企业家国际经历对企业国际化影响机制研究
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摘要
当前,国际经济分工不断深化与细化,越来越多的国家和经济体都自觉或不自觉地融入国际经济分工网络之中,生产与消费的国际化、全球经济一体化成为当今国际经济活动的重要特征之一,也是世界经济发展的重要趋势。作为当今世界经济中除国家以外最活跃的国际行为主体,跨国公司成为世界经济活动的主要组织者。在经济全球化主导的世界格局下,中国企业同样要认真思考如何参与全球竞争的问题,这对企业家也提出了不同于以往的要求。那么,全球化经济、超竞争时代中的企业家在带领企业面对众多跨国企业,甚至是超大型、成熟的跨国企业竞争中需要具备怎样的能力,如何获取并培养这样的能力呢?目前还没有一个成熟的理论来阐明,这正是亟待探究的重要课题。
本文的研究试图探明企业家层面影响企业国际化的因素,这些因素之间关系以及影响机制。基于大量的文献梳理,本文将企业家层面对于企业国际化的影响因素归纳为企业家特征及企业家能力。具体而言就是企业家的国际经历及全球胜任力(包括企业家国际创业精神、企业家全球思维以及企业家文化智力三大要素)。
本文的目的就是想在企业家国际经历、全球胜任力与企业国际化(包括企业的国际化导向、国际化程度及范围)之间架设一道桥梁,理清它们之间的关系,构建出一个有价值的理论模型,对企业家层面国际化理论的发展做出一些有意义的贡献。为了解决上面提出的问题,本研究进行了以下工作：
(1)构建一个理论框架,阐明企业家国际经历、企业家全球胜任力与企业国际化之间的内在联系。在国际商务理论中,目前还缺少一种把企业家个体层面的能力与企业国际化这个组织层面的绩效恰当结合起来的理论框架,因此本文试图在这个方面做一些探索性的工作；
(2)在前人的理论分析和定性研究的基础上,总结企业家层面对企业国际化战略选择及国际化绩效最有影响力的各种要素,整合出一个针对企业家国际经历及全球胜任力的测量工具,通过定量研究,来验证并深化国际商务理论中企业家层面的研究；
(3)把国外国际商务研究中对企业家能力的相关研究成果应用到中国企业的研究中来,借鉴他们的实证研究方法,结合中国目前的社会制度、经济环境、文化背景等因素,通过对中国企业国际化现状的实证检验,总结出一个对中国企业经营实践有指导或参考价值的研究成果；
(4)通过同时对企业家个体层面及企业的组织层面这两个层面的信息的收集,进行两者之间的相关性分析,试图探明企业家国际经历对企业家全球胜任力及企业国际化的影响,总结出提高企业家全球胜任力的有效途径,对于我国企业家队伍的成长和遴选提出一些有所助益的建议。
通过上述的具体工作,本文实现了以下几个方面的理论创新与贡献：首先,从研究视角上,本研究从管理行为的视角扩展了国际化经营的研究。传统的国际化理论存在企业家缺位的问题,本研究突破了传统的单个的理论范式的局限,基于企业家视角,在整合国际化理论、创业理论、能力理论及学习理论的基础上,指出企业家在企业国际化过程中的重要作用并提出企业家对企业国际化影响要素的框架体系,丰富了国际商务理论的研究范畴。
其次,国际商务领域现有关于企业家的研究较多是就单一要素进行研究,且立足于现实数据的实证研究较少。本研究整合了企业家特征、企业家能力等多种要素,致力于构建一个更加全面而丰富的理论模型并进行实证检验,这一模型不仅仅揭示了企业国际化的驱动因素,也进一步分析了企业家能力对企业国际化绩效的影响及影响机制,一定程度上拓展国际化经营领域企业家层面的研究。
最后,理解企业家全球胜任力是理解企业国际化战略的一个重要组成部分,因此本研究将企业家全球胜任力作为一个重要的影响全球战略范围的附加因素并在已有文献探明企业家全球胜任力内涵的基础上,总结提出了企业家全球胜任力的结构,详细探讨了各要素的内涵并判定了企业家全球胜任力的中介效应及其对企业国际化的影响,同时对“全球思维”和“文化智力”等近期兴起于西方的概念进行了中国背景下的实证检验,深化了全球化背景下企业家能力的认识。
Nowadays, along with the international economic division going further, more and more nations and economies are integrating into the international economic division network. The internationalization of manufacturing and consumption as well as economic globalization are coming to be the main characteristics of international economic activities. As the most active behavior subjects in the world economy besides the nations, multi-national corporations have been the major organizer of world economic activities. The economic globalization has posed diversified demands on Chinese entrepreneurs making them thinking seriously how to cope with globalized competition. There are no mature theories yet in this field to clarify that what kind of capabilities needed for the entrepreneurs who is in the circumstances of globalised economy, hyper-competition and how to obtain these capabilities to compete with matured, multinational tycoons. This is the important subject what we are going to explore.
