无线自组织网络媒体接入控制机制研究
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摘要
随着电子技术与无线通信技术的不断发展,无线自组织网络因其特有的自组织、分布式、无需依赖基础设施、鲁棒性好等特性,越来越得到广泛的应用。作为自组网协议中重要的组成部分,媒体接入控制协议是分组在信道上发送和接收的直接控制者,对系统性能起着决定性作用。
由于自组网的分布式操作特性,缺少一个中心化的控制机制协调节点的信道接入,因此需要通过信令交互预留信道,建立通信连接,并且在通信过程中,采取退避算法协调节点的竞争接入,优化信道资源调度,避免分组冲突,维持良好的通信秩序。
本文以无线自组网中的媒体接入控制机制为研究对象,着重讨论了信令交互模式和退避算法对网络性能的影响,具体表现在以下几个方面:
隐终端问题广泛存在于无线自组网中,造成了网络吞吐量下降,降低了信道利用率,增加了分组延迟,对系统性能造成很大影响。传统的MAC协议利用RTS/CTS/DATA/ACK信令交互模式来解决隐终端问题。然而,由于控制信令的通信协调范围有限,使得在单信道条件下,作为隐终端问题的一个常见实例,隐接收终端问题始终无法得到解决。
MAC协议采用基于竞争窗口的退避策略解析网络中的分组冲突。实际上,分组冲突的产生原因不尽相同,其解析方式也应该有所区别。然而现有退避算法并没有对网络中存在的分组冲突进行深入分析,忽略了不同冲突产生的根本原因,对所有的冲突采取同一种解析策略,影响了冲突解析效果。
冲突的存在不仅浪费了带宽,消耗了能量,而且增加了延迟,降低了吞吐量,对系统性能造成了很大影响。传统冲突解析算法通过改变节点竞争窗口的大小来增加退避机制的随机性,从概率的角度进行冲突解析。该策略只能从一定程度上缓解冲突,并不能达到理想的冲突解析效果,特别是无法完全消除网络中的分组冲突。
针对上述问题,本文研究无线自组织网络中的媒体接入控制技术。研究从三个方面展开:(1)隐接收终端问题的分析研究;(2)基于竞争的无线自组织网络中的分组冲突分析与建模;(3)基于冲突分类模型的退避算法研究。以上工作得到国家自然科学基金“可重构MIMO的无线传感器网络信息处理与传输”(No.60572049)和“认知无线电关键技术研究”(No.60602029)的资助。
本文取得的研究成果包括如下几个方面:
1.隐接收终端问题解决方案:分析了网络中隐接收终端问题产生的原因,基于传统RTS/CTS/DATA/ACK信令交互模式,提出一个显示阻塞通知机制EBN,通过增加一个控制信令BN,采取RTS/CTS/BN/DATA/ACK握手控制序列,明确隐终端的当前状态,利用查询/等待模式消除盲目的分组发送,从而解决隐接收终端问题。
2.冲突分类模型的建立:传统退避算法仅仅通过改变竞争窗口的大小来解析分组冲突,并没有对冲突类型进行区分。我们根据冲突节点所处退避阶段的不同,首次提出一个冲突分类模型,将网络中的分组冲突分成两类:交叉冲突和同级冲突,并且针对这两种不同类型的冲突,分别提出了解决方案:利用顺序离散窗口分布机制SDWD实现分布窗口的离散化,避免了网络中占主导地位的交叉冲突;同时通过设置合适的分布窗口大小在同级冲突概率和分组延迟之间取得折衷。
3.基于冲突分类模型的退避算法:基于冲突分类模型,提出两种冲突解析算法:冲突分类解析算法CCR和无冲突分类解析算法CF-CCR。两个算法均以顺序离散窗口分布机制SDWD为基础,对冲突节点采取离散化分布策略,而对于成功节点则采取了不同的处理方式。CCR将成功节点在当前竞争窗口范围内随机分布,而CF-CCR则通过为成功节点分配独立的分布空间来保证整个网络的无冲突状态。两个算法适用场景不同,同IEEE 802.11 DCF协议相比,均可获得性能的全面提升。
With the rapid advancement in wireless communications and electronics, WirelessAd Hoc Network is gaining more popularity for various applications. Wireless ad hocnetwork is a wireless system without a fixed infrastructure and it operates in a self-organized and distributed manner to offer more robustness. As a chief component ofwireless ad hoc network protocols, Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol directlydetermines both packet reception and delivery and is desisive for system performance.
