官厅水源保护地农业面源污染防治
摘要
目前,在我国农业生产中,化肥的使用越来越广,施肥不当所带来的面源污染问题也越来越明显。我国化肥的利用效率较低,一般作物的氮肥仅有30%-35%被有效利用,其余氮肥一部分以挥发或反硝化方式气态损失,另一部分滞留在土壤中,或是在降雨和灌溉作用下,随着地表径流流失,或者随着淋溶进入地下水,从而对水环境造成巨大的影响。开展水源保护区农业面源污染防治技术研究工作意义重大。本文通过对官厅水源保护区农民施肥量、土壤肥力、地下水硝酸盐含量调查研究,利用氮素减控技术和控释肥技术研究大田土壤硝态氮分布运移规律,为定量评估化肥氮素对地下水的潜在危害、提出减少硝态氮淋洗损失措施和制定环境友好的施肥制度提供科学依据。研究主要结论如下：
1影响农户的施肥决策因素众多。农户的年龄、文化水平、农资产品的价格、农村组织化程度和农业政策等是影响农户施肥决策的主要因素。在此调查中,农民在追求利润最大化的前提下,重氮肥,轻磷、钾肥现象普遍存在。
2 2007年3月延庆小丰营村土壤调查结果显示：蔬菜产区土壤表层有机质、全氮、速效钾和有效磷含量大于玉米区和玉米蔬菜混作区。
3 2006-2008年地下水硝酸盐含量调查结果显示：该地区15%左右的地下水为Ⅲ类水,不适宜直接饮用。3年中蔬菜区地下水硝酸盐含量最高,分布在3.24-4.92 mg／L范围内,果树区次之,在2.03-2.25 mg／L范围内,玉米区最低,在1.12-1.21 mg／L范围内。
4菜地氮素减控技术在该地区试验结果初步表明,氮肥减量10-30%时的经济产量与常规处理差异不显著；氮素用量与土体硝酸盐含量成正相关,说明氮素减控技术在降低土壤硝酸盐含量及向下淋溶有一定的作用,并具有较好的环境效益。
5控释氮肥减少菜田土壤硝酸盐淋溶试验中,树脂包衣处理较常规处理圆白菜增产效果显著；三种缓释氮素在一定时期能够将土壤硝酸盐保持在圆白菜的主要根系层,树脂包衣在圆白菜莲座期、结球期和收获期效果比较稳定,硫包衣和添加DCD氮肥前期效果好,后期淋溶加强。
6控释氮肥减少大田土壤硝酸盐淋溶试验中,树脂包衣与硫包衣对春玉米增产效果显著,并且两者显著降低了土壤硝酸盐含量。
At present, non-point source pollution which is caused by more and more extensive use of chemical fertilizer and the misuse of fertilizer is more and more manifest in our agricultural production. The utilization efficiency of chemical fertilizer is low in china, only 30%-35%nitrogenous fertilizer of crop is effective used, one part of the rest nitrogenous fertilizer lost by volatilize or the way of nitric, the other part of the rest detained in soil, or lost with surface runoff in rainfall and irrigation, or run into under-water with leaching water, that caused great influence on water environment. Research on the prevention techniques of agricultural non-point pollution in water protection area is of great importance. The text provided scientific evidence for quantitative assessment the potential hazard of nitrogenous fertilizer on the groundwater, proposing measures to reduce the lost of nitrate nitrogen leaching and laying down a environmental friendly system of fertilization. The main conclusion follows:
1.There are many decision factor affected farmers' fertilizer. The main factors are farmers age, and cultural level, agricultural product price, rural organization and agricultural policies. In the investigation, the phenomenon of appreciating of nitrogen fertilizer, contempt of potash fertilizer is widespread under the precondition of pursuit the maximum profit.
2.The result which was investigated soil at Xiaofengying Yanqing county at March 2007 showed that the content of organic substances, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available phosphorus at vegetable plot are more than corn plot and the mixed area of corn and vegetable plot.
3.The result which was investigated the content of nitrate in groundwater from 2006 to 2008 showed that about 15% groundwater which is III type of water is unfit for direct drink. The content of nitrate in groundwater of vegetable plot is on the top in this three years, which distributed at 3.24-4.92 mg/L, the follow is fruit tree plot, which distributed at 2.03-2.25 mg/L, corn plot is the lowest, which distributed at 1.12-1.21 mg/L.