This study is trying to demonstrate the factors which affect enterprise internationalization from entrepreneur's perspective and their interrelationship as well as influence mechanism.Based on the large sum of reference review, this paper concluded that entrepreneur's characteristics and capabilities are key determinants to the enterprise internationalization. Specifically speaking, those are entrepreneur's international experience and global competences (including enterpreneur's international entrepreneurship, global mindset and cultural intelligence etc.).
The purpose of this study is to build up the relationship among entrepreneur's international experience, global competences and enterprise internationalization, explore their inter-relationship and construct significant theoretical model, and make contributions to the development of enterprise internationalization from entrepreneur's perspective. This study has done the work as follows to solve the above questions.
(1)To construct a theoretical framework, clarify their inter-relationship among entrepreneur's international experience, global competences and enterprise internationalization. According to the theory of international business, today there is no theoretical framework which is able to be the link between entrepreneur's capabilities and performance on enterprise internationalization from the organizational perspective. This study is trying to do some innovative works on this area.
(2) On the basis of prior qualitative studies and theoretical analysis, this study summarized the various key influential elements of internationalized strategic options and international performance from entrepreneur's perspective, integrate a measurement gauge focused on entrepreneur's international experience and global competences, and to examine the studies further on international business through quantitative studies.
(3)This study is to apply the results of entrepreneur's capabilities from overseas studies on international business to the studies on Chinese enterprises, using their empirical studying methods as reference, considered the current Chinese social system, economic environment, culture background etc., and reached the study results through empirical studies on Chinese enterprise internationalization which will be instructive and referable to Chinese enterprise operational practice.
Through the information collection from the perspectives on entrepreneur and enterprise organizational level, this study analyzed the inter-relationship between above two perspectives and explore the influence on enterprise internationalization from entrepreneur international experience and global competences, summarize the effective routes on how to improve entrepreneur's internationalization capabilities, and make some useful suggestions to the growth and qualification of Chinese entrepreneurship.Through the above detailed works, this study achieved several theoretical innovation and contributions as following:
Firstly, from the view of academic studies, this study extended the scope of international business from the perspective of management behavior. The traditional internationalization theory did not solve the problems on entrepreneur absence. This study broke the limit inherited in traditional single theoretical stereotype, integrate the internationalization theories, entrepreneurship theory, competence theory and learning theory, point out the significance of entrepreneurs on enterprise internationalization, and offer the framework mechanism of influential factors on enterprise internationalization by enterprise's international experiences, broaden the study scope of international business theories.
Secondly, the current studies on international business area are more focused on single factor, and the empirical studies based on data from real business world is in short. This study integrated the various factors on entrepreneur characteristics and capabilities, constructed the more comprehensive theoretical model and examined by empirical studies, revealed the driving factor of enterprise internationalization, furthermore, analyzed the influential mechanism and influence on business internationalization performance made by entrepreneur's capabilities, extended the studies on international business from entrepreneur's perspective.
