Pomponi,M.,Janiri,L.,et al..Otnega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants in neurological and psychiatric diseases:an overview[J].Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry,2007,31(1):12-26.
[94]Kaliora,A.C.,Dedoussis,G.V.Z..Natural antioxidant compounds in risk factors for CVD[J].Pharmacological Research,2007,56(2):99-109.
[95]Engelhard,Y.N.,Gazer,B.,Paran,E..Natural antioxidants from tomato extract reduce blood pressure in patients with grade-1 hypertension:a double-blind,placebo-controlled pilot study[J].American Heart Journal,2006,151(1):100.e1-100.e6.
[96]Mascio,P.D.,Kaiser,S.,Sies,H..Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher[J].Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics,1989,274(2):532-538.
[97]Cai,Y.Z.,Luo,Q.,Sun,M..Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of 112 traditional Chinese medicinal plants associated with anticancer[J].Life Sciences,2004,74(17):2157-2184.
[98]周瑞宝.绿茶多酚化合物的精制和抗氧化试验[J].中国粮油学报,2000,v15(2):37-39.
[99]许申鸿,杭瑚.葡萄籽和葡萄皮清除自由基作用的研究[J].食品科学,1999,(12):28-30.
[100]Wu,S.J.,Ng,L.T..Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of wild bitter melon(Momordica charantia Linn.var.abbreviata Ser.) in Taiwan[J].LWT,2008,41:323-330.
[101]Ahn,J.H.,Kim,Y.P.,Seo,E.M.,et al.Antioxidant effect of natural plant extracts on the microencapsulated high oleic sunflower oil[J].Journal of Food Engineering,2008,84:327-334.
[102]侯滨滨,刘元.验证芝麻酚的抗氧化性质[J].食品研究与开发,2007,28(4):145-147.
[103]侯冬岩,回瑞华,刘晓媛,等.荞麦、大麦和燕麦抗氧化性能的比较[J].食品科学,2004,25(10):54-56.
[104]Pussa,T.,Pallin,R.,Raudsepp,P.,et al..Inhibition of lipid oxidation and dynamics of polyphenol content in mechanically deboned meat supplemented with sea buckthorn(Hippophae rhamnoides) berry residues[J].Food Chemistry,2008,107:714-721.
[105]金莹,孙爱东,胡晓丹,等.苹果多酚的超声波提取及抗氧化作用研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2007,29(5):137-141.
[106]李张伟,刘宇辉,张珠珠.橄榄黄酮的提取及其抗氧化作用的研究[J].广东化工,2007,34(12):37-40.
[107]赵春贵,张立伟,王晖,等.肉桂酸及其衍生物抗氧化活性研究[J].食品科学,2005,26(1):218-222.
[108]肖勤,翁中芳,张璟.左旋多巴对帕金森病大鼠血清兴奋性氨基酸及抗氧化指标的影响[J].临床神经病学杂志,2003,16(2):69-71.
[109]刘清,姚惠源.燕麦酚类抗氧化成分研究进展[J].粮食与油脂,2004,(9):7-9.
[110]Zhang,H.X.,Yu,N.C.,Huang,G.F.,et al..Neuroprotective effects of purslane herb aqueous extracts against D-galactose induced neurotoxicity[J].Chemico-Biological Interactions,2007,170(3):145-152.
[111]Zhu,X.W.,Raina,A.K,Lee,H.G.,et al..Oxidative stress signaling in Alzheimer's disease[J].Brain Research,2004,1000(1-2):32-39.
[112]Behl,C..Alzheimer's disease and oxidative stress:implications for novel therapeutic approaches[J].Progress in Neurobiology,1999,57(3):301-323.
[113]王楠,王金辉,程杰,等.有柄石韦的化学成分[J].沈阳药科大学学报,2003,20(6):425-438.
[114]张正付,边宝林,杨健,等.茉莉根化学成分的研究[J].中国中药杂志,2004,29(3):237-239.
[115]Xue,P.F.,Liang,H.,Wang,B.,et al..Chemical constituents from Potentilla multifida L.[J].Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences,2005,14(2):86-88.
[116]胡国华,卢艳花,魏东芝.韭子中核苷类化学成分的研究[J].中草药,2006,37(7):992-993.
[117]Termentzi,A.,Kefalas,P.,Kokkalou,E..Antioxidant activities of various extracts and fractions of Sorbus domestica fruits at different maturity stages[J].Food Chemistry,2006,98(4):599-608.
