从对立走向融合
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摘要
这篇论文试图通过对贝娄所刻画的汉德森这个人物的研究,从而揭示出作品的主题。尽管汉德森拥有数额庞大的家族遗产,他依然要饱受美国精神危机的困挠。汉德森在美国所经历的抑郁、浑沌的生活反映出物质的极大丰富并不能缓解人们精神的焦虑。他总是站在与社会对立的一面,因而,他跑到非洲,去寻找能够在物质社会生存的方法。通过汉德森由一个反抗者向一个接受者转变的精神成长的过程展示了贝娄对人类未来的乐观态度。最终,汉德森懂得了通过爱与他者相处,与社会建立一种和谐的关系。
这篇论文分为三部分:
第一部分介绍了索尔·贝娄是一位人文主义作家以及他的小说《雨王汉德森》。同时,该部分也强调了研究《雨王汉德森》的意义。通过对作品的分析,对于我们更好的理解, 在中国,当我们的生活也在走向富裕的时候,我们要怎样看待个人与他者的关系以及如何应对可能出现的精神危机。
第二部分通过对汉德森精神历程的分析,我们看到了汉德森由一个反抗者向一个接受者的转变过程。在物质上,汉德森极为富有。然而,具有讽刺意味的是,汉德森感到自己的无用正是源于其拥有的强大经济实力。因此,他觉得自己无法在这样的精神状态下生活。但是,经过了非洲旅行之后,他能够面对现实了。他知道自己所需要的是爱——爱现实、爱他人。在这种强烈情感的支配下,汉德森返回了美国并准备在现实社会中实现自己的价值。
第三部分是结论,总结了贝娄在《雨王汉德森》中有关自我与世界关系的观点。从中我们看到,在面对自我与世界的矛盾面前,一方面我们要实现自我的价值,在实现自我价值的同时,要用爱来包容别人,建立自我与他者融洽的关系,最终达到整个社会的和谐。
This thesis intends to interpret the theme in Henderson the Rain King, focusing on the study of Henderson the protagonist. Despite his sizeable wealth from family heritage, Henderson suffers from the spiritual crisis widespread in America. The experiences of Henderson in America reflect that the overmuch material cannot release people’s spiritual crisis. He always stands at the opposite side of reality. So he runs to Africa to find a way to survive in the material society. Through the progress of protagonist’s spiritual growth, which best illustrates Bellow’s affirmative attitude towards human’s future, Henderson turns from an objector to an accepter. Eventually, Henderson knows man can get on well with others by love and establish a harmonious relationship with society.
The thesis consists of three parts.
The first part introduces Saul Bellow as a humanistic writer and his novel Henderson the Rain King, and emphasizes the significance of perceiving this novel. In China when we are in the process of being rich we might face the same spiritual crisis as Henderson’s. Through analyzing the novel, we know that how we can live with others and solve the conflicts between individual and reality.
In the second part through the analyzing of Henderson’s spiritual progress we see that Henderson from an objector to an accepter. The wealthy Henderson is drowning in the money world, but his economic freedom has ironically generated in him a sense of his own uselessness. So Henderson think he cannot live in such mental condition. But after the journey, he can conciliate with reality and he knows what he wants is love, which is the love for reality and for others. Under this powerful emotion Henderson returns
America and he is ready to pursue his dreams in reality. The third part draws a conclusion. I see that in order to solve the conflicts between individual and reality, Bellow shows that when people realize their dreams they, on the one hand consider their own aims; on the other hand they exist in the world, so they should mix well with others in love in order to reach the harmonization of the whole society.