4.Test results of using vegetable plot nitrogen control techniques in the area indicated that there was no significant difference between nitrogen of reducing 10% to 30% and normal treatment on economic yield, nitrogen content and soil nitrate content are positive correlation, the results indicated that nitrogen control techniques had a certain role on reducing nitrogen leaching down and reducing the content of soil nitrate, and it had better environmental benefits.
5.In the test of reducing soil nitrate leaching of vegetable plot using nitrogen control techniques, comparing normal treatment, resin coating can significantly improve economic yield of cabbage; the three kinds of controlled release fertilizer can be keep nitrate in the main root in the cabbage in a certain period, the effects of resin coating is relatively stable at rosette stage, heading stage and harvesting time, sulfur coated and DCD added nitrogen are effective in the early period, leaching is strengthened in the latter period.
6.In the test of reducing soil nitrate leaching of vegetable plot using nitrogen control techniques, resin coating and sulfur coated had a significant role on economic yield of spring corn, and both reduced the content of soil nitrate significantly.
1影响农户的施肥决策因素众多。农户的年龄、文化水平、农资产品的价格、农村组织化程度和农业政策等是影响农户施肥决策的主要因素。在此调查中,农民在追求利润最大化的前提下,重氮肥,轻磷、钾肥现象普遍存在。
2 2007年3月延庆小丰营村土壤调查结果显示：蔬菜产区土壤表层有机质、全氮、速效钾和有效磷含量大于玉米区和玉米蔬菜混作区。
3 2006-2008年地下水硝酸盐含量调查结果显示：该地区15%左右的地下水为Ⅲ类水,不适宜直接饮用。3年中蔬菜区地下水硝酸盐含量最高,分布在3.24-4.92 mg／L范围内,果树区次之,在2.03-2.25 mg／L范围内,玉米区最低,在1.12-1.21 mg／L范围内。
4菜地氮素减控技术在该地区试验结果初步表明,氮肥减量10-30%时的经济产量与常规处理差异不显著；氮素用量与土体硝酸盐含量成正相关,说明氮素减控技术在降低土壤硝酸盐含量及向下淋溶有一定的作用,并具有较好的环境效益。
5控释氮肥减少菜田土壤硝酸盐淋溶试验中,树脂包衣处理较常规处理圆白菜增产效果显著；三种缓释氮素在一定时期能够将土壤硝酸盐保持在圆白菜的主要根系层,树脂包衣在圆白菜莲座期、结球期和收获期效果比较稳定,硫包衣和添加DCD氮肥前期效果好,后期淋溶加强。
6控释氮肥减少大田土壤硝酸盐淋溶试验中,树脂包衣与硫包衣对春玉米增产效果显著,并且两者显著降低了土壤硝酸盐含量。
At present, non-point source pollution which is caused by more and more extensive use of chemical fertilizer and the misuse of fertilizer is more and more manifest in our agricultural production. The utilization efficiency of chemical fertilizer is low in china, only 30%-35%nitrogenous fertilizer of crop is effective used, one part of the rest nitrogenous fertilizer lost by volatilize or the way of nitric, the other part of the rest detained in soil, or lost with surface runoff in rainfall and irrigation, or run into under-water with leaching water, that caused great influence on water environment. Research on the prevention techniques of agricultural non-point pollution in water protection area is of great importance. The text provided scientific evidence for quantitative assessment the potential hazard of nitrogenous fertilizer on the groundwater, proposing measures to reduce the lost of nitrate nitrogen leaching and laying down a environmental friendly system of fertilization. The main conclusion follows:
1.There are many decision factor affected farmers' fertilizer. The main factors are farmers age, and cultural level, agricultural product price, rural organization and agricultural policies. In the investigation, the phenomenon of appreciating of nitrogen fertilizer, contempt of potash fertilizer is widespread under the precondition of pursuit the maximum profit.
2.The result which was investigated soil at Xiaofengying Yanqing county at March 2007 showed that the content of organic substances, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available phosphorus at vegetable plot are more than corn plot and the mixed area of corn and vegetable plot.