[118]Ortega-Gutierrez,S.,Garcia,J.J.,Martinez-Ballarin,E.,et al..Melatonin improves deferoxamine antioxidant activity in protecting against lipid peroxidation caused by hydrogen peroxide in rat brain homogenates[J].Neuroscience Letters,2002,323(1):55-59.
[119]Sewerynek,E.,Poeggeler,B.,Melchiorri,D.,et al.H_2O_2-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenates is greatly reduced by melatonin[J].Neuroscience Letters,1995,195(3):203-205.
[120]Bradford,M.M..A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding[J].Analytical Biochemistry,1976,72(5):248-254.
[121]中华人民共和国卫生部.保健食品检验与评价技术规范[M].北京:中华人民共和国卫生部,2003:43-57.
[2]Feng,P.C.,Haynes,L.J.,Magnus,K.E..High concentration of(-)noradrenaline in Portulaca oleracea L.[J].Nature,1961,191:1108.
[3]Zhang,J.Y.,Chen,X.G.,Hu,Z.D.,et al..Quantification of noradrenaline and dopamine in Portulaca oleracea L.by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,2002,471:203-209.
[4]Piattelli,M.,Minale,L..Pigments of centrospermae Ⅱ.Distribution of betacyanins[J].Phytochemistry,1964,3:547-557.
[5]Mizutani,M.,Hashidoko,Y.,Tahara,S..Factors responsible for inhibiting the motility of zoospores of the phytopathogenic fungus Aphanomyces cochlioides isolated from the non-host plant Portulaca oleracea [J].FEBS letters,1998,438:236-240.
[6]Rasheed A.N.,Afifi F.U.,Shaedah M.,et al..Investigation of the active constituents of Portulaca oleracea L.(Portulacaceae) growing in Jordan[J].Pak.J.Pharm.Sci.2004,69(1):34-37.
[7]Imperato,F..Acylated betacyanins of Portulaca oleracea[J].Phytochemistry,1975,14:2091-2092.
[8]Xiang L,Xing D,Wang W,et al..Alkaloids from Portulaca oleracea L.[J].Phytochemistry,2005,66(21):2595-2601.
[9]Sakai,N.,Inada,K.,Okamoto,M.,et al..Portuloside A,a monoterpene glucoside from Portulaca oleracea[J].Phytochemistry,1996,42(6):625-1628.
[10]Seo,Y.,Shin,J.,Cha,H.J.,et al..A new monoterpene glycoside from Portulaca oleracea[J].Bull.Kor.Chem.Soc,2003,24(10):1475-1477.
[11]Sun,J.,Zhang,H.,Zhang,J.M.,et al..Chemical constituents from Portulaca oleracea L.[J].Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences,2004,13(4):291-292.
[12]Boschelle,O.,Sblattero,S.,Porto,CD.,et al..Lipid composition of Portulaca oleracea[J].Riv.Ital.Sostanze Grasse,1991,68(6):287-292.
[13]郜志峰,刘鹏岩,傅承光,等.离子排斥色谱法测定马齿苋中低分子羧酸[J].色谱,1996,14(1):50-52.
[14]Awad,N.E..Lipid content and antimicrobial activity of phenolic constituents of cultivated Portulaca oleracea L.[J].Bulletin of the Faculty of Pharmacy(Cairo University),1994,32(1):137-142.
[15]刘鹏岩,郭志峰,安秋容,等.马齿苋及其籽中脂肪酸的比较研究[J].分析测试学报,1995,14(5):70-72.
[16]邹耀洪.2-氨基-2-甲基丙醇化学改良气相色谱-质谱法分析马齿苋脂肪酸[J].食品科学,2004,25(5):154-158.
[17]周阳,张冬惠.马齿苋与ω-3多价不饱和脂肪酸[J].国外医药.植物药分册,1995,10(6):247-250.
[18]李香兰,王仲英.马齿苋不同部位总黄酮含量的测定[J].光谱实验室,2004,21(5):898-900.
[19]Seo Y.,Shin J.,Lee B.J.,et al..Two biophenolic glycosides from Portulaca oleracea[J].Journal of Korean Chemistry Society,2003,47(1):43-46.
[20]刘鹏岩,靳伯礼,郭志峰,等.马齿苋挥发油的GC-MS分析[J].河北大学学报,1994,14(3):71-74.