这篇论文分为三部分:
第一部分介绍了索尔·贝娄是一位人文主义作家以及他的小说《雨王汉德森》。同时,该部分也强调了研究《雨王汉德森》的意义。通过对作品的分析,对于我们更好的理解, 在中国,当我们的生活也在走向富裕的时候,我们要怎样看待个人与他者的关系以及如何应对可能出现的精神危机。
第二部分通过对汉德森精神历程的分析,我们看到了汉德森由一个反抗者向一个接受者的转变过程。在物质上,汉德森极为富有。然而,具有讽刺意味的是,汉德森感到自己的无用正是源于其拥有的强大经济实力。因此,他觉得自己无法在这样的精神状态下生活。但是,经过了非洲旅行之后,他能够面对现实了。他知道自己所需要的是爱——爱现实、爱他人。在这种强烈情感的支配下,汉德森返回了美国并准备在现实社会中实现自己的价值。
第三部分是结论,总结了贝娄在《雨王汉德森》中有关自我与世界关系的观点。从中我们看到,在面对自我与世界的矛盾面前,一方面我们要实现自我的价值,在实现自我价值的同时,要用爱来包容别人,建立自我与他者融洽的关系,最终达到整个社会的和谐。
This thesis intends to interpret the theme in Henderson the Rain King, focusing on the study of Henderson the protagonist. Despite his sizeable wealth from family heritage, Henderson suffers from the spiritual crisis widespread in America. The experiences of Henderson in America reflect that the overmuch material cannot release people’s spiritual crisis. He always stands at the opposite side of reality. So he runs to Africa to find a way to survive in the material society. Through the progress of protagonist’s spiritual growth, which best illustrates Bellow’s affirmative attitude towards human’s future, Henderson turns from an objector to an accepter. Eventually, Henderson knows man can get on well with others by love and establish a harmonious relationship with society.
The thesis consists of three parts.
The first part introduces Saul Bellow as a humanistic writer and his novel Henderson the Rain King, and emphasizes the significance of perceiving this novel. In China when we are in the process of being rich we might face the same spiritual crisis as Henderson’s. Through analyzing the novel, we know that how we can live with others and solve the conflicts between individual and reality.
In the second part through the analyzing of Henderson’s spiritual progress we see that Henderson from an objector to an accepter. The wealthy Henderson is drowning in the money world, but his economic freedom has ironically generated in him a sense of his own uselessness. So Henderson think he cannot live in such mental condition. But after the journey, he can conciliate with reality and he knows what he wants is love, which is the love for reality and for others. Under this powerful emotion Henderson returns
America and he is ready to pursue his dreams in reality. The third part draws a conclusion. I see that in order to solve the conflicts between individual and reality, Bellow shows that when people realize their dreams they, on the one hand consider their own aims; on the other hand they exist in the world, so they should mix well with others in love in order to reach the harmonization of the whole society.
引文
1. Allan Chavkin, “Bellow and English Romanticism”, in Saul Bellow in the 1980s: A Collection of Critical Essays, Gloria L. Cronin and L. H. Goldman, Michigan: Michigan State University Press, 1989.
2. Daniel Hughes, “Reality and The Hero: Saul Bellow”, in Harold Bloom, Modern Critical Views: Saul Bellow, New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986.
3. Earl Rovit ed., Saul Bellow: A Collection of Critical Essays, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1975.
4. Ellen Pifer, Saul Bellow Against the Grain, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990.
5. Eusebio L. Rodrigues, Quest for Human—An Exploration of Saul Bellow’s Fiction, Toronto: Bucknell University Press, 1981.
6. Gabriel Josipovici, The Lesson of Modernism, London: The MacMillan Press, 1977.
7. Gloria L. Cronin and L. H. Goldman ed., Saul Bellow in the 1980s: A Collection of Critical Essays, Michigan: Michigan State University Press, 1989.
8. Ihab Hassan, Radical Innocence: Studies in the Contemporary American Novel, New Jersey: Pronceton University Press, 1961.
9. Irving Howe, “Introduction,” A Treasury of Yiddish Stories, New York: Viking Press, 1954.
10. Interview with Nina A. Steers, “Successor to Faulkner?” Show, IV (Sept. 1964).
11. Keith M. Opdahl, The Novels of Saul Bellow: An Introduction, University Part: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1967.
12. Leerom Medovoi, “Democracy, Capitalism, and American Literature: The Cold War Construction of J. D. Salinger’s Paperback Hero”, in Joel Foreman, The Other Fifties: Interrogating Midcentury American Icons, Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1997.
13. Malcolm Bradbury, “Saul Bellow and Changing History”, in Harold Bloom, Saul Bellow: Modern Critical Views, New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986.