3.The result which was investigated the content of nitrate in groundwater from 2006 to 2008 showed that about 15% groundwater which is III type of water is unfit for direct drink. The content of nitrate in groundwater of vegetable plot is on the top in this three years, which distributed at 3.24-4.92 mg/L, the follow is fruit tree plot, which distributed at 2.03-2.25 mg/L, corn plot is the lowest, which distributed at 1.12-1.21 mg/L.
4.Test results of using vegetable plot nitrogen control techniques in the area indicated that there was no significant difference between nitrogen of reducing 10% to 30% and normal treatment on economic yield, nitrogen content and soil nitrate content are positive correlation, the results indicated that nitrogen control techniques had a certain role on reducing nitrogen leaching down and reducing the content of soil nitrate, and it had better environmental benefits.
5.In the test of reducing soil nitrate leaching of vegetable plot using nitrogen control techniques, comparing normal treatment, resin coating can significantly improve economic yield of cabbage; the three kinds of controlled release fertilizer can be keep nitrate in the main root in the cabbage in a certain period, the effects of resin coating is relatively stable at rosette stage, heading stage and harvesting time, sulfur coated and DCD added nitrogen are effective in the early period, leaching is strengthened in the latter period.
6.In the test of reducing soil nitrate leaching of vegetable plot using nitrogen control techniques, resin coating and sulfur coated had a significant role on economic yield of spring corn, and both reduced the content of soil nitrate significantly.
引文
[1]崔键,马友华,赵艳萍,等.农业面源污染的特性及防治对策[J].中国农学通报,2006(1)：335-341.
[2]王东胜,谭红武.农业面源污染研究的讨论.
[3]鲍全盛,王华东.我国水环境非点源污染研究与展望[J].地理科学,19%,16(1)：66-72.
[4]杨爱玲,朱颜明.地表水环境非点源污染研究[J].环境科学进展,1999,7(5)：60-65.
[5]金相灿,刘鸿亮,屠清瑛,等.中国湖泊富营养化[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,1990.
[6]朱兆良,孙波.中国农业面源污染控制对策研究[J].环境保护,20084：4-6.
[7]张维理,武淑霞,冀宏杰,等.中国农业面源污染形势估计及控制对策Ⅰ.21世纪初期中国农业面源污染的形势估计[J].中国农业科学,2004 7：1008-1017.
[8]柴世伟,裴晓梅,张亚雷,等.农业面源污染及其控制技术研究[J].水土保持学报,2006(2)：192-195.
[9]全为民,严力蛟.农业面源污染对水体富营养化的影响及其防治措施[J].生态学报,2002 3：291-299.
[10]李贵宝,周怀东,王东胜.我国农村水环境状况及其恶化成因[EB／OL].[2001-11-23].http://www. hwcc.com.cn.
[11]郭鸿鹏,朱静雅,杨印生.农业非点源污染防治技术的研究现状及进展[J].农业工程学报,20084：290-295.
[12]LEE S I. Nonpoint source pollution[J]. Fisheries,1979 2:50-52.
[13]刘润堂,许建中.农业面源污染对湖泊水质影响的初步分析.中国水利,2002-6..中国环境状况公报(2002).
[14]张水铭.农田排水中磷素对苏南太湖水系的污染[J].环境科学,1993,14(6)：24-29.
[15]于峰,史正涛,彭海英.农业非点源污染研究综述[J].环境科学与管理,2008 8：54-59.
[16]王晓燕.农业非点源污染及其控制管理[J].农业面源污染与综合防治,2004 11：10.
[17]王小彬,蔡典雄,张镜清.早地玉米N吸收极其N肥利用率的研究.中国农业科学,2001,34(2)：179-186.
[18]曹仁林,贾晓葵.我国集约化农业中氮污染问题及防治对策[J],土壤肥料,2001(3)：3-6.
[19]吕耀.农业生态系统中氮素造成的非点源污染[J].农业环境保护,1998,17(1)：35-39.
[20]司友斌,王慎强,陈怀满等.农田氮、磷的流失与水体富营养化[J].土壤,2000,4：188-224.
[21]马立珊.太湖流域水环境硝态氮和亚硝态氮污染的研究[J].环境科学,1987,8(2)：60-65.
[22]周祖澄.固体氮肥施入旱田土壤中去向的研究[J].环境科学,1985,6(6)：2-7.
[23]王少明.滦河上游地区水土流失与面污染源的治理.水利水电科技进展.1997.17(3)：13-14.
