结构色成色机理与制备方法研究
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摘要
结构色起源于自然光与微结构的相互作用,通常呈现于诸如干涉、衍射和散射等光学现象之中。生物体结构色的研究具有重要意义,因为它不仅能揭示自然界中许多有趣的调控颜色的方式,同时也可以在光子结构的设计和制备方面给予我们很多启示。在这篇论文之中,我们研究了家鸽的虹彩羽毛、鹦鹉的非虹彩羽毛和中国古代瓷器乳光釉的结构色起源。另外,我们还在以鹦鹉羽毛微结构为模板制备反光子结构和利用分相方法制备光子结构等方面展开了讨论。
这篇论文由六个章节组成。在第一和第二章中,我们简单介绍了结构色及其研究的理论与实验方法。
在第三章中,我们研究了家鸽颈部虹彩绿色与虹彩紫色羽毛的结构色起源。我们发现,绿色和紫色小羽枝都是由角蛋白外皮层包裹由黑色素颗粒堆积而成的髓质层构成。结构色来自于角蛋白外层的薄膜干涉效应,而髓质层则起到了粗糙的反射镜的作用。不同厚度的角蛋白外层表皮具有不同的虹彩色。我们发现,当观察角度增大时,虹彩绿色小羽枝的颜色由绿色变为紫色。而相反地,虹彩紫色小羽枝的颜色由紫色变为了绿色。这种相反的虹彩效应可能提供了某些生物功能。
在第四章中,我们系统地研究了鹦鹉蓝色、绿色和黄色羽毛的成色机理。我们发现羽毛的蓝色纯粹来自于羽枝中的海绵状微结构,而绿色和黄色是由海绵状微结构产生的散射加上表皮中的色素吸收混合而成。研究发现海绵状微结构具有的是非晶金刚石构型,并由此产生了明亮的结构色。由此,我们还探讨了非晶金刚石结构的拓扑与光学特性。
在第五章中,我们展示了以鹦鹉羽毛微结构为模板的反结构制备。我们得到了两种非晶金刚石结构：一种基于SiO2,另一种则基于TiO2。这些合成结构都具有显著的结构色。对结构的分析表明,基于SiO2的微结构在结构特征上优于基于TiO2的微结构。这些人工结构将是进一步研究非晶金刚石结构光学特性的基础。
在第六章中,我们研究了中国古代瓷器,包括元代钧窑瓷器和宋代汝窑瓷器的蓝色乳光釉的颜色起源。研究结果表明乳光蓝色来自于瓷器釉层的微结构。在瓷器的烧制过程中,由于失稳分解,釉层中产生了富Si和富Ca两相无序交错的联通域。这两种联通域具有不同的折射率,光在其中的传播发生了相干散射,因而产生了乳光色。从分相的理论出发,我们还探讨了在陶瓷、高聚物和金属这三种体系中制备结构色光子非晶材料的方法。
Structural color results from the interactions of natural light with microstructures with a featured size comparable to visible wavelengths via optical phenomena such as interference, diffraction or scattering. The investigation of structural colors in the biological world is of great significance since it can not only reveal the interesting way of color steering in nature but also inspire our design and fabrication of photonic structures. In this thesis, we study the color origin of pigeon and parrot feathers. We also discuss the origin of the blue color in the glaze of ancient chinaware. The fabrication of inverse structures using parrot feathers as template is discussed.
The thesis consists of six chapters. In Chapters One and Two, structural coloration and its experimental and theoretical methods are briefly introduced.
In Chapter Three, we study the origin of green and purple iridescence in the neck feathers of domestic pigeons. We found that both green and purple barbules are composed of an outer keratin cortex layer surrounding a medullary layer consisting of randomly dispersed melanin granula. Structural colors originate from the thin-film interference of the top keratin layer while the medullary layer plays a role of a poor mirror. Different iridescence resides in the different thickness of the keratin layer. Interestingly, we found that green barbules vary colors from green to purple with the observing angle changed from normal to oblique. Oppositely, purple barbules change their colors from purple to green. This opposite iridescence may contain biological significance.
In Chapter Four, we systematically study the blue, green and yellow coloration in parrot feathers. We found that the blue color is purely from the spongy microstructures in the barbs, while green and yellow are produced by the color mixing of the blue color from the spongy microstructures and pigments. Interestingly, it is found that the spongy microstructures are indeed amorphous diamond structures which could produce a bright structural color. Their implications in photonic crystals are discussed.
In Chapter Five, we present results on the fabrication of inverse sponge microstructure using parrot barbs as template. We obtained two amorphous diamond structures:one based on SiO2and the other one on TiO2. These synthesized structures show obvious structural colors. Structural characterizations revealed that SiO2-based structures possess better structural quality than TiO2-based ones. These artificial structures can be the basis for the further study of the optical properties of amorphous diamond structures.