[21]Garti,N.,Slavin,Y.,Aserin,A..Surface and emulsification properties of a new gum extracted from Portulaca oleracea L.[J].Food Hydrocolloids,1999,13:145-155.
[22]刘志勇,王莉,鲁建江,等.马齿苋多糖的微波提取及含量测定[J].中国药师,2002,5(11):667-668.
[23]段玉峰,韩果萍.马齿苋多糖组分的分离纯化及抗氧化活性研究[J].食品科学,2005,26(3):225-228.
[24]李利峰.马齿苋——野生蔬菜中的保健珍品[J].辽宁农业科学,1997,(4):56.
[25]谭丽霞,周求良,尹建国,等.马齿苋的营养成份分析及其开发利用[J].中国野生植物资源,2000,19(2):49-50.
[26]高莉,刘捷,隋彦辉,等.马齿苋的功能及其开发利用[J].食品与药品,2005,7(10):26-29.
[27]Abas,F.,Lajis,N.H.,Israf,D.A.,et al..Antioxidant and nitric oxide inhibition activities of selected Malay traditional vegetables[J].Food Chemistry,2006,95(4):566-573.
[28]Odhav,B.,Beekrum,S.Akula,U.,et al..Preliminary assessment of nutritional value of traditional leafy vegetables in KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa[J].Journal of Food Composition and Analysis,2007,20(5):430-435.
[29]Lim,Y.Y.,Quah,E.P.L..Antioxidant properties of different cultivars of Portulaca oleracea[J].Food Chemistry,2007,103(3):734-740.
[30]余庆皋,王晓春,熊志青.马齿苋的不同部位在体内外抗氧自由基作用的比较研究[J].实用预防医学,2007,14(2):346-348.
[31]刘浩,李丽华,崔美芝.马齿苋粉延缓衰老的实验研究[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(3):170-171.
[32]王丹,江旭东,王明富,等.马齿苋水提液对衰老模型小鼠心肌线粒体氧化损伤的保护作用[J].黑龙江医药科学,2003,26(6):18-19.
[33]凌晨.马齿苋对D-半乳糖衰老模型小鼠应激能力的影响[J].中西医结合学报,2004,2(5):361-363.
[34]鞠兴荣,施洪飞.马齿苋抗氧化作用实验研究[J].山东中医药大学学报,2000,24(6):466-467.
[35]牛广财,张燕雅,孟宪军,等.马齿苋多糖对油脂抗氧化作用的研究[J].粮油加工与食品机械,2005,7:58-59.
[36]朱晓宦,吴向阳,仰榴青,等.马齿苋粗多糖的提取及清除羟自由基活性作用[J].江苏大学学报(医学版),2007,17(1):57-60.
[37]王丹,欧芹,魏晓东,等.马齿苋多糖对衰老模型小鼠心肌线粒体能量代谢的影响[J].中医药学报,2005,33f4):23-24.
[38]卢新华,关章顺,何军山,等.马齿苋总黄酮对氧自由基引发人红细胞膜损伤的保护作用[J].中国药学杂志,2004,39(8):587-589.
[39]孙希云,刘宁,陈波,等.马齿苋总黄酮抗氧化性质的研究[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2006,37(1):108-110.
[40]Simopoulos,A.P.,Norman,H.A.,Gillaspy J.E.,et al..Common purslane:a source of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants[J].Journal of the American College of Nutrition,1992,11(4):374-382.
[41]贺圣文,赵仁宏,吴洪鹃,等.野生马齿苋对家兔动脉粥样硬化形成的影响[J].中华预防医学杂志,1997,31(2):91.
[42]贺圣文,赵仁宏,王燕琳,等.6-酮-前列腺素-F1α及血管组织形态结构在降脂实验中的变化[J].潍坊学报,2004,26(2):105-107.
[43]王仲英,李香兰,卫九菊.马齿苋总黄酮对大鼠心功能和动脉血压的影响[J].山西中医学院学报,2005,6(4):12-13.
[44]崔美芝,刘浩,李春艳.糖尿病大鼠血糖变化与马齿苋的干预效应[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(27):92-93.
[45]沈岚,陆付耳.马齿苋对Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗的影响[J].中国医院药学杂志,2005,25(4):293-295.
[46]岳义田,董立威,李敏.马齿苋水提物抗小鼠缺氧呼吸机制研究[J].公共卫生,2005,26(1):1-3.