Due to its distributed operation manner, ad hoc network lacks a centrilized controlscheme to arbitrate contention among active stations. It has to exchange control signalsbefore data communication to reserve channel, and then adopts backoff schemes tocoordinate medium access and allocates system resources reasonablely, which enablesits packet collision resolution and a preferred communication order maintenance.
This thesis focuses on MAC protocol in wireless ad hoc network and investigatesits inffuence on system performance imposed by signal handshake schemes and backoffalgorithms as shown below:
Hidden Terminal Problem is pervasive in ad hoc network. It not only degradessystem throughput and channel utilization, but also increases packet delivery la-tency. Traditional MAC protocols utilize RTS/CTS/DATA/ACK access mode tosolve this problem, however, due to the limitation of coordination scope, HiddenReceiver Problem, which is a common instance of hidden terminal problem, cannot be totally resolved under single channel scenario.
MAC protocol adopts contention window scheme to resolve collisions. Actually,different packet collisions should be dealt with different manners. Existed backoffalgorithms did not take further investigation into the difference of collisions andtreated them in the same way, which impacts the system performance.
Collision not only wastes scarce bandwidth and exhausts limited node energy, butalso decreases network throughput while increasing packet latency. Traditionalbackoff algorithms attempt to change contention window size to enhance random-ness of backoff process, which in turn contributes to its resolution for collisions.However, such scheme can only resolve collisions to some extent and more specif-ically, the collisions can not be totally removed from network.
Based on such observations, this thesis addresses medium access control schemein wireless ad hoc network. The research is carried out from four issues: (1) Researchon hidden receiver problem; (2) Analysis and modeling on collisions in contention-based wireless ad hoc network; (3) Research on backoff algorithms based on collision classification model. This work has been supported by the National Science Foundationof China”Information Processing and Transmission on Reconstructable MIMO-basedWireless Sensor Networks”(No.60572049) and”Research on Key Issues on CognitiveRadio Networks”(No.60602029) respectively.
The contributions of this thesis include:
1. Solution to Hidden Receiver Problem: This thesis analyzes hidden receiverproblem in detail and proposes Explicit Blocking Notification (EBN) scheme toaddress it. EBN modifies traditional RTS/CTS/DATA/ACK access model toadd a new phase BN (Blocking Notification) as RTS/CTS/BN/DATA/ACK toexplicitly notify the potential sender about the blocked state of hidden terminal. Itadopts Query/Wait mode to eliminate blindly RTS retransmission to solve hiddenreceiver problem.
2. Collision Classification Model: Traditional backoff algorithms only concen-trate on adjusting contention window size to achieve collision resolution, while in-goring the discrepancy of different packet collisions. Accroding to different backoffstages of collision involvers, this thesis puts forward for the first time the CollisionClassification Model, which classifies collisions in contention-based wireless ad hocnetwork into Cross Collision and Intra Collision. It proposes clearly that the twocollisions should be dealt with different policies. It then proposes Sequential Dis-crete Window Distribution (SDWD) scheme to resolve dominant cross collisions innetworks, while the intra collisions are resolved with an appropriate distributionwindow size to achieve a tradeoff between intra collision probability and packetlatency.
3. Backoff Algorithms based on Collision Classification Model: This thesisproposes two backoff algorithms based on collision classification model: CollisionClassification Resolution (CCR) algorithm and Collision Free CCR (CF-CCR)algorithm. The two algorithms are both based on SDWD scheme and are differentin their resolutions to succeeded nodes. CCR distributes succeeded senders incurrent contention window while they are allocated a independent distributionwindow in CF-CCR, which enables its convergence to a collision-free state finally.These two algorithms provide comprehensive improvement to IEEE 802.11 DCFand exhibit respective advantages in different scenarios.