[24]冀伟珍.农业面源污染的原理及其防治的新进展[J].中国西部科技,2008 12：7-9.
[25]张岩,刘宝元,史培军,江忠善.黄土高原土壤侵蚀作物覆盖因子计算[J].生态学报,2001,21(7)：1050-1056.
[26]杨新民.降雨径流污染及其控制评述[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1997,9.
[27]彭琳,王继增,卢宗藩.黄土高原早作土壤养分剖面运行与坡面流失的研究[J].西北农业学报,
1994,3(1)：62-66.
[28]李怀恩.流域非点源污染模型研究进展与发展趋势[J].水资源保护,19%,(2)：14-18.
[29]李贵宝,尹澄清,单宝庆.非点源污染控制与管理研究的概况与展望[J].农业环境保护,2001,20(3)：190-191.
[30]朱兆良,文启孝.中国土壤氮素[M].南京：江苏科学技术出版社,1990,10.
[31]吕唤春.千岛湖流域农业非点源污染及其生态效应的研究[D).浙江大学,2002.
[32]刘星,赵洪光.农业生产面源污染控制探讨[J].污染防治技术,2006(2)：38-40.
[33]钱秀红.杭嘉湖平原农业非点源污染的调查评价及控制对策研究[D].浙江大学硕士学位论文,2001.
[34]阮仁良.苏州河截流区外非点源污染调查[J].上海环境科学,1997,16(1)：20-22.
[35]李伟华,袁仲,张慎举.农业面源污染现状与控制措施[J].安徽农业科学,200733：10784-10786.
[36]王春生.氮素面源污染防治对策初探.江苏农村能源环境保护.1997.2：16-17.
[37]Dennis L C,Keith L. Application of GIS to the modeling of non-point source pollutants in the vadose zone a conference overview. Journal of Environmental Quality,1996,25(3):403-411.
[38]黄东风,王果,陈超.农业面源污染研究概况及发展趋势[J].中国农村小康科技,2006,11：39-45,52.
[39]US Environmental Protection Agency. Non-point source pollution from agriculture.http://www.epa. gov/region8/water/nps/npsurb.html,2003.
[40]Vighi M, Chiaudani G Eutrophication in Europe, the role of agricultural activities. In:Hodgson E.Reviews of Environmental Toxicology. Amsterdam:Elsevier,1987:213-257.
[41]European Environment Agency. Europe's water quality generally improving but agriculture still the main challenge. http://www.eea.eu.int/,2003.
[42]Lena B V. Nutrient preserving in riverine transitional strip. Journal of Human Environment,1994, 3(6):342-347.
[43]Kronvang, B., Graesball, P., Larsen, S.E., et al. Diffuse nutrient losses in Denmark. Water Science and Technology,1996,33(1):81-88.
[44]Boers P C M. Nutrient emissions from agriculture in the Netherlands, causes and remedies. Water Science and Technology (G B.),1996,33(4):183-189.
[45]Kinsel, Walter G. CREAMS:A field scale model for chemicals, runoff, and erosion from agricultural management systems.[R]U.S. Department of Agriculture, Conservation Resources Report,1980,26:640.
[46]Huston, J I, Wagenet R J. Leaching estimation and chemistry model, a process based model of water and solute movement, transformations, plant uptake and chemical reaction in the unsaturated zone. Continuum 2(3):148. Dept. of Agronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca. New York,1989.
[47]Breve M A,Skaggs R W,Parsons J E,et al. DRAINMOD-N,a nitrogen model for artificially drained soils. Transactions of the ASAE,1997,40(4):1067-1075.
[48]Ahuja L R,De Coursey D G,Barnes B B,et al. Characteristics of macropore transport studied with the ARS root zone water quality model.Transactions of the ASAE,1993,36:369-380.
[49]Chung S W, Gassman P W, Kramer L A, et al.Validation of EPIC for two watersheds in southwest
Iowa. Journal of Environmental Quality,1999,28:971-979.
[50]De Roo A P J, Wesseling C G, Cremers N H D T, et al. LISEM:a new physically-based hydrological and soil erosion model in a GIS-environment:Theory and implementation [C]. IAHS Publication. Proceedings of the Canberra Conference.1994,224:439-448.