Finally, It is an important part of understanding enterprise internationalization strategy to understand the entrepreneur global competences. Therefore this study is taking entrepreneur global competences as an important supplementary factor affected global strategy, and suggest the structure of entrepreneur global competences based on existing studies, predicated the mediating effect on entrepreneur's global competences as well as its influence on enterprise internationalization, explore the intension of various factors with more details, and empirically examine the concepts of "global mindset" and "cultural intelligence" under Chinese background which recently rising in western academic areas, intensified the cognition of enterprise capabilities on the background of globalization.
本文的研究试图探明企业家层面影响企业国际化的因素,这些因素之间关系以及影响机制。基于大量的文献梳理,本文将企业家层面对于企业国际化的影响因素归纳为企业家特征及企业家能力。具体而言就是企业家的国际经历及全球胜任力(包括企业家国际创业精神、企业家全球思维以及企业家文化智力三大要素)。
本文的目的就是想在企业家国际经历、全球胜任力与企业国际化(包括企业的国际化导向、国际化程度及范围)之间架设一道桥梁,理清它们之间的关系,构建出一个有价值的理论模型,对企业家层面国际化理论的发展做出一些有意义的贡献。为了解决上面提出的问题,本研究进行了以下工作：
(1)构建一个理论框架,阐明企业家国际经历、企业家全球胜任力与企业国际化之间的内在联系。在国际商务理论中,目前还缺少一种把企业家个体层面的能力与企业国际化这个组织层面的绩效恰当结合起来的理论框架,因此本文试图在这个方面做一些探索性的工作；
(2)在前人的理论分析和定性研究的基础上,总结企业家层面对企业国际化战略选择及国际化绩效最有影响力的各种要素,整合出一个针对企业家国际经历及全球胜任力的测量工具,通过定量研究,来验证并深化国际商务理论中企业家层面的研究；
(3)把国外国际商务研究中对企业家能力的相关研究成果应用到中国企业的研究中来,借鉴他们的实证研究方法,结合中国目前的社会制度、经济环境、文化背景等因素,通过对中国企业国际化现状的实证检验,总结出一个对中国企业经营实践有指导或参考价值的研究成果；
(4)通过同时对企业家个体层面及企业的组织层面这两个层面的信息的收集,进行两者之间的相关性分析,试图探明企业家国际经历对企业家全球胜任力及企业国际化的影响,总结出提高企业家全球胜任力的有效途径,对于我国企业家队伍的成长和遴选提出一些有所助益的建议。
通过上述的具体工作,本文实现了以下几个方面的理论创新与贡献：首先,从研究视角上,本研究从管理行为的视角扩展了国际化经营的研究。传统的国际化理论存在企业家缺位的问题,本研究突破了传统的单个的理论范式的局限,基于企业家视角,在整合国际化理论、创业理论、能力理论及学习理论的基础上,指出企业家在企业国际化过程中的重要作用并提出企业家对企业国际化影响要素的框架体系,丰富了国际商务理论的研究范畴。
其次,国际商务领域现有关于企业家的研究较多是就单一要素进行研究,且立足于现实数据的实证研究较少。本研究整合了企业家特征、企业家能力等多种要素,致力于构建一个更加全面而丰富的理论模型并进行实证检验,这一模型不仅仅揭示了企业国际化的驱动因素,也进一步分析了企业家能力对企业国际化绩效的影响及影响机制,一定程度上拓展国际化经营领域企业家层面的研究。
最后,理解企业家全球胜任力是理解企业国际化战略的一个重要组成部分,因此本研究将企业家全球胜任力作为一个重要的影响全球战略范围的附加因素并在已有文献探明企业家全球胜任力内涵的基础上,总结提出了企业家全球胜任力的结构,详细探讨了各要素的内涵并判定了企业家全球胜任力的中介效应及其对企业国际化的影响,同时对“全球思维”和“文化智力”等近期兴起于西方的概念进行了中国背景下的实证检验,深化了全球化背景下企业家能力的认识。
Nowadays, along with the international economic division going further, more and more nations and economies are integrating into the international economic division network. The internationalization of manufacturing and consumption as well as economic globalization are coming to be the main characteristics of international economic activities. As the most active behavior subjects in the world economy besides the nations, multi-national corporations have been the major organizer of world economic activities. The economic globalization has posed diversified demands on Chinese entrepreneurs making them thinking seriously how to cope with globalized competition. There are no mature theories yet in this field to clarify that what kind of capabilities needed for the entrepreneurs who is in the circumstances of globalised economy, hyper-competition and how to obtain these capabilities to compete with matured, multinational tycoons. This is the important subject what we are going to explore.