由于自组网的分布式操作特性,缺少一个中心化的控制机制协调节点的信道接入,因此需要通过信令交互预留信道,建立通信连接,并且在通信过程中,采取退避算法协调节点的竞争接入,优化信道资源调度,避免分组冲突,维持良好的通信秩序。
本文以无线自组网中的媒体接入控制机制为研究对象,着重讨论了信令交互模式和退避算法对网络性能的影响,具体表现在以下几个方面:
隐终端问题广泛存在于无线自组网中,造成了网络吞吐量下降,降低了信道利用率,增加了分组延迟,对系统性能造成很大影响。传统的MAC协议利用RTS/CTS/DATA/ACK信令交互模式来解决隐终端问题。然而,由于控制信令的通信协调范围有限,使得在单信道条件下,作为隐终端问题的一个常见实例,隐接收终端问题始终无法得到解决。
MAC协议采用基于竞争窗口的退避策略解析网络中的分组冲突。实际上,分组冲突的产生原因不尽相同,其解析方式也应该有所区别。然而现有退避算法并没有对网络中存在的分组冲突进行深入分析,忽略了不同冲突产生的根本原因,对所有的冲突采取同一种解析策略,影响了冲突解析效果。
冲突的存在不仅浪费了带宽,消耗了能量,而且增加了延迟,降低了吞吐量,对系统性能造成了很大影响。传统冲突解析算法通过改变节点竞争窗口的大小来增加退避机制的随机性,从概率的角度进行冲突解析。该策略只能从一定程度上缓解冲突,并不能达到理想的冲突解析效果,特别是无法完全消除网络中的分组冲突。
针对上述问题,本文研究无线自组织网络中的媒体接入控制技术。研究从三个方面展开:(1)隐接收终端问题的分析研究;(2)基于竞争的无线自组织网络中的分组冲突分析与建模;(3)基于冲突分类模型的退避算法研究。以上工作得到国家自然科学基金“可重构MIMO的无线传感器网络信息处理与传输”(No.60572049)和“认知无线电关键技术研究”(No.60602029)的资助。
本文取得的研究成果包括如下几个方面:
1.隐接收终端问题解决方案:分析了网络中隐接收终端问题产生的原因,基于传统RTS/CTS/DATA/ACK信令交互模式,提出一个显示阻塞通知机制EBN,通过增加一个控制信令BN,采取RTS/CTS/BN/DATA/ACK握手控制序列,明确隐终端的当前状态,利用查询/等待模式消除盲目的分组发送,从而解决隐接收终端问题。
2.冲突分类模型的建立:传统退避算法仅仅通过改变竞争窗口的大小来解析分组冲突,并没有对冲突类型进行区分。我们根据冲突节点所处退避阶段的不同,首次提出一个冲突分类模型,将网络中的分组冲突分成两类:交叉冲突和同级冲突,并且针对这两种不同类型的冲突,分别提出了解决方案:利用顺序离散窗口分布机制SDWD实现分布窗口的离散化,避免了网络中占主导地位的交叉冲突;同时通过设置合适的分布窗口大小在同级冲突概率和分组延迟之间取得折衷。
3.基于冲突分类模型的退避算法:基于冲突分类模型,提出两种冲突解析算法:冲突分类解析算法CCR和无冲突分类解析算法CF-CCR。两个算法均以顺序离散窗口分布机制SDWD为基础,对冲突节点采取离散化分布策略,而对于成功节点则采取了不同的处理方式。CCR将成功节点在当前竞争窗口范围内随机分布,而CF-CCR则通过为成功节点分配独立的分布空间来保证整个网络的无冲突状态。两个算法适用场景不同,同IEEE 802.11 DCF协议相比,均可获得性能的全面提升。
With the rapid advancement in wireless communications and electronics, WirelessAd Hoc Network is gaining more popularity for various applications. Wireless ad hocnetwork is a wireless system without a fixed infrastructure and it operates in a self-organized and distributed manner to offer more robustness. As a chief component ofwireless ad hoc network protocols, Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol directlydetermines both packet reception and delivery and is desisive for system performance.