[51]Morgan R P C, Quinton J N, Rickson R J. Modelling methodology for soil erosion assessment and soil conversion design:the EUROSEM approach. Outlook Agric,1994,23:5-9.
[52]Bicknell B R, Imhoff J C, Kittle J L, et al. Hydrological simulation program FORTRAN user's manual for release 11[EB/OL]. http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/basins/bsnsdocs.html,1996.
[53]Young R A. AGNPS:A non-point source pollution model for evaluating agricultural watersheds. Soil and Water Conservation,1989,44(2):168-173.
[54]Neitsch S L,Arnold J G,Kiniry J R,et al. Soil and water assessment tool user's manual:Version 2000[R].Temple, Texas:Blackland Research Center, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station,2001.
[55]Armstrong, M P, Densham, P J, Rushton, G. Architecture for a microcomputer based spatial decision support system. Paper presented at the Second International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, International Geographical Union,Williamsville New York,1986,120-131.
[56]黄生斌,叶芝菡,刘宝元.密云水库流域面源污染研究概述.中国生态农业学报,2008,16(5)：1311-1316.
[57]王宁,郭红岩,王晓蓉,等.太湖河网地区农村非点源氮负荷-以宜兴市大浦镇为例.生态学杂志,2008,27(4)：557-562.
[58]陈利顶,傅伯杰,张淑荣,等.异质景观中面源污染动态变化比较研究.生态学报,2002,22(6)：808-816.
[59]付伟章,史衍玺.施用不同氮肥对坡耕地径流中N输出的影响.环境科学学报,2005,25(12)：1676-1681.
[60]胡连伍,王学军,罗定贵,等.基于SWAT2000模型的流域氮营养素环境自净效率模拟-以杭埠-丰乐河流域为例.地理与地理信息科学,2006,22(2)：35-38.
[61]帅方敏,王新生,陈红兵,等.长湖流域面源污染现状分析.云南地理环境研究,2007,19(5)：118-122.
[62]胥彦玲.李怀恩,倪永明,等.基于USLE的黑河流域面源污染定量研究.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(3)：138-142.
[63]蒋桂炳.浙江省农业生态环境现状评价及防治对策.农业环境与发展.2001,3：4.
[64]何浩然,张林秀,李强.农民施肥行为及农业面源污染研究[J].农业技术经济,2006(6)：2-10.
[65]张绍冰.农业面源污染的来源及防治措施[J].现代农业科技,2007(8)：110-1 11.
[66]高祥照.中国肥料使用现状评价与发展战略研究[D].中国农业大学博士生论文,2000.
[67]胡勤海,傅柳松.双氰胺对蔬菜硝酸盐积累抑翻作用的研究[J],环境污染与防治,1991,13(1)：6,8.
[68]李建设,高艳明,孙权.氮肥形态与大白菜产量及硝酸盐累积的关系[J].长江蔬菜.2002(刊)：39-40.
[2]王东胜,谭红武.农业面源污染研究的讨论.
[3]鲍全盛,王华东.我国水环境非点源污染研究与展望[J].地理科学,19%,16(1)：66-72.
[4]杨爱玲,朱颜明.地表水环境非点源污染研究[J].环境科学进展,1999,7(5)：60-65.
[5]金相灿,刘鸿亮,屠清瑛,等.中国湖泊富营养化[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,1990.
[6]朱兆良,孙波.中国农业面源污染控制对策研究[J].环境保护,20084：4-6.
[7]张维理,武淑霞,冀宏杰,等.中国农业面源污染形势估计及控制对策Ⅰ.21世纪初期中国农业面源污染的形势估计[J].中国农业科学,2004 7：1008-1017.
[8]柴世伟,裴晓梅,张亚雷,等.农业面源污染及其控制技术研究[J].水土保持学报,2006(2)：192-195.
[9]全为民,严力蛟.农业面源污染对水体富营养化的影响及其防治措施[J].生态学报,2002 3：291-299.
[10]李贵宝,周怀东,王东胜.我国农村水环境状况及其恶化成因[EB／OL].[2001-11-23].http://www. hwcc.com.cn.
[11]郭鸿鹏,朱静雅,杨印生.农业非点源污染防治技术的研究现状及进展[J].农业工程学报,20084：290-295.
[12]LEE S I. Nonpoint source pollution[J]. Fisheries,1979 2:50-52.
