我国制造企业国际化进程中的组织学习研究
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摘要
提高国际化进程中的组织学习效果,是制造企业成功实施国际化经营战略的重要条件。本文将制造企业外向型国际化分为国际化的初始阶段、国际化的成长阶段和国际化的成熟阶段,并给出了界定标准。国际化的初始阶段与成长阶段可统称为制造企业国际化初期。
知识是一种特殊的资源,能力是以知识为核心的资源组合。企业的竞争优势来自于它们所特有的具有无形性和知识性的稀缺资源。企业在国际化进程中获得的相关知识可以分为两种基本类型：特定市场知识和一般性的国际化知识。竞争优势不但是制造企业国际化经营的动因,也可以是制造企业国际化经营的结果。
本文建议处于国际化初期的制造企业选择以知识存量为基础、以组织学习为推动力的渐进国际化进程。一方面,制造企业在国际化初期会出现相关知识的缺乏和组织学习能力的不足,渐进性的路径安排可以强化组织学习效果；另一方面,制造企业对于国际化进程中各种风险的预测与控制能力会随着国际化实践和知识的丰富而逐步提高。制造企业国际化进程的渐进性具体体现在三个方面：国际化经营方式的渐进,国际化经营区位的渐进,国际化经营产品的渐进。
组织学习是制造企业国际化进程中的加速器。制造企业在国际化的成熟阶段呈现出渐进性的弱化,这是企业在国际化进程中知识存量增加和选择能力增强的表现。国际化制造企业跨国经营方式渐进性的弱化表现比较明显,新的海外市场可能出现进入方式的跳跃。海尔与松下等典型家电制造企业的实践体现了国际化进程的渐进性及其弱化。
国际化制造企业知识转移应当首选内部化而非其他方式。国际化制造企业海外子公司应当由母公司战略的被动执行者转变为积极参与者,由母公司知识与技术的接受者转变为知识与能力的贡献者。国际化制造企业应当培育有利于组织学习和知识共享的企业文化。
具备国际企业家精神的企业家能够对国际市场中未被利用的机会进行率先认知、发现和探索,以及采取及时的商业化行动。企业高层管理团队的国际化知识是国际新创企业的前提,国际化网络是国际新创企业的发展平台,国际企业家精神是国际新创企业的助推器；三者共同推动了国际新创企业的出现,也从另一个角度验证了“组织学习是制造企业国际化进程中的加速器”。
学习型制造企业的组织结构应当具备五个职能特征和四个形态特征。国际化制造企业的网络组织结构由内部一体化网络和跨国外部网络共同组成；它是国际化制造企业应对日趋复杂的跨国经营环境和愈加困难的企业内外部沟通而理性选择的组织结构模式。
制造企业在发达国家或地区实施技术寻求型FDI,进入所在产业高端技术聚集地,是其国际化进程中一种重要而且有效的组织学习方式安排,并通过模仿跟随效应、联系效应、人员流动效应和平台效应四个途径从东道国获取先进知识和技术。基于四个实现途径,本文从理论层面分析得到影响反向技术外溢效应的14个因素。
本文采用7刻度李克特量表法具体设计了我国制造企业技术寻求型FDI反向技术外溢效应影响因素调研问卷,利用SPSS16.0统计软件对样本数据进行逐步回归分析,实证结果表明：企业的模仿学习能力、企业的吸收能力、适度的技术差距、企业嵌入产业链的程度以及东道国的产业集聚程度是我国制造企业获得技术寻求型FDI反向技术外溢效应的五个显著影响因素。
It is vital for a manufacturing enterprise to improve its organizational learning effect in order to implement the internationalization strategy successfully. This dissertation classifies outward internationalization process of a manufacturing enterprise into three stages:initial stage, growing stage, mature stage, and defines them respectively. The former two stages can also be called internationalization primary stage.
Knowledge is a special kind of resources, and capacity is a combination of resources with knowledge as the core. Enterprises' competitive advantage comes from their unique knowledge characterized by its invisibility and scarcity. The relevant knowledge gained by enterprises in the internationalization process can be divided into two basic types:market-specific knowledge and general knowledge of internationalization. Competitive advantage is not only the inducement of internationalization of the manufacturing enterprises, but also the result of their internationalization.
This dissertation recommends that manufacturing enterprises which are in internationalization primary stage choose gradual internationalization process based on the stock of knowledge and propelled by organizational learning. On the one hand, these manufacturers lack relevant knowledge and organizational learning capability, but they can strengthen their organizational learning effect through the path of gradual arrangements; On the other hand, various risk prediction and control ability in the process of internationalization will gradually be improved with the accumulation of internationalization practices and knowledge. The gradual internationalization process of manufacturing enterprises is embodied in three aspects:the gradual entry modes into overseas markets, the gradual geographical scope of internationalization, and the gradual diversification of products in overseas markets.