[47]Wang,W.Y.,Gu,L.M.,Dong,L.W.,et al.Protective effect of Portulaca oleracea extracts on hypoxic nerve tissue and its mechanism[J].Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition,2007,16(Suppl 1):227-233.
[48]中国人民解放军第二军医大学.马齿苋提取物与人参皂苷复方制剂及其抗缺氧用途[P].中国,A61K35/78,200410016121.1,2005-01-26.
[49]凌晨.马齿苋提取物及其抗缺氧用途[P].中国,A61K35/78,200410016122.6,2004-12-29.
[50]董立巍,王万银,岳义田,等.马齿苋总黄酮抗小鼠缺氧作用及其机制研究[J].中西医结合学报,2005,3(6):450-454.
[51]Zhang,X.J.,Ji,Y.B.,Qu,Zh.Y.,et al..Experimental studies on antibiotic functions of Portulaca oleracea L.in vitro[J].Chinese Journal of Microecology,2002,14(5):277-280.
[52]张秀娟,季宇彬,曲中原,等.马齿苋体外抗菌作用的实验研究[J].中国微生态学杂志,2002,14(5):277-280.
[53]王云,于军,关显智,等.马齿苋提取液对铜绿假单胞菌R质粒消除作用的研究[J].微生物学杂志,1999,19(3):40.
[54]朱丹,牛广财,孙希云.马齿苋黄酮类物质抑菌作用的研究[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(1):7-8.
[55]刘淑清,宋其桂,王彩风,等.新鲜单味马齿苋糖块治疗小儿细菌性痢疾42例临床观察[J].中国中西医结合杂志,1995,15(4):246.
[56]刘红霞.马齿苋在皮肤病中的应用[J].陕西中医,1996,17(3):136.
[57]张小可.马齿苋外敷治疗婴儿湿疹86例[J].中医外治杂志,2003,12(6):24.
[58]Chan,K.,Islam,M.W.,Kamil,M.,et al..The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Portulaca oleracea L.subsp.sativa(Haw.) Celak[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2000,73:445-451.
[59]崔健,陈新,姜艳王,等.马齿苋的药用研究概况[J].长春中医学院学报,2004,20(4):58-60.
[60]初香美,崔美卿.马齿苋治疗静脉炎[J].河南中医,2001,21(1):66.
[61]Rashed,A.N.,Afifi,F.U.,Disi,A.M..Simple evaluation of the wound healing activity of a crude extract of Portulaca oleracea L.(growing in Jordan) in Mus musculus JVI-1[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2003,88(2-3):131-136.
[62]李兰夏,雷淑英.马齿苋加芒硝外敷治疗骨折部位红肿热痛[J].河北中医,2001,23(8):630.
[63]贺圣文,尤敏,苗乃法,等.野生马齿苋对家兔淋巴细胞PHA诱导下增殖的影响[J].潍坊医学院学报,1996,18(3):206-207.
[64]王晓波,刘殿武,郭丽莉.马齿苋的抑瘤作用及对免疫功能的影响[J].中国公共卫生,2004,20(12):1460-1461.
[65]王晓波,刘殿武,丁月新,等.马齿苋多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞免疫功能作用[J].中国公共卫生,2005,21(4):462-463.
[66]崔曼,尹苗,安利国.马齿苋多糖的抗肿瘤活性[J].山东师大学报(自然科学版),2002,17(1):73-76.
[67]Parry,O.,Okwuasaba,F.K.,Ejike,C.Skeletal muscle relaxant action of an aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea in the rat[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,1987,19(3):247-253.
[68]Okwuasaba,F.,Ejike,C,Parry,O..Effects of extracts of Portulaca oleracea on skeletal muscle in vitro [J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,1987,21(1):55-63.
[69]雅芳产品公司.马齿苋处理面部皱纹的应用[P].中国,A61K35/78,200380100172.6,2005-11-30.
[70]毛露甜.马齿苋对子宫兴奋作用的机理研究[J].惠州大学学报(自然科学版),2001,21(4):61-64.
[71]王晓波,王本华,董少霞,等.马齿苋水提物对氟中毒大鼠抗氧化能力影响的实验研究[J].中国地方病学杂志,2003,22(2):122-123.
[72]Quinlan,M.B.,Quinlan,R.J.,Nolan,J.M..Ethnophysiology and herbal treatments of intestinal worms in Dominica,West Indies[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2002,80(1):75-83.