[13]刘润堂,许建中.农业面源污染对湖泊水质影响的初步分析.中国水利,2002-6..中国环境状况公报(2002).
[14]张水铭.农田排水中磷素对苏南太湖水系的污染[J].环境科学,1993,14(6)：24-29.
[15]于峰,史正涛,彭海英.农业非点源污染研究综述[J].环境科学与管理,2008 8：54-59.
[16]王晓燕.农业非点源污染及其控制管理[J].农业面源污染与综合防治,2004 11：10.
[17]王小彬,蔡典雄,张镜清.早地玉米N吸收极其N肥利用率的研究.中国农业科学,2001,34(2)：179-186.
[18]曹仁林,贾晓葵.我国集约化农业中氮污染问题及防治对策[J],土壤肥料,2001(3)：3-6.
[19]吕耀.农业生态系统中氮素造成的非点源污染[J].农业环境保护,1998,17(1)：35-39.
[20]司友斌,王慎强,陈怀满等.农田氮、磷的流失与水体富营养化[J].土壤,2000,4：188-224.
[21]马立珊.太湖流域水环境硝态氮和亚硝态氮污染的研究[J].环境科学,1987,8(2)：60-65.
[22]周祖澄.固体氮肥施入旱田土壤中去向的研究[J].环境科学,1985,6(6)：2-7.
[23]王少明.滦河上游地区水土流失与面污染源的治理.水利水电科技进展.1997.17(3)：13-14.
[24]冀伟珍.农业面源污染的原理及其防治的新进展[J].中国西部科技,2008 12：7-9.
[25]张岩,刘宝元,史培军,江忠善.黄土高原土壤侵蚀作物覆盖因子计算[J].生态学报,2001,21(7)：1050-1056.
[26]杨新民.降雨径流污染及其控制评述[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1997,9.
[27]彭琳,王继增,卢宗藩.黄土高原早作土壤养分剖面运行与坡面流失的研究[J].西北农业学报,
1994,3(1)：62-66.
[28]李怀恩.流域非点源污染模型研究进展与发展趋势[J].水资源保护,19%,(2)：14-18.
[29]李贵宝,尹澄清,单宝庆.非点源污染控制与管理研究的概况与展望[J].农业环境保护,2001,20(3)：190-191.
[30]朱兆良,文启孝.中国土壤氮素[M].南京：江苏科学技术出版社,1990,10.
[31]吕唤春.千岛湖流域农业非点源污染及其生态效应的研究[D).浙江大学,2002.
[32]刘星,赵洪光.农业生产面源污染控制探讨[J].污染防治技术,2006(2)：38-40.
[33]钱秀红.杭嘉湖平原农业非点源污染的调查评价及控制对策研究[D].浙江大学硕士学位论文,2001.
[34]阮仁良.苏州河截流区外非点源污染调查[J].上海环境科学,1997,16(1)：20-22.
[35]李伟华,袁仲,张慎举.农业面源污染现状与控制措施[J].安徽农业科学,200733：10784-10786.
[36]王春生.氮素面源污染防治对策初探.江苏农村能源环境保护.1997.2：16-17.
[37]Dennis L C,Keith L. Application of GIS to the modeling of non-point source pollutants in the vadose zone a conference overview. Journal of Environmental Quality,1996,25(3):403-411.
[38]黄东风,王果,陈超.农业面源污染研究概况及发展趋势[J].中国农村小康科技,2006,11：39-45,52.
[39]US Environmental Protection Agency. Non-point source pollution from agriculture.http://www.epa. gov/region8/water/nps/npsurb.html,2003.
[40]Vighi M, Chiaudani G Eutrophication in Europe, the role of agricultural activities. In:Hodgson E.Reviews of Environmental Toxicology. Amsterdam:Elsevier,1987:213-257.
[41]European Environment Agency. Europe's water quality generally improving but agriculture still the main challenge. http://www.eea.eu.int/,2003.
[42]Lena B V. Nutrient preserving in riverine transitional strip. Journal of Human Environment,1994, 3(6):342-347.
[43]Kronvang, B., Graesball, P., Larsen, S.E., et al. Diffuse nutrient losses in Denmark. Water Science and Technology,1996,33(1):81-88.