This study is trying to demonstrate the factors which affect enterprise internationalization from entrepreneur's perspective and their interrelationship as well as influence mechanism.Based on the large sum of reference review, this paper concluded that entrepreneur's characteristics and capabilities are key determinants to the enterprise internationalization. Specifically speaking, those are entrepreneur's international experience and global competences (including enterpreneur's international entrepreneurship, global mindset and cultural intelligence etc.).
The purpose of this study is to build up the relationship among entrepreneur's international experience, global competences and enterprise internationalization, explore their inter-relationship and construct significant theoretical model, and make contributions to the development of enterprise internationalization from entrepreneur's perspective. This study has done the work as follows to solve the above questions.
(1)To construct a theoretical framework, clarify their inter-relationship among entrepreneur's international experience, global competences and enterprise internationalization. According to the theory of international business, today there is no theoretical framework which is able to be the link between entrepreneur's capabilities and performance on enterprise internationalization from the organizational perspective. This study is trying to do some innovative works on this area.
(2) On the basis of prior qualitative studies and theoretical analysis, this study summarized the various key influential elements of internationalized strategic options and international performance from entrepreneur's perspective, integrate a measurement gauge focused on entrepreneur's international experience and global competences, and to examine the studies further on international business through quantitative studies.
(3)This study is to apply the results of entrepreneur's capabilities from overseas studies on international business to the studies on Chinese enterprises, using their empirical studying methods as reference, considered the current Chinese social system, economic environment, culture background etc., and reached the study results through empirical studies on Chinese enterprise internationalization which will be instructive and referable to Chinese enterprise operational practice.
Through the information collection from the perspectives on entrepreneur and enterprise organizational level, this study analyzed the inter-relationship between above two perspectives and explore the influence on enterprise internationalization from entrepreneur international experience and global competences, summarize the effective routes on how to improve entrepreneur's internationalization capabilities, and make some useful suggestions to the growth and qualification of Chinese entrepreneurship.Through the above detailed works, this study achieved several theoretical innovation and contributions as following:
Firstly, from the view of academic studies, this study extended the scope of international business from the perspective of management behavior. The traditional internationalization theory did not solve the problems on entrepreneur absence. This study broke the limit inherited in traditional single theoretical stereotype, integrate the internationalization theories, entrepreneurship theory, competence theory and learning theory, point out the significance of entrepreneurs on enterprise internationalization, and offer the framework mechanism of influential factors on enterprise internationalization by enterprise's international experiences, broaden the study scope of international business theories.
Secondly, the current studies on international business area are more focused on single factor, and the empirical studies based on data from real business world is in short. This study integrated the various factors on entrepreneur characteristics and capabilities, constructed the more comprehensive theoretical model and examined by empirical studies, revealed the driving factor of enterprise internationalization, furthermore, analyzed the influential mechanism and influence on business internationalization performance made by entrepreneur's capabilities, extended the studies on international business from entrepreneur's perspective.
Finally, It is an important part of understanding enterprise internationalization strategy to understand the entrepreneur global competences. Therefore this study is taking entrepreneur global competences as an important supplementary factor affected global strategy, and suggest the structure of entrepreneur global competences based on existing studies, predicated the mediating effect on entrepreneur's global competences as well as its influence on enterprise internationalization, explore the intension of various factors with more details, and empirically examine the concepts of "global mindset" and "cultural intelligence" under Chinese background which recently rising in western academic areas, intensified the cognition of enterprise capabilities on the background of globalization.
引文
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