Organizational learning is an accelerator in the internationalization process of manufacturing enterprises. Manufacturing enterprises will choose a less gradual internationalization process in the mature stage, which reflects the incremental stock of knowledge and enhancement of selection ability. The transnational manufacturing enterprises maybe directly choose a more resource commitment entry mode into a new foreign market. The internationalization practices of some typical manufacturing enterprises in household electrical appliance industry, such as Haier Corporation and Panasonic Corporation, reflect gradual process of internationalization and its weakening.
The transnational manufacturing enterprises should choose the internal knowledge transfer rather than other means. The overseas subsidiaries of a transnational manufacturing enterprise should change their role from passive enforcer of the strategy to active participant, from recipient of knowledge and technology of parent company to contributor of knowledge and capabilities. The transnational manufacturing enterprises should foster corporate culture contributing to organizational learning and knowledge-sharing.
The enterpriser who shows high international entrepreneurship can make good use of the hidden opportunities in the international market and take timely commercial actions. Internationalization knowledge of the senior management team is a prerequisite for international new ventures (INVs), the international network is a development platform for INVs, and international entrepreneurship is a roll booster for INVs. These three aspects jointly promote the emergence of INVs; which also verify from another angle that "organizational learning is an accelerator in the internationalization process of manufacturing enterprises".
The organizational structure of learning-style manufacturing enterprises should possess five functional and four morphological characteristics. Network organizational structure of transnational manufacturing enterprises consists of internal integration networks and transnational external networks, which comes into being with increasingly complex transnational business environment and more difficulties in internal and external communication in the enterprises.
Technology sourcing FDI is an important and effective organizational learning approach. Manufacturing enterprises implement TSFDI in developed countries or regions, get access to industry cluster, and gain advanced knowledge and technology from host country through imitation effect, linkage effect, employee mobility effect and platform effect. Based on the four paths of spillover, this dissertation theoretically analyzes the 14 factors influencing the reverse technology spillover effects.
This dissertation develops a specific questionnaire using 7-scale Likert Scale to explore dominant influencing factors of reverse technology spillovers to Chinese manufacturing enterprises. Based on stepwise regression analysis of sample data with statistical software SPSS 16.0, this dissertation concludes that there were five significant influencing factors of reverse technology spillovers to Chinese manufacturing enterprises; they were the imitation capability, the absorptive capability, appropriate technology gap, the embedded capability into the industry chain and the industrial clustering level of host country.
知识是一种特殊的资源,能力是以知识为核心的资源组合。企业的竞争优势来自于它们所特有的具有无形性和知识性的稀缺资源。企业在国际化进程中获得的相关知识可以分为两种基本类型：特定市场知识和一般性的国际化知识。竞争优势不但是制造企业国际化经营的动因,也可以是制造企业国际化经营的结果。
本文建议处于国际化初期的制造企业选择以知识存量为基础、以组织学习为推动力的渐进国际化进程。一方面,制造企业在国际化初期会出现相关知识的缺乏和组织学习能力的不足,渐进性的路径安排可以强化组织学习效果；另一方面,制造企业对于国际化进程中各种风险的预测与控制能力会随着国际化实践和知识的丰富而逐步提高。制造企业国际化进程的渐进性具体体现在三个方面：国际化经营方式的渐进,国际化经营区位的渐进,国际化经营产品的渐进。
组织学习是制造企业国际化进程中的加速器。制造企业在国际化的成熟阶段呈现出渐进性的弱化,这是企业在国际化进程中知识存量增加和选择能力增强的表现。国际化制造企业跨国经营方式渐进性的弱化表现比较明显,新的海外市场可能出现进入方式的跳跃。海尔与松下等典型家电制造企业的实践体现了国际化进程的渐进性及其弱化。
国际化制造企业知识转移应当首选内部化而非其他方式。国际化制造企业海外子公司应当由母公司战略的被动执行者转变为积极参与者,由母公司知识与技术的接受者转变为知识与能力的贡献者。国际化制造企业应当培育有利于组织学习和知识共享的企业文化。
具备国际企业家精神的企业家能够对国际市场中未被利用的机会进行率先认知、发现和探索,以及采取及时的商业化行动。企业高层管理团队的国际化知识是国际新创企业的前提,国际化网络是国际新创企业的发展平台,国际企业家精神是国际新创企业的助推器；三者共同推动了国际新创企业的出现,也从另一个角度验证了“组织学习是制造企业国际化进程中的加速器”。
学习型制造企业的组织结构应当具备五个职能特征和四个形态特征。国际化制造企业的网络组织结构由内部一体化网络和跨国外部网络共同组成；它是国际化制造企业应对日趋复杂的跨国经营环境和愈加困难的企业内外部沟通而理性选择的组织结构模式。
制造企业在发达国家或地区实施技术寻求型FDI,进入所在产业高端技术聚集地,是其国际化进程中一种重要而且有效的组织学习方式安排,并通过模仿跟随效应、联系效应、人员流动效应和平台效应四个途径从东道国获取先进知识和技术。基于四个实现途径,本文从理论层面分析得到影响反向技术外溢效应的14个因素。
本文采用7刻度李克特量表法具体设计了我国制造企业技术寻求型FDI反向技术外溢效应影响因素调研问卷,利用SPSS16.0统计软件对样本数据进行逐步回归分析,实证结果表明：企业的模仿学习能力、企业的吸收能力、适度的技术差距、企业嵌入产业链的程度以及东道国的产业集聚程度是我国制造企业获得技术寻求型FDI反向技术外溢效应的五个显著影响因素。
It is vital for a manufacturing enterprise to improve its organizational learning effect in order to implement the internationalization strategy successfully. This dissertation classifies outward internationalization process of a manufacturing enterprise into three stages:initial stage, growing stage, mature stage, and defines them respectively. The former two stages can also be called internationalization primary stage.