14. Marcus Klein, “A Discipline of Nobility”, Kenyon Review 24, Spring, 1962.
15. Marcus Klein, After Alienation, Cleveland: World Publishing Co., 1964.
16. Mary Bruccoli ed., Dictionary of Literary Biography, Documentary Series, vol. 3, Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1983.
17. Peter Hyland, Saul Bellow, Hampshire: MacMillan Education Ltd., 1992.
18. Philip Babcock Gove ed., Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged, Massachusetts: G.&C. Merriam Company, 1976.
19. Ruth Miller, Saul Bellow: a Biography of the Imagination, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991.
20. Saul Bellow, “A World Too Much with Us”, in Eberhard Alsen, A Collection of Critical Essays, New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 2000.
21. Saul Bellow, Distractions of a Fiction Writer, Bloominton: Indiana University Press, 1979.
22. Saul Bellow ed., Great Jewish Short Stories, New York: Dell Publishing, 1963.
23. Saul Bellow, “Sealed Treasure,” Times Literary Supplement, July 1, 1960.
24. Stanley J. Kunitz ed., Twentieth Century Authors, First Supplement, New York: Wilson, 1955.
25. http://books.guardian.co.uk/news/articles/0,6109,1453181,00.html
26. http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/1976/
27. http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/1976/bellow-lecture.htm
28.http://www.chinaelections.org/readnews.asp?newsid={D76AFB8-2416-4E3B-A89F-FC52CDAB4D1C}
29. http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/2005/Feb/789845.htm
30 何振华,“从构建和谐社会看稳定”,《人民日报》2005年4月17日第1版。
31.易乐湘. “有存在主义特色的人道主义作家——论美国当代作家索尔·贝娄”, 淮北煤师院学报(哲学社会科学版),1999年第1期。
32. 周南翼,《贝娄》,成都:四川人民出版社,2003年。
1. Allan Chavkin, “Bellow and English Romanticism”, in Saul Bellow in the 1980s: A Collection of Critical Essays, Gloria L. Cronin and L. H. Goldman, Michigan: Michigan State University Press, 1989.
2. Daniel Hughes, “Reality and The Hero: Saul Bellow”, in Harold Bloom, Modern Critical Views: Saul Bellow, New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986.
3. Earl Rovit ed., Saul Bellow: a collection of critical essays, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1975.
4. Eberhard Alsen ed., The New Romanticism: A Collection of Critical Essays, New York: Garland Publishing, 2000.
5. Ellen Pifer, Saul Bellow Against the Grain, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990.
6. Eugene Hollahan ed., Saul Bellow and the Struggle at the Center, New York: AMS Press, 1996.
7. Eusebio L. Rodrigues, Quest for Human—An Exploration of Saul Bellow’s Fiction. Toronto: Bucknell University Press, 1981.
8. Gabriel Josipovici, The Lessons of Modernism, London: The MacMillan Press, 1977.
9. Gloria L. Cronin and L. H. Goldman ed., Saul Bellow in the 1980s: A Collection of Critical Essays, Michigan: Michigan State University Press, 1989.
10. Harold Bloom ed., Saul Bellow: Modern Critical Views, New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986.
11. Ihab Hassan, Radical Innocence: Studies in the Contemporary American Novel, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1961.
12. Interview with Nina A. Steers, “Successor to Faulkner?” Show, IV (Sept. 1964)
13. Irving Howe, “Introduction,” A Treasury of Yiddish Stories, New York: Viking Press, 1954.
14. James T. Patterson, America in the Twentieth Century: a History, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1976.
15. John Jacob Clayton, Saul Bellow In Defense of Man, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1979.
16. Joyce Carol Oates ed., The Best American Essays of the Century, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000.
17. Karl F. Knight, “Bellow’s Henderson and Melville’s Ishmael: Their Mingled Worlds”, Studies in American Fiction. 12.1 (1984)
18. L. Moffitt Cecil, “Bellow’s Crankiness”, Chicago Review, 32, No.4 (Spring 1981)
19. Leerom Medovoi, “Democracy, Capitalism, and American Literature: The Cold War Construction of J. D. Salinger’s Paperback Hero”, in Joel Foreman, The Other Fifties: Interrogating Midcentury American Icons, Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1997.
