《所罗门之歌》和《宠儿》中的非洲文化传统
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摘要
托妮·莫里森是世界上最著名的黑人女作家之一。《所罗门之歌》和《宠儿》是她最著名的两部作品。本文主要分析这两部小说中的非洲文化传统。具体说来,本文主要阐述了三种对非裔美国人生活不可或缺的非洲传统。其中,口头传统通过民间音乐和故事讲述方式记录历史并安慰黑人灵魂；社区集体价值使社区成员之间充满爱、关心、理解、支持和安全感；祖先现身在阴间指导着今世身在异域的非洲后裔。通过她的作品,莫里森为防止这些珍贵传统失传而做出了巨大努力,她突出强调了这些传统的继承对整个黑人民族生存发展所起的重要作用。
Toni Morrison ranks among the most well known black women writers in the world. Song of Solomon and Beloved are her two most prestigious novels. This thesis is an interpretation of these two novels with the focus on the African cultural heritage. Specifically, three main conventions from the African cultural heritage are illustrated, and each of them plays an irreplaceable part in the Afro-Americans'life. The oral tradition records history and comforts the black souls through folk music and storytelling; the communal collective culture surrounds the community members with love, care, understanding, support and security; and the ancestral presence guides the living African descendents in the diaspora from the afterworld. Through her writing, Morrison takes efforts to protect these invaluable heritages from extinction and highlights the importance of their sustainment for the survival and development of the whole black race.
Toni Morrison ranks among the most well known black women writers in the world. Song of Solomon and Beloved are her two most prestigious novels. This thesis is an interpretation of these two novels with the focus on the African cultural heritage. Specifically, three main conventions from the African cultural heritage are illustrated, and each of them plays an irreplaceable part in the Afro-Americans'life. The oral tradition records history and comforts the black souls through folk music and storytelling; the communal collective culture surrounds the community members with love, care, understanding, support and security; and the ancestral presence guides the living African descendents in the diaspora from the afterworld. Through her writing, Morrison takes efforts to protect these invaluable heritages from extinction and highlights the importance of their sustainment for the survival and development of the whole black race.
引文
Awkward. M. Inspiriting Influences:Tradition, Revision, and Afro-American Women's Novels. New York:Columbia University Press,1991.
Century. Douglass. Black Americans of Achievement:Toni Morrison. New York:Chelsea House Publishers.1994.
Davis. Christina. "An Interview with Toni Morrison." Conversations with Toni Morrison. Ed. Danille Taylor-Guthrie. Jackson:University Press of Mississippi.1994.223-233.
Durrant. Sam. Postcolonial Narrative and the Work of Mourning:J. M. Coetzee, Wilson Harris, and Toni Morrison. New York:State University of New York Press.2004.
Ellison. Ralph. Invisible Man.1952. New York:Vintage Books.1995.
Erickson. Daniel. Ghosts. Metaphor, and History in Toni Morrison's Beloved and Gabriel Garcia Mdrquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude. New York:Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
Furman. Jan. Toni Morrison's Fiction. Columbia S.C:University of South Carolina Press. 1996.
Hamilton. Virginia. The People Could Fly:American Black Folktales. New York:Knopf, 1985.
Harding, Wendy and Martin Jacky. A World of Difference:An Inter-cultural Study of Toni Morrison's Novels. London:Greenwood Press.1997.
Hayden. Robert. David J. Burrows and Frederick R. Lapides. ed. Afro-American literature: An Introduction. New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1971.
Heinert, Jennifer Lee Jordan. Narrative Conventions and Race in the novels of Toni Morrison. New York:Routledge.2009.
Henson. Kristin K. Beyond the Sound Barrier:The Jazz Controversy in Twentieth-Century American Fiction. New York:Routledge,2003.
Hill, Adelaide. "What is Africa to Us?" The Black Power Revolt. A Collection of Essays. Ed. Barbour Floyd. Boston:Porter Sargent Publishers.1968.140-168.
Holloway. Joseph E., ed. Africanisms in American Culture. Bloomington:Indiana University Press.1990.
Isaacs. Harold Robert. The New World of Negro Americans. New York:John Day. Co.,1963.
Jennings. La Vinia Delois. Toni Morrison and the Idea of Africa. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008.
Jordan. Margaret I. African American Servitude and Historical Imagines. New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2004.
Marberry, Susan Neal. Can't 1 Love What I Criticize? The Masculine and Morrison. Athens: The University of Georgia Press.2007.
Mbalia. Doreatha Drummond. Toni Morrison's Developing Class Consciousness.2nd ed. Selinsgrove:Suquehanna University Press.2004.
Mckay. Nellie Y.. Critical Essays on Toni Morrison. Boston:G. K. Hall.1988.