Due to its distributed operation manner, ad hoc network lacks a centrilized controlscheme to arbitrate contention among active stations. It has to exchange control signalsbefore data communication to reserve channel, and then adopts backoff schemes tocoordinate medium access and allocates system resources reasonablely, which enablesits packet collision resolution and a preferred communication order maintenance.
This thesis focuses on MAC protocol in wireless ad hoc network and investigatesits inffuence on system performance imposed by signal handshake schemes and backoffalgorithms as shown below:
Hidden Terminal Problem is pervasive in ad hoc network. It not only degradessystem throughput and channel utilization, but also increases packet delivery la-tency. Traditional MAC protocols utilize RTS/CTS/DATA/ACK access mode tosolve this problem, however, due to the limitation of coordination scope, HiddenReceiver Problem, which is a common instance of hidden terminal problem, cannot be totally resolved under single channel scenario.
MAC protocol adopts contention window scheme to resolve collisions. Actually,different packet collisions should be dealt with different manners. Existed backoffalgorithms did not take further investigation into the difference of collisions andtreated them in the same way, which impacts the system performance.
Collision not only wastes scarce bandwidth and exhausts limited node energy, butalso decreases network throughput while increasing packet latency. Traditionalbackoff algorithms attempt to change contention window size to enhance random-ness of backoff process, which in turn contributes to its resolution for collisions.However, such scheme can only resolve collisions to some extent and more specif-ically, the collisions can not be totally removed from network.
Based on such observations, this thesis addresses medium access control schemein wireless ad hoc network. The research is carried out from four issues: (1) Researchon hidden receiver problem; (2) Analysis and modeling on collisions in contention-based wireless ad hoc network; (3) Research on backoff algorithms based on collision classification model. This work has been supported by the National Science Foundationof China”Information Processing and Transmission on Reconstructable MIMO-basedWireless Sensor Networks”(No.60572049) and”Research on Key Issues on CognitiveRadio Networks”(No.60602029) respectively.
The contributions of this thesis include:
1. Solution to Hidden Receiver Problem: This thesis analyzes hidden receiverproblem in detail and proposes Explicit Blocking Notification (EBN) scheme toaddress it. EBN modifies traditional RTS/CTS/DATA/ACK access model toadd a new phase BN (Blocking Notification) as RTS/CTS/BN/DATA/ACK toexplicitly notify the potential sender about the blocked state of hidden terminal. Itadopts Query/Wait mode to eliminate blindly RTS retransmission to solve hiddenreceiver problem.
2. Collision Classification Model: Traditional backoff algorithms only concen-trate on adjusting contention window size to achieve collision resolution, while in-goring the discrepancy of different packet collisions. Accroding to different backoffstages of collision involvers, this thesis puts forward for the first time the CollisionClassification Model, which classifies collisions in contention-based wireless ad hocnetwork into Cross Collision and Intra Collision. It proposes clearly that the twocollisions should be dealt with different policies. It then proposes Sequential Dis-crete Window Distribution (SDWD) scheme to resolve dominant cross collisions innetworks, while the intra collisions are resolved with an appropriate distributionwindow size to achieve a tradeoff between intra collision probability and packetlatency.
3. Backoff Algorithms based on Collision Classification Model: This thesisproposes two backoff algorithms based on collision classification model: CollisionClassification Resolution (CCR) algorithm and Collision Free CCR (CF-CCR)algorithm. The two algorithms are both based on SDWD scheme and are differentin their resolutions to succeeded nodes. CCR distributes succeeded senders incurrent contention window while they are allocated a independent distributionwindow in CF-CCR, which enables its convergence to a collision-free state finally.These two algorithms provide comprehensive improvement to IEEE 802.11 DCFand exhibit respective advantages in different scenarios.
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