岷江上游生态修复分区与生态修复模式研究
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摘要
岷江是长江上游重要的支流之一,其上游地区位于青藏高原东缘、长江上游高山峡谷地带,岷江上游地处高山峡谷地带,地形复杂,相对高差大(1500—3000m),生态环境十分脆弱,加之人类的过度开发,使得该区域整个山地生态系统的严重退化,岷江上游山地生态系统的退化已严重威胁着该民族地区的生态安全和社会稳定,威胁长江上游生态环境建设和区域可持续发展。因此,开展生态修复研究,保障新时期西南山区生态屏障建设和新农村建设战略的实现已迫在眉睫,而该区域生态修复的核心就是要构建具有系统性、可持续性、结构与功能相适应的生态修复模式。
本研究强调生态修复的系统性,遵循生态与经济的可持续发展,突破以往单纯注重生态修复并没有考虑区域经济发展的传统模式。论文研究中,将产业结构和当地生态保护相结合,开展具有结构与功能、经济与生态可持续发展的区域生态系统综合治理生态修复分区,探讨适应不同区域系统性、可持续性的综合生态修复模式,从而达到生态得以修复、经济得以发展、生态与经济和谐并进的多重目的。主要研究结论如下：
1、岷江上游地区位于高山峡谷地带,地形复杂,地势起伏极大,垂直地带性显著,主要体现在热量、水分的垂直变化。气温和积温与海拔呈负相关关系,太阳辐射与海拔呈正相关关系。降水量与海拔在3300m以下总体呈正相关,在300m以上总体呈负相关；但在海拔为1300m-2200m的河谷地带,呈现明显的低降雨量异常区,其降雨量仅为400-600mm,不及海拔低于1300m区域降雨量的50%,且蒸发量大,干燥度系数高,表现为典型的干旱河谷特征。
2、根据岷江上游区域分异特征,结合区域各环境要素的特点、生态服务功能、产业发展方向及产业结构,将岷江上游分为高山区、亚高山区、半山高半山区、河谷区(分为干旱河谷、温湿河谷)四个生态修复区。并分析了各区域内生态环境特点及主要产业发展方向和产业模式等,为探讨经济与生态可持续的生态修复模式奠定了基础。
3、本文以土地利用变化为纽带,对该区土地利用特征、动态变化进行了研究,研究表明：岷江上游1986～2000年间土地利用变化引起的生态效益变化正负并存,但负效益大于正效益。生态效益的降低主要来自于耕地和中盖度草地的增加,有林地和高盖度草地的减少。这也说明了人们对该区的开发大于投入,生态系统处于退化状态。通过分析生态效益的变化,进而为岷江上游生态环境修复和可持续发展提供科学依据。
4、基于以上的生态环境分异特征、生态修复分区及人类活动强度的分析,本研究确定了生态修复的立体布局分别为：温凉高山亚高山林牧旅生态恢复区、干凉半山高半山农牧旅优先发展区、干旱河谷林果粮旅优先发展区、温湿河谷林果粮牧旅综合发展区。并提出生态修复中的农村产业发展模式,包括：水土保持型农村产业模式、资源能源型农村产业模式、生态经济型农村产业模式、市场导向型农村产业模式,同时根据各区域不同特点,提出了岷江上游生态产业发展的战略对策。
Minjiang River is one of the important tributaries of the upper Yangtze River. The upper reaches of Minjiang River are located in mountainous valley terrain, and hav big relative height (1500-3000meters). Its ecological environment is very vulnerable. Besides with human over-exploitation, the whole Ecosystem in this area has been severely degenerated, which is a serious threat to the ecological security, social stability in this national region, and is also the threat to the ecological environment construction and the regional sustainable development of the upper Yangtze River. Consequently, it is imminent to research ecological restoration and ensure the achievement of strategies for ecological barrier construction and new rural construction. However, the core of the ecological restoration is to build the systematic, sustainability patterns of Ecology restoration, whose structures and functions are attuned to each other.
This study emphasizes the systemic of the ecological restoration, follows the sustainable development of ecosystem and economy, breaks through the conventional ecological restoration without considering regional economic development. This paper combines industry structure with local ecology protection, carries out ecological restoration areas with sustainable development, discusses comprehensive ecological restoration patterns suitable for different regions, so as to achieve multiple purposes of ecological restoration, economic development and Harmonious development of ecological and economic. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. The upper reaches of Minjiang River is located in mountainous valley terrain, and has big relative height (1500-3000meters) and significant vertical zones reflected in the vertical changes of heat and water. Both the temperature and the accumulated temperature are negatively correlated with altitude while solar radiation is positively correlated with altitude. The amount of precipitation is positively correlated with altitude within a certain height (3300m), while negatively correlated with altitude above 3300meters as a whole; however, it shows abnormal areas of low rainfall with only 400-600mm, which is 50% of the rainfall in the area less than 1300meters. Meanwhile the amount of evaporation and drying extent in this area are high, and all of these show characteristics of dry valley.
2. The upper reaches of Minjiang River are divided into four ecological restoration areas based on regional differentiation, characteristics of regional environmental elements, the function of ecosystem services, industrial development directions and industrial structures. They are the alpine area, the subalpine area, the middle part of the mountains, and valley area (the dry valley, warm and humid valley). It also analyzes the characteristics of ecological environment of each region, major industrial development directions and industrial patterns, which lay the foundations for discussing ecological restoration pattern
3. This research studies the land use characteristics and the dynamic changes, taking the land utilization changes as link. The results show that:positive and negative eco-efficiency caused by land use changes co-exists. But, the negative eco-efficiency is greater than the positive eco-efficiency. The decrease of eco-efficiency mainly comes from the increase of farmland and medium coverage grassland, the decrease of forest land and high coverage grassland. It indicates that the development of the area is greater than the input, and the ecosystem is in a degraded state. By analyzing eco-efficiency changes, the scientific basis is provided for the ecological restoration and sustainable development in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River.