Mendoro. Dana. "Justice and Citizenship in Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon." Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon:Bloom's Modern Critical Interpretations. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York:Infobase Publishing,2009.119-132.
Middleton. Joyce Irene. "From Orality to Literacy:Oral Memory in Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon." New Essays on Song of Solomon. Ed. Valerie Smith. Beijing:Peking University Press.2007.19-39.
Mori. Aoi. Toni Morrison and Womanist Discourse. New York:Peter Lang,1999.
Morrison. Toni. Beloved.1981. Bejing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2005.
---. Song of Solomon.1977. New York:Random House.2004.
---. Sula. New York:Penguin.1973.
---. Lecture and speech of Acceptance, upon the Award of the Nobel Prize for Literature. Delivered in Stokholm on the Seventh of December, Nineteen Hundred and Ninety-Three. New York:Knopf.1994.
---. "Rootedness:The Ancestor as Foundation." Black Women Writers (1950-1980):A Critical Evaluation. Ed. Mari Evans. New York:Anchor.1984.339-45.
Obiechina, Emmanuel. Culture. Tradition and Society in the West African Novel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.1975.
Oniang. Clement M. P. "The Foundations of African Philosophy." Lock Haven International Review.1 (1995):9.
Page. Philip. Dangerous Freedom:Fusion and Fragmentation in Toni Morrison's Novels. Jackson:University Press of Mississippi.1995.
Ron, David. Toni Morrison Explained:A Reader's Road Map to the Novels. New York: Random House.2000.
Scott. Joyce Hope."Song of Solomon and Tar Baby:the Subversive Role of Language and the Carnivalesque." The Cambridge Companion to Toni Morrison. Ed. Justine Tally. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2007.26-42.
Selassie. Zauditu K. African Spiritual Traditions in the Novels of Toni Morrison. Giainesville: University Press of Florida,2009.
Skerrett. Joseph T. "Recitations to the Griot:Storytelling and Learning in Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon." Conjuring:Black Women. Fiction, and the literary Tradition. Ed. Marjorie Pryse and Hortense Spillers. Bloomington:Indiana University Press.1985. 192-202.
Smith. Rochelle. and Sharon Jones, ed. The Prentice Hall Anthology of African American Literature. Englewood Cliffs. NJ:Prentice Mall. Inc.,1999.
Smith. Valerie. Self-Discoverv and Authority in Afro-American Narrative. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.1987.
Soro, Adama. ""Living Together:African Community-Based Values in Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon." Sciences Sociales et Humaines.9 (2007):295-303.
Steady, Filomina Chioma. The Black Woman Cross-Culturally. Boston:Schenkman.1981.
Stepto. Robert. "Intimate Things in Place:A Conversation with Toni Morrison." Conversations with Toni Morrison. Ed. Danille Taylor-Guthrie. Jackson:University Press of Mississippi.1994.10-29.
Stevenson. Linda. "Agni Proverbs." African Arts.4 (1973):54.
Tate. Claudia. "Toni Morrison." Black Women Writers at Work. Ed. Claudia Tate. New York: Continuum.1983.117-131.
White. Joseph L., and Parham T. A. The Psychology of Blacks:An African-American Perspective. New Jersey:Prentice-Hall,1984.
Wilentz, Gay. "Civilization Underneath:African Heritage as Cultural Discourse in Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon." Toni Morrison's Fiction:Contemporary Criticism. Ed. David L. Middleton. New York:Garland Publishing, Inc.2000.109-129.
Century. Douglass. Black Americans of Achievement:Toni Morrison. New York:Chelsea House Publishers.1994.
Davis. Christina. "An Interview with Toni Morrison." Conversations with Toni Morrison. Ed. Danille Taylor-Guthrie. Jackson:University Press of Mississippi.1994.223-233.
Durrant. Sam. Postcolonial Narrative and the Work of Mourning:J. M. Coetzee, Wilson Harris, and Toni Morrison. New York:State University of New York Press.2004.
Ellison. Ralph. Invisible Man.1952. New York:Vintage Books.1995.
Erickson. Daniel. Ghosts. Metaphor, and History in Toni Morrison's Beloved and Gabriel Garcia Mdrquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude. New York:Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
Furman. Jan. Toni Morrison's Fiction. Columbia S.C:University of South Carolina Press. 1996.
Hamilton. Virginia. The People Could Fly:American Black Folktales. New York:Knopf, 1985.
Harding, Wendy and Martin Jacky. A World of Difference:An Inter-cultural Study of Toni Morrison's Novels. London:Greenwood Press.1997.
Hayden. Robert. David J. Burrows and Frederick R. Lapides. ed. Afro-American literature: An Introduction. New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1971.