In Chapter Six, we study the coloration of the light blue glaze of the ancient chinawares:Jun and Ru Ware. Our results suggest that the blue color would originate from the microstructures in the glaze. The microstructures are formed during the firing process owing to the unstable decomposition, leading to randomly dispersed Si-rich and Ca-rich micro-domains. Since these micro-domains have different refractive index light will be scattered coherently, producing eventually a light blue color. From the theory of phase separation, we also discussed the ways to fabricate materials with strcutural colors in porcelains, polymers and metals.
这篇论文由六个章节组成。在第一和第二章中,我们简单介绍了结构色及其研究的理论与实验方法。
在第三章中,我们研究了家鸽颈部虹彩绿色与虹彩紫色羽毛的结构色起源。我们发现,绿色和紫色小羽枝都是由角蛋白外皮层包裹由黑色素颗粒堆积而成的髓质层构成。结构色来自于角蛋白外层的薄膜干涉效应,而髓质层则起到了粗糙的反射镜的作用。不同厚度的角蛋白外层表皮具有不同的虹彩色。我们发现,当观察角度增大时,虹彩绿色小羽枝的颜色由绿色变为紫色。而相反地,虹彩紫色小羽枝的颜色由紫色变为了绿色。这种相反的虹彩效应可能提供了某些生物功能。
在第四章中,我们系统地研究了鹦鹉蓝色、绿色和黄色羽毛的成色机理。我们发现羽毛的蓝色纯粹来自于羽枝中的海绵状微结构,而绿色和黄色是由海绵状微结构产生的散射加上表皮中的色素吸收混合而成。研究发现海绵状微结构具有的是非晶金刚石构型,并由此产生了明亮的结构色。由此,我们还探讨了非晶金刚石结构的拓扑与光学特性。
在第五章中,我们展示了以鹦鹉羽毛微结构为模板的反结构制备。我们得到了两种非晶金刚石结构：一种基于SiO2,另一种则基于TiO2。这些合成结构都具有显著的结构色。对结构的分析表明,基于SiO2的微结构在结构特征上优于基于TiO2的微结构。这些人工结构将是进一步研究非晶金刚石结构光学特性的基础。
在第六章中,我们研究了中国古代瓷器,包括元代钧窑瓷器和宋代汝窑瓷器的蓝色乳光釉的颜色起源。研究结果表明乳光蓝色来自于瓷器釉层的微结构。在瓷器的烧制过程中,由于失稳分解,釉层中产生了富Si和富Ca两相无序交错的联通域。这两种联通域具有不同的折射率,光在其中的传播发生了相干散射,因而产生了乳光色。从分相的理论出发,我们还探讨了在陶瓷、高聚物和金属这三种体系中制备结构色光子非晶材料的方法。
Structural color results from the interactions of natural light with microstructures with a featured size comparable to visible wavelengths via optical phenomena such as interference, diffraction or scattering. The investigation of structural colors in the biological world is of great significance since it can not only reveal the interesting way of color steering in nature but also inspire our design and fabrication of photonic structures. In this thesis, we study the color origin of pigeon and parrot feathers. We also discuss the origin of the blue color in the glaze of ancient chinaware. The fabrication of inverse structures using parrot feathers as template is discussed.
The thesis consists of six chapters. In Chapters One and Two, structural coloration and its experimental and theoretical methods are briefly introduced.
In Chapter Three, we study the origin of green and purple iridescence in the neck feathers of domestic pigeons. We found that both green and purple barbules are composed of an outer keratin cortex layer surrounding a medullary layer consisting of randomly dispersed melanin granula. Structural colors originate from the thin-film interference of the top keratin layer while the medullary layer plays a role of a poor mirror. Different iridescence resides in the different thickness of the keratin layer. Interestingly, we found that green barbules vary colors from green to purple with the observing angle changed from normal to oblique. Oppositely, purple barbules change their colors from purple to green. This opposite iridescence may contain biological significance.
In Chapter Four, we systematically study the blue, green and yellow coloration in parrot feathers. We found that the blue color is purely from the spongy microstructures in the barbs, while green and yellow are produced by the color mixing of the blue color from the spongy microstructures and pigments. Interestingly, it is found that the spongy microstructures are indeed amorphous diamond structures which could produce a bright structural color. Their implications in photonic crystals are discussed.
In Chapter Five, we present results on the fabrication of inverse sponge microstructure using parrot barbs as template. We obtained two amorphous diamond structures:one based on SiO2and the other one on TiO2. These synthesized structures show obvious structural colors. Structural characterizations revealed that SiO2-based structures possess better structural quality than TiO2-based ones. These artificial structures can be the basis for the further study of the optical properties of amorphous diamond structures.
In Chapter Six, we study the coloration of the light blue glaze of the ancient chinawares:Jun and Ru Ware. Our results suggest that the blue color would originate from the microstructures in the glaze. The microstructures are formed during the firing process owing to the unstable decomposition, leading to randomly dispersed Si-rich and Ca-rich micro-domains. Since these micro-domains have different refractive index light will be scattered coherently, producing eventually a light blue color. From the theory of phase separation, we also discussed the ways to fabricate materials with strcutural colors in porcelains, polymers and metals.
引文
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