[73]陈楷华,王雅云.马齿苋治疗胆结石42例[J].福建中医药,2001,32(3):43.
[74]李燕丽,苗蠼薛,春兰.马齿苋治疗黄褐斑药学机理的探讨[J].天津药学,1996,8(3):7-10.
[75]Getoff,N..Anti-aging and aging factors in life.The role of free radicals[J].Radiation Physics and Chemistry,2007,76(10):1577-1586.
[76]Brys,K.,Vanfleteren,J.R.,Braeckman,B.P..Testing the rate-of-living/oxidative damage theory of aging in the nematode model Caenorhabditis elegans[J].Experimental Gerontology,2007,42:845-851.
[77]Mamelak,M..Alzheimer's disease,oxidative stress and gammahydroxybutyrate[J].Neurobiology of Aging,2007,28:1340-1360.
[78]徐尚志.氧化应激与白内障[J].国外医学:眼科学分册,1998,22(5):296-302.
[79]Demirbag,R.,Gur,M.,Yilmaz R.,et al..Influence of oxidative stress on the development of collateral circulation in total coronary occlusions[J].International Journal of Cardiology,2007,116(1):14-19.
[80]Matsubara,M,Akizuki,O.,Ikeda,J.,et al..Benidipine,an anti-hypertensive drug,inhibits reactive oxygen species production in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and oxidative stress in salt-loaded stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats[J].European Journal of Pharmacology,2008,580(1-2):201-213.
[81]Mariani,E.,Polidori,M.C.,Cherubini,A.,et al.Oxidative stress in brain aging,neurodegenerative and vascular diseases:an overview[J].Journal of Chromatography B,2005,827(1):65-75.
[82]Sharma,A.,Kaur,P.,Kumar,B.,et al..Plasma lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status of Parkinson's disease patients in the Indian population[J].Parkinsonism and Related Disorders,2008,14(1):52-57.
[83]Victor,V.M.,Rocha,M.,Fuente,M.D..Immune cells:free radicals and antioxidants in sepsis[J].International Immunopharmacology,2004,4(3):327-347.
[84]Valko,M.,Rhodes,C.J.,Moncol,J.,et al.Free radicals,metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer[J].Chemico-Biological Interactions,2006,160(1):1-40.
[85]Lipinski,B..Pathophysiology of oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus[J].Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications,2001,15(4):203-210.
[86]许芳.自由基与白血病关系的研究进展[J].中国实验血液学杂志,2002,10(2):163-167.
[87]刘冬,许西琳.慢性阻塞性肺疾病与氧化/抗氧化[J].实用诊断与治疗杂志,2007,21(9):676-678.
[88]Sodhi,S.,Sharma,A.,Brar,A.P.S.,et al..Effect of a tocopherol and selenium on antioxidant status,lipid peroxidation and hepatopathy induced by malathion in chicks[J].Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology,2008,90:82-86.
[89]Inoue,N.,Kobayashi,S.,Yokoyama,M..Oxidative stress and inflammation in plaque instability-role of vascular C-reactive protein[J].International Congress Series,2004,1262(1):71-74.
[90]杨国志,王润秀,林源.氧化应激与创面愈合[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复,2007,11(2):355-358.
[91]Bozkurt,H..Utilization of natural antioxidants:green tea extract and Thymbra spicata oil in Turkish dry-fermented sausage[J].Meat Science,2006,73(3):442-450.
[92]Shui,G.,Leong,L.P..Residue from star fruit as valuable source for functional food ingredients and antioxidant nutraceuticals[J].Food Chemistry,2006,97(2):277-284.
[93]Mazza,M.,Pomponi,M.,Janiri,L.,et al..Otnega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants in neurological and psychiatric diseases:an overview[J].Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry,2007,31(1):12-26.
[94]Kaliora,A.C.,Dedoussis,G.V.Z..Natural antioxidant compounds in risk factors for CVD[J].Pharmacological Research,2007,56(2):99-109.
[95]Engelhard,Y.N.,Gazer,B.,Paran,E..Natural antioxidants from tomato extract reduce blood pressure in patients with grade-1 hypertension:a double-blind,placebo-controlled pilot study[J].American Heart Journal,2006,151(1):100.e1-100.e6.
[96]Mascio,P.D.,Kaiser,S.,Sies,H..Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher[J].Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics,1989,274(2):532-538.