20. Malcolm Bradbury and Howard Temperley ed., Introduction to American Studies, New York: Longman Inc., 1981.
21. Malcolm Bradbury, “Saul Bellow and Changing History”, in Harold Bloom, Saul Bellow: Modern Critical Views, New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986.
22. Marcus Klein, “A Discipline of Nobility”, Kenyon Review 24, Spring, 1962.
23. Marcus Klein, After Alienation, Cleveland: World Publishing Co., 1964.
24. Mary Bruccoli ed., Dictionary of Literary Biography, Documentary Series, vol. 3, Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1983.
25. Michael K. Glenday, Saul Bellow and the Decline of Humanism, Hamphshire: The MacMillan Press Ltd., 1990.
26. Murray Roston, The Search for Selfhood in Modern Literature, New York: Palgrave Publishers Ltd., 2001.
27. Peter Hyland, Saul Bellow, Hampshire: MacMillan Education Ltd., 1992.
28. Philip Babcock Gove ed., Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged, Massachusetts: G.&C. Merriam Company, 1976.
29. Philip Roth, Shop Talk: a writer and his colleagues and their work, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001.
30. Robert W. Lundin, Theories and Systems of Psychology, Massachusetts: D.C. Health and Company, 1985.
31. Ruth Miller, Saul Bellow: a Biography of the Imagination, St. Martin’s Press, New York: 1991.
32. Saul Bellow, “A World Too Much with Us”, in Eberhard Alsen, A Collection of Critical Essays, New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 2000.
33. Saul Bellow, Distractions of a Fiction Writer, Indiana University Press, 1979.
34. Saul Bellow, Henderson the Rain King, New York: The Viking Press, 1959
35. Saul Bellow ed., Great Jewish Short Stories, New York: Dell Publishing, 1963.
36. Saul Bellow, “Sealed Treasure,” Times Literary Supplement, July 1, 1960.
37. Stanley J. Kunitz ed., Twentieth Century Authors, First Supplement, New York: Wilson, 1955.
38. Wolfgang B. Fleischmann ed., Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century, Volume 1, New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1974.
39. http://books.guardian.co.uk/news/articles/0,6109,1453181,00.html
40. http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/1976/bellow-lecture.htm
41. http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/1976/
42. http://www.chinaelections.org/readnews.asp?newsid={D76AFB8-2416-4E3B-A89F-FC52CDAB4D1C}
43.http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/2005/Feb/789845.htm
44.万光,《美国社会病》,成都:四川人民出版社,1997年
45.邓宏艺,“贝娄作品存在主义思想的来源探析”,聊城大学学报,2003年第4期。
46.弗·斯卡皮著,刘泰星、张世灏译,《美国社会问题》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1986年。
47.包鹏程,“穿越黑暗的光芒——试析索尔·贝娄小说的人物形象”,安徽农业大学学报,2001年第2期。
48.乔国强,“当代美国犹太文学的文化解读”,四川外语学院学报,2000年第1期。
49.刘洪一,《走向文化诗学:美国犹太小说研究》,北京:北京大学出版社,2002年。
50.伍蠡甫、胡经之,《西方文艺理论名著选编》(下卷),北京:北京大学出版社,2001年。
51.张弘,“论贝娄小说的艺术特色”,北方论丛,2000年第5期。
52.何振华,“从构建和谐社会看稳定”,《人民日报》2005年4月17日第1版。
53.苏晖,“疯狂世界中的‘边缘人’——论索尔·贝娄小说主人公心理模式的形成机制”,华中师范大学学报,1995年第5期。
54.宋德伟、胡春萍,“生命的探询与存在的决断——索尔·贝娄小说的现代性意蕴片论”,解放军外国语学院学报,1999年第6期。
55.宋兆霖译,“受奖演说”,《赫索格》,索尔·贝娄著, 桂林:漓江出版社,1985年。
56.张曙光,《生存哲学:走向本真的存在》昆明:云南人民出版社,2002年。
57.易乐湘,“有存在主义特色的人道主义者——论美国当代作家索尔·贝娄”,淮北煤师院学报(哲学社会科学版),1999年第1期。
58.周南翼,《贝娄》,成都:四川人民出版社,2003年。
59.邹智勇,“索尔·贝娄小说的主题及其文化意蕴”,武汉理工大学学报,2001年第3期。
60.索尔·贝娄著,蓝仁哲、陈蜀之译《雨王亨德森》,重庆:重庆出版社,1985年。
61.黄明哲,《梦想与尘世:二十世纪美国文化》,北京:东方出版社,1999年。
62.傅少武,“论索尔·贝娄小说的流浪汉形象”,徐州师范大学学报,1997年第2期。
63.傅勇,“犹太人的困境与自救——论当代美国犹太文学的走向”,河北师范大学学报,2001年第2期。
2. Daniel Hughes, “Reality and The Hero: Saul Bellow”, in Harold Bloom, Modern Critical Views: Saul Bellow, New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986.