[44]Boers P C M. Nutrient emissions from agriculture in the Netherlands, causes and remedies. Water Science and Technology (G B.),1996,33(4):183-189.
[45]Kinsel, Walter G. CREAMS:A field scale model for chemicals, runoff, and erosion from agricultural management systems.[R]U.S. Department of Agriculture, Conservation Resources Report,1980,26:640.
[46]Huston, J I, Wagenet R J. Leaching estimation and chemistry model, a process based model of water and solute movement, transformations, plant uptake and chemical reaction in the unsaturated zone. Continuum 2(3):148. Dept. of Agronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca. New York,1989.
[47]Breve M A,Skaggs R W,Parsons J E,et al. DRAINMOD-N,a nitrogen model for artificially drained soils. Transactions of the ASAE,1997,40(4):1067-1075.
[48]Ahuja L R,De Coursey D G,Barnes B B,et al. Characteristics of macropore transport studied with the ARS root zone water quality model.Transactions of the ASAE,1993,36:369-380.
[49]Chung S W, Gassman P W, Kramer L A, et al.Validation of EPIC for two watersheds in southwest
Iowa. Journal of Environmental Quality,1999,28:971-979.
[50]De Roo A P J, Wesseling C G, Cremers N H D T, et al. LISEM:a new physically-based hydrological and soil erosion model in a GIS-environment:Theory and implementation [C]. IAHS Publication. Proceedings of the Canberra Conference.1994,224:439-448.
[51]Morgan R P C, Quinton J N, Rickson R J. Modelling methodology for soil erosion assessment and soil conversion design:the EUROSEM approach. Outlook Agric,1994,23:5-9.
[52]Bicknell B R, Imhoff J C, Kittle J L, et al. Hydrological simulation program FORTRAN user's manual for release 11[EB/OL]. http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/basins/bsnsdocs.html,1996.
[53]Young R A. AGNPS:A non-point source pollution model for evaluating agricultural watersheds. Soil and Water Conservation,1989,44(2):168-173.
[54]Neitsch S L,Arnold J G,Kiniry J R,et al. Soil and water assessment tool user's manual:Version 2000[R].Temple, Texas:Blackland Research Center, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station,2001.
[55]Armstrong, M P, Densham, P J, Rushton, G. Architecture for a microcomputer based spatial decision support system. Paper presented at the Second International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, International Geographical Union,Williamsville New York,1986,120-131.
[56]黄生斌,叶芝菡,刘宝元.密云水库流域面源污染研究概述.中国生态农业学报,2008,16(5)：1311-1316.
[57]王宁,郭红岩,王晓蓉,等.太湖河网地区农村非点源氮负荷-以宜兴市大浦镇为例.生态学杂志,2008,27(4)：557-562.
[58]陈利顶,傅伯杰,张淑荣,等.异质景观中面源污染动态变化比较研究.生态学报,2002,22(6)：808-816.
[59]付伟章,史衍玺.施用不同氮肥对坡耕地径流中N输出的影响.环境科学学报,2005,25(12)：1676-1681.
[60]胡连伍,王学军,罗定贵,等.基于SWAT2000模型的流域氮营养素环境自净效率模拟-以杭埠-丰乐河流域为例.地理与地理信息科学,2006,22(2)：35-38.
[61]帅方敏,王新生,陈红兵,等.长湖流域面源污染现状分析.云南地理环境研究,2007,19(5)：118-122.
[62]胥彦玲.李怀恩,倪永明,等.基于USLE的黑河流域面源污染定量研究.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(3)：138-142.
[63]蒋桂炳.浙江省农业生态环境现状评价及防治对策.农业环境与发展.2001,3：4.
[64]何浩然,张林秀,李强.农民施肥行为及农业面源污染研究[J].农业技术经济,2006(6)：2-10.
[65]张绍冰.农业面源污染的来源及防治措施[J].现代农业科技,2007(8)：110-1 11.
[66]高祥照.中国肥料使用现状评价与发展战略研究[D].中国农业大学博士生论文,2000.
[67]胡勤海,傅柳松.双氰胺对蔬菜硝酸盐积累抑翻作用的研究[J],环境污染与防治,1991,13(1)：6,8.
[68]李建设,高艳明,孙权.氮肥形态与大白菜产量及硝酸盐累积的关系[J].长江蔬菜.2002(刊)：39-40.