[97]Cai,Y.Z.,Luo,Q.,Sun,M..Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of 112 traditional Chinese medicinal plants associated with anticancer[J].Life Sciences,2004,74(17):2157-2184.
[98]周瑞宝.绿茶多酚化合物的精制和抗氧化试验[J].中国粮油学报,2000,v15(2):37-39.
[99]许申鸿,杭瑚.葡萄籽和葡萄皮清除自由基作用的研究[J].食品科学,1999,(12):28-30.
[100]Wu,S.J.,Ng,L.T..Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of wild bitter melon(Momordica charantia Linn.var.abbreviata Ser.) in Taiwan[J].LWT,2008,41:323-330.
[101]Ahn,J.H.,Kim,Y.P.,Seo,E.M.,et al.Antioxidant effect of natural plant extracts on the microencapsulated high oleic sunflower oil[J].Journal of Food Engineering,2008,84:327-334.
[102]侯滨滨,刘元.验证芝麻酚的抗氧化性质[J].食品研究与开发,2007,28(4):145-147.
[103]侯冬岩,回瑞华,刘晓媛,等.荞麦、大麦和燕麦抗氧化性能的比较[J].食品科学,2004,25(10):54-56.
[104]Pussa,T.,Pallin,R.,Raudsepp,P.,et al..Inhibition of lipid oxidation and dynamics of polyphenol content in mechanically deboned meat supplemented with sea buckthorn(Hippophae rhamnoides) berry residues[J].Food Chemistry,2008,107:714-721.
[105]金莹,孙爱东,胡晓丹,等.苹果多酚的超声波提取及抗氧化作用研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2007,29(5):137-141.
[106]李张伟,刘宇辉,张珠珠.橄榄黄酮的提取及其抗氧化作用的研究[J].广东化工,2007,34(12):37-40.
[107]赵春贵,张立伟,王晖,等.肉桂酸及其衍生物抗氧化活性研究[J].食品科学,2005,26(1):218-222.
[108]肖勤,翁中芳,张璟.左旋多巴对帕金森病大鼠血清兴奋性氨基酸及抗氧化指标的影响[J].临床神经病学杂志,2003,16(2):69-71.
[109]刘清,姚惠源.燕麦酚类抗氧化成分研究进展[J].粮食与油脂,2004,(9):7-9.
[110]Zhang,H.X.,Yu,N.C.,Huang,G.F.,et al..Neuroprotective effects of purslane herb aqueous extracts against D-galactose induced neurotoxicity[J].Chemico-Biological Interactions,2007,170(3):145-152.
[111]Zhu,X.W.,Raina,A.K,Lee,H.G.,et al..Oxidative stress signaling in Alzheimer's disease[J].Brain Research,2004,1000(1-2):32-39.
[112]Behl,C..Alzheimer's disease and oxidative stress:implications for novel therapeutic approaches[J].Progress in Neurobiology,1999,57(3):301-323.
[113]王楠,王金辉,程杰,等.有柄石韦的化学成分[J].沈阳药科大学学报,2003,20(6):425-438.
[114]张正付,边宝林,杨健,等.茉莉根化学成分的研究[J].中国中药杂志,2004,29(3):237-239.
[115]Xue,P.F.,Liang,H.,Wang,B.,et al..Chemical constituents from Potentilla multifida L.[J].Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences,2005,14(2):86-88.
[116]胡国华,卢艳花,魏东芝.韭子中核苷类化学成分的研究[J].中草药,2006,37(7):992-993.
[117]Termentzi,A.,Kefalas,P.,Kokkalou,E..Antioxidant activities of various extracts and fractions of Sorbus domestica fruits at different maturity stages[J].Food Chemistry,2006,98(4):599-608.
[118]Ortega-Gutierrez,S.,Garcia,J.J.,Martinez-Ballarin,E.,et al..Melatonin improves deferoxamine antioxidant activity in protecting against lipid peroxidation caused by hydrogen peroxide in rat brain homogenates[J].Neuroscience Letters,2002,323(1):55-59.
[119]Sewerynek,E.,Poeggeler,B.,Melchiorri,D.,et al.H_2O_2-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenates is greatly reduced by melatonin[J].Neuroscience Letters,1995,195(3):203-205.
[120]Bradford,M.M..A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding[J].Analytical Biochemistry,1976,72(5):248-254.
[121]中华人民共和国卫生部.保健食品检验与评价技术规范[M].北京:中华人民共和国卫生部,2003:43-57.