3. Earl Rovit ed., Saul Bellow: A Collection of Critical Essays, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1975.
4. Ellen Pifer, Saul Bellow Against the Grain, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990.
5. Eusebio L. Rodrigues, Quest for Human—An Exploration of Saul Bellow’s Fiction, Toronto: Bucknell University Press, 1981.
6. Gabriel Josipovici, The Lesson of Modernism, London: The MacMillan Press, 1977.
7. Gloria L. Cronin and L. H. Goldman ed., Saul Bellow in the 1980s: A Collection of Critical Essays, Michigan: Michigan State University Press, 1989.
8. Ihab Hassan, Radical Innocence: Studies in the Contemporary American Novel, New Jersey: Pronceton University Press, 1961.
9. Irving Howe, “Introduction,” A Treasury of Yiddish Stories, New York: Viking Press, 1954.
10. Interview with Nina A. Steers, “Successor to Faulkner?” Show, IV (Sept. 1964).
11. Keith M. Opdahl, The Novels of Saul Bellow: An Introduction, University Part: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1967.
12. Leerom Medovoi, “Democracy, Capitalism, and American Literature: The Cold War Construction of J. D. Salinger’s Paperback Hero”, in Joel Foreman, The Other Fifties: Interrogating Midcentury American Icons, Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1997.
13. Malcolm Bradbury, “Saul Bellow and Changing History”, in Harold Bloom, Saul Bellow: Modern Critical Views, New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986.
14. Marcus Klein, “A Discipline of Nobility”, Kenyon Review 24, Spring, 1962.
15. Marcus Klein, After Alienation, Cleveland: World Publishing Co., 1964.
16. Mary Bruccoli ed., Dictionary of Literary Biography, Documentary Series, vol. 3, Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1983.
17. Peter Hyland, Saul Bellow, Hampshire: MacMillan Education Ltd., 1992.
18. Philip Babcock Gove ed., Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged, Massachusetts: G.&C. Merriam Company, 1976.
19. Ruth Miller, Saul Bellow: a Biography of the Imagination, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991.
20. Saul Bellow, “A World Too Much with Us”, in Eberhard Alsen, A Collection of Critical Essays, New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 2000.
21. Saul Bellow, Distractions of a Fiction Writer, Bloominton: Indiana University Press, 1979.
22. Saul Bellow ed., Great Jewish Short Stories, New York: Dell Publishing, 1963.
23. Saul Bellow, “Sealed Treasure,” Times Literary Supplement, July 1, 1960.
24. Stanley J. Kunitz ed., Twentieth Century Authors, First Supplement, New York: Wilson, 1955.
25. http://books.guardian.co.uk/news/articles/0,6109,1453181,00.html
26. http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/1976/
27. http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/1976/bellow-lecture.htm
28.http://www.chinaelections.org/readnews.asp?newsid={D76AFB8-2416-4E3B-A89F-FC52CDAB4D1C}
29. http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/2005/Feb/789845.htm
30 何振华,“从构建和谐社会看稳定”,《人民日报》2005年4月17日第1版。
31.易乐湘. “有存在主义特色的人道主义作家——论美国当代作家索尔·贝娄”, 淮北煤师院学报(哲学社会科学版),1999年第1期。
32. 周南翼,《贝娄》,成都:四川人民出版社,2003年。
1. Allan Chavkin, “Bellow and English Romanticism”, in Saul Bellow in the 1980s: A Collection of Critical Essays, Gloria L. Cronin and L. H. Goldman, Michigan: Michigan State University Press, 1989.