Heinert, Jennifer Lee Jordan. Narrative Conventions and Race in the novels of Toni Morrison. New York:Routledge.2009.
Henson. Kristin K. Beyond the Sound Barrier:The Jazz Controversy in Twentieth-Century American Fiction. New York:Routledge,2003.
Hill, Adelaide. "What is Africa to Us?" The Black Power Revolt. A Collection of Essays. Ed. Barbour Floyd. Boston:Porter Sargent Publishers.1968.140-168.
Holloway. Joseph E., ed. Africanisms in American Culture. Bloomington:Indiana University Press.1990.
Isaacs. Harold Robert. The New World of Negro Americans. New York:John Day. Co.,1963.
Jennings. La Vinia Delois. Toni Morrison and the Idea of Africa. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008.
Jordan. Margaret I. African American Servitude and Historical Imagines. New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2004.
Marberry, Susan Neal. Can't 1 Love What I Criticize? The Masculine and Morrison. Athens: The University of Georgia Press.2007.
Mbalia. Doreatha Drummond. Toni Morrison's Developing Class Consciousness.2nd ed. Selinsgrove:Suquehanna University Press.2004.
Mckay. Nellie Y.. Critical Essays on Toni Morrison. Boston:G. K. Hall.1988.
Mendoro. Dana. "Justice and Citizenship in Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon." Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon:Bloom's Modern Critical Interpretations. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York:Infobase Publishing,2009.119-132.
Middleton. Joyce Irene. "From Orality to Literacy:Oral Memory in Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon." New Essays on Song of Solomon. Ed. Valerie Smith. Beijing:Peking University Press.2007.19-39.
Mori. Aoi. Toni Morrison and Womanist Discourse. New York:Peter Lang,1999.
Morrison. Toni. Beloved.1981. Bejing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2005.
---. Song of Solomon.1977. New York:Random House.2004.
---. Sula. New York:Penguin.1973.
---. Lecture and speech of Acceptance, upon the Award of the Nobel Prize for Literature. Delivered in Stokholm on the Seventh of December, Nineteen Hundred and Ninety-Three. New York:Knopf.1994.
---. "Rootedness:The Ancestor as Foundation." Black Women Writers (1950-1980):A Critical Evaluation. Ed. Mari Evans. New York:Anchor.1984.339-45.
Obiechina, Emmanuel. Culture. Tradition and Society in the West African Novel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.1975.
Oniang. Clement M. P. "The Foundations of African Philosophy." Lock Haven International Review.1 (1995):9.
Page. Philip. Dangerous Freedom:Fusion and Fragmentation in Toni Morrison's Novels. Jackson:University Press of Mississippi.1995.
Ron, David. Toni Morrison Explained:A Reader's Road Map to the Novels. New York: Random House.2000.
Scott. Joyce Hope."Song of Solomon and Tar Baby:the Subversive Role of Language and the Carnivalesque." The Cambridge Companion to Toni Morrison. Ed. Justine Tally. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2007.26-42.
Selassie. Zauditu K. African Spiritual Traditions in the Novels of Toni Morrison. Giainesville: University Press of Florida,2009.
Skerrett. Joseph T. "Recitations to the Griot:Storytelling and Learning in Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon." Conjuring:Black Women. Fiction, and the literary Tradition. Ed. Marjorie Pryse and Hortense Spillers. Bloomington:Indiana University Press.1985. 192-202.
Smith. Rochelle. and Sharon Jones, ed. The Prentice Hall Anthology of African American Literature. Englewood Cliffs. NJ:Prentice Mall. Inc.,1999.
Smith. Valerie. Self-Discoverv and Authority in Afro-American Narrative. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.1987.
Soro, Adama. ""Living Together:African Community-Based Values in Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon." Sciences Sociales et Humaines.9 (2007):295-303.
Steady, Filomina Chioma. The Black Woman Cross-Culturally. Boston:Schenkman.1981.
Stepto. Robert. "Intimate Things in Place:A Conversation with Toni Morrison." Conversations with Toni Morrison. Ed. Danille Taylor-Guthrie. Jackson:University Press of Mississippi.1994.10-29.
Stevenson. Linda. "Agni Proverbs." African Arts.4 (1973):54.
Tate. Claudia. "Toni Morrison." Black Women Writers at Work. Ed. Claudia Tate. New York: Continuum.1983.117-131.
White. Joseph L., and Parham T. A. The Psychology of Blacks:An African-American Perspective. New Jersey:Prentice-Hall,1984.
Wilentz, Gay. "Civilization Underneath:African Heritage as Cultural Discourse in Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon." Toni Morrison's Fiction:Contemporary Criticism. Ed. David L. Middleton. New York:Garland Publishing, Inc.2000.109-129.