4. Based on the above analysis, the environment-friendly-oriented industrial structures with rational regional distribution and sustainable developing strategies are recommended.
本研究强调生态修复的系统性,遵循生态与经济的可持续发展,突破以往单纯注重生态修复并没有考虑区域经济发展的传统模式。论文研究中,将产业结构和当地生态保护相结合,开展具有结构与功能、经济与生态可持续发展的区域生态系统综合治理生态修复分区,探讨适应不同区域系统性、可持续性的综合生态修复模式,从而达到生态得以修复、经济得以发展、生态与经济和谐并进的多重目的。主要研究结论如下：
1、岷江上游地区位于高山峡谷地带,地形复杂,地势起伏极大,垂直地带性显著,主要体现在热量、水分的垂直变化。气温和积温与海拔呈负相关关系,太阳辐射与海拔呈正相关关系。降水量与海拔在3300m以下总体呈正相关,在300m以上总体呈负相关；但在海拔为1300m-2200m的河谷地带,呈现明显的低降雨量异常区,其降雨量仅为400-600mm,不及海拔低于1300m区域降雨量的50%,且蒸发量大,干燥度系数高,表现为典型的干旱河谷特征。
2、根据岷江上游区域分异特征,结合区域各环境要素的特点、生态服务功能、产业发展方向及产业结构,将岷江上游分为高山区、亚高山区、半山高半山区、河谷区(分为干旱河谷、温湿河谷)四个生态修复区。并分析了各区域内生态环境特点及主要产业发展方向和产业模式等,为探讨经济与生态可持续的生态修复模式奠定了基础。
3、本文以土地利用变化为纽带,对该区土地利用特征、动态变化进行了研究,研究表明：岷江上游1986～2000年间土地利用变化引起的生态效益变化正负并存,但负效益大于正效益。生态效益的降低主要来自于耕地和中盖度草地的增加,有林地和高盖度草地的减少。这也说明了人们对该区的开发大于投入,生态系统处于退化状态。通过分析生态效益的变化,进而为岷江上游生态环境修复和可持续发展提供科学依据。
4、基于以上的生态环境分异特征、生态修复分区及人类活动强度的分析,本研究确定了生态修复的立体布局分别为：温凉高山亚高山林牧旅生态恢复区、干凉半山高半山农牧旅优先发展区、干旱河谷林果粮旅优先发展区、温湿河谷林果粮牧旅综合发展区。并提出生态修复中的农村产业发展模式,包括：水土保持型农村产业模式、资源能源型农村产业模式、生态经济型农村产业模式、市场导向型农村产业模式,同时根据各区域不同特点,提出了岷江上游生态产业发展的战略对策。
Minjiang River is one of the important tributaries of the upper Yangtze River. The upper reaches of Minjiang River are located in mountainous valley terrain, and hav big relative height (1500-3000meters). Its ecological environment is very vulnerable. Besides with human over-exploitation, the whole Ecosystem in this area has been severely degenerated, which is a serious threat to the ecological security, social stability in this national region, and is also the threat to the ecological environment construction and the regional sustainable development of the upper Yangtze River. Consequently, it is imminent to research ecological restoration and ensure the achievement of strategies for ecological barrier construction and new rural construction. However, the core of the ecological restoration is to build the systematic, sustainability patterns of Ecology restoration, whose structures and functions are attuned to each other.
This study emphasizes the systemic of the ecological restoration, follows the sustainable development of ecosystem and economy, breaks through the conventional ecological restoration without considering regional economic development. This paper combines industry structure with local ecology protection, carries out ecological restoration areas with sustainable development, discusses comprehensive ecological restoration patterns suitable for different regions, so as to achieve multiple purposes of ecological restoration, economic development and Harmonious development of ecological and economic. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. The upper reaches of Minjiang River is located in mountainous valley terrain, and has big relative height (1500-3000meters) and significant vertical zones reflected in the vertical changes of heat and water. Both the temperature and the accumulated temperature are negatively correlated with altitude while solar radiation is positively correlated with altitude. The amount of precipitation is positively correlated with altitude within a certain height (3300m), while negatively correlated with altitude above 3300meters as a whole; however, it shows abnormal areas of low rainfall with only 400-600mm, which is 50% of the rainfall in the area less than 1300meters. Meanwhile the amount of evaporation and drying extent in this area are high, and all of these show characteristics of dry valley.
2. The upper reaches of Minjiang River are divided into four ecological restoration areas based on regional differentiation, characteristics of regional environmental elements, the function of ecosystem services, industrial development directions and industrial structures. They are the alpine area, the subalpine area, the middle part of the mountains, and valley area (the dry valley, warm and humid valley). It also analyzes the characteristics of ecological environment of each region, major industrial development directions and industrial patterns, which lay the foundations for discussing ecological restoration pattern
3. This research studies the land use characteristics and the dynamic changes, taking the land utilization changes as link. The results show that:positive and negative eco-efficiency caused by land use changes co-exists. But, the negative eco-efficiency is greater than the positive eco-efficiency. The decrease of eco-efficiency mainly comes from the increase of farmland and medium coverage grassland, the decrease of forest land and high coverage grassland. It indicates that the development of the area is greater than the input, and the ecosystem is in a degraded state. By analyzing eco-efficiency changes, the scientific basis is provided for the ecological restoration and sustainable development in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River.
4. Based on the above analysis, the environment-friendly-oriented industrial structures with rational regional distribution and sustainable developing strategies are recommended.
引文
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