2. Daniel Hughes, “Reality and The Hero: Saul Bellow”, in Harold Bloom, Modern Critical Views: Saul Bellow, New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986.
3. Earl Rovit ed., Saul Bellow: a collection of critical essays, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1975.
4. Eberhard Alsen ed., The New Romanticism: A Collection of Critical Essays, New York: Garland Publishing, 2000.
5. Ellen Pifer, Saul Bellow Against the Grain, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990.
6. Eugene Hollahan ed., Saul Bellow and the Struggle at the Center, New York: AMS Press, 1996.
7. Eusebio L. Rodrigues, Quest for Human—An Exploration of Saul Bellow’s Fiction. Toronto: Bucknell University Press, 1981.
8. Gabriel Josipovici, The Lessons of Modernism, London: The MacMillan Press, 1977.
9. Gloria L. Cronin and L. H. Goldman ed., Saul Bellow in the 1980s: A Collection of Critical Essays, Michigan: Michigan State University Press, 1989.
10. Harold Bloom ed., Saul Bellow: Modern Critical Views, New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986.
11. Ihab Hassan, Radical Innocence: Studies in the Contemporary American Novel, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1961.
12. Interview with Nina A. Steers, “Successor to Faulkner?” Show, IV (Sept. 1964)
13. Irving Howe, “Introduction,” A Treasury of Yiddish Stories, New York: Viking Press, 1954.
14. James T. Patterson, America in the Twentieth Century: a History, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1976.
15. John Jacob Clayton, Saul Bellow In Defense of Man, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1979.
16. Joyce Carol Oates ed., The Best American Essays of the Century, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000.
17. Karl F. Knight, “Bellow’s Henderson and Melville’s Ishmael: Their Mingled Worlds”, Studies in American Fiction. 12.1 (1984)
18. L. Moffitt Cecil, “Bellow’s Crankiness”, Chicago Review, 32, No.4 (Spring 1981)
19. Leerom Medovoi, “Democracy, Capitalism, and American Literature: The Cold War Construction of J. D. Salinger’s Paperback Hero”, in Joel Foreman, The Other Fifties: Interrogating Midcentury American Icons, Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1997.
20. Malcolm Bradbury and Howard Temperley ed., Introduction to American Studies, New York: Longman Inc., 1981.
21. Malcolm Bradbury, “Saul Bellow and Changing History”, in Harold Bloom, Saul Bellow: Modern Critical Views, New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986.
22. Marcus Klein, “A Discipline of Nobility”, Kenyon Review 24, Spring, 1962.
23. Marcus Klein, After Alienation, Cleveland: World Publishing Co., 1964.
24. Mary Bruccoli ed., Dictionary of Literary Biography, Documentary Series, vol. 3, Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1983.
25. Michael K. Glenday, Saul Bellow and the Decline of Humanism, Hamphshire: The MacMillan Press Ltd., 1990.
26. Murray Roston, The Search for Selfhood in Modern Literature, New York: Palgrave Publishers Ltd., 2001.
27. Peter Hyland, Saul Bellow, Hampshire: MacMillan Education Ltd., 1992.
28. Philip Babcock Gove ed., Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged, Massachusetts: G.&C. Merriam Company, 1976.
29. Philip Roth, Shop Talk: a writer and his colleagues and their work, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001.
30. Robert W. Lundin, Theories and Systems of Psychology, Massachusetts: D.C. Health and Company, 1985.
31. Ruth Miller, Saul Bellow: a Biography of the Imagination, St. Martin’s Press, New York: 1991.
32. Saul Bellow, “A World Too Much with Us”, in Eberhard Alsen, A Collection of Critical Essays, New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 2000.
33. Saul Bellow, Distractions of a Fiction Writer, Indiana University Press, 1979.
34. Saul Bellow, Henderson the Rain King, New York: The Viking Press, 1959
35. Saul Bellow ed., Great Jewish Short Stories, New York: Dell Publishing, 1963.
36. Saul Bellow, “Sealed Treasure,” Times Literary Supplement, July 1, 1960.
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