Knowledge is a special kind of resources, and capacity is a combination of resources with knowledge as the core. Enterprises' competitive advantage comes from their unique knowledge characterized by its invisibility and scarcity. The relevant knowledge gained by enterprises in the internationalization process can be divided into two basic types:market-specific knowledge and general knowledge of internationalization. Competitive advantage is not only the inducement of internationalization of the manufacturing enterprises, but also the result of their internationalization.
This dissertation recommends that manufacturing enterprises which are in internationalization primary stage choose gradual internationalization process based on the stock of knowledge and propelled by organizational learning. On the one hand, these manufacturers lack relevant knowledge and organizational learning capability, but they can strengthen their organizational learning effect through the path of gradual arrangements; On the other hand, various risk prediction and control ability in the process of internationalization will gradually be improved with the accumulation of internationalization practices and knowledge. The gradual internationalization process of manufacturing enterprises is embodied in three aspects:the gradual entry modes into overseas markets, the gradual geographical scope of internationalization, and the gradual diversification of products in overseas markets.
Organizational learning is an accelerator in the internationalization process of manufacturing enterprises. Manufacturing enterprises will choose a less gradual internationalization process in the mature stage, which reflects the incremental stock of knowledge and enhancement of selection ability. The transnational manufacturing enterprises maybe directly choose a more resource commitment entry mode into a new foreign market. The internationalization practices of some typical manufacturing enterprises in household electrical appliance industry, such as Haier Corporation and Panasonic Corporation, reflect gradual process of internationalization and its weakening.
The transnational manufacturing enterprises should choose the internal knowledge transfer rather than other means. The overseas subsidiaries of a transnational manufacturing enterprise should change their role from passive enforcer of the strategy to active participant, from recipient of knowledge and technology of parent company to contributor of knowledge and capabilities. The transnational manufacturing enterprises should foster corporate culture contributing to organizational learning and knowledge-sharing.
The enterpriser who shows high international entrepreneurship can make good use of the hidden opportunities in the international market and take timely commercial actions. Internationalization knowledge of the senior management team is a prerequisite for international new ventures (INVs), the international network is a development platform for INVs, and international entrepreneurship is a roll booster for INVs. These three aspects jointly promote the emergence of INVs; which also verify from another angle that "organizational learning is an accelerator in the internationalization process of manufacturing enterprises".
The organizational structure of learning-style manufacturing enterprises should possess five functional and four morphological characteristics. Network organizational structure of transnational manufacturing enterprises consists of internal integration networks and transnational external networks, which comes into being with increasingly complex transnational business environment and more difficulties in internal and external communication in the enterprises.
Technology sourcing FDI is an important and effective organizational learning approach. Manufacturing enterprises implement TSFDI in developed countries or regions, get access to industry cluster, and gain advanced knowledge and technology from host country through imitation effect, linkage effect, employee mobility effect and platform effect. Based on the four paths of spillover, this dissertation theoretically analyzes the 14 factors influencing the reverse technology spillover effects.
This dissertation develops a specific questionnaire using 7-scale Likert Scale to explore dominant influencing factors of reverse technology spillovers to Chinese manufacturing enterprises. Based on stepwise regression analysis of sample data with statistical software SPSS 16.0, this dissertation concludes that there were five significant influencing factors of reverse technology spillovers to Chinese manufacturing enterprises; they were the imitation capability, the absorptive capability, appropriate technology gap, the embedded capability into the industry chain and the industrial clustering level of host country.
引文
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