木质类生物质催化热解动力学研究
摘要
本文采用非等温热重分析法,对松树、杨树、椴树和白桦等四种木质类生物质的热解特性进行了系统研究。考察了氮气气氛下升温速率、催化剂以及与煤共热解对生物质热解过程的影响。
生物质的热解过程经历水分析出,挥发份析出和炭化三个阶段。挥发份析出是生物质热解的主要过程,通常在200~400℃之间进行。选用Coats-Redfern法对实验数据进行反应动力学研究表明,生物质的热解反应为一级反应。随着生物质热解过程的升温速率(10、20、40和60℃/min)逐渐提高,热解峰值温度提高34~40℃,最大失重速率呈线性增大,活化能增大4.14~6.86 kJ/mol。Na2CO3和K2CO3催化生物质热解实验结果表明,当催化剂的加入量从0增加到10%时,生物质的热解峰值温度降低52.2~69.8℃,活化能下降3.8~7 kJ/mol,最大失重速率增大了16.8~25.6%。生物质与二种煤(烟煤与褐煤)混合共热解实验结果表明,在生物质与烟煤进行共热解的反应中,没有出现协同作用,热解结果只是生物质与烟煤各自热解过程的简单叠加;在生物质与褐煤进行共热解的反应中,有协同作用发生,生物质与褐煤各自单独的热解峰消失,在生物质与褐煤的热解峰值温度之间出现了一个新的热解峰。
Iso-thermogravemetric analysis was used in this paper to investigate the pyrolysis characteristics of four kinds of lignocellulosic biomass (pine, poplar, bass and birch) under N2 atmosphere with different conditions. The influences of heating rates, catalysts and co-pyrolysis with coal were discussed.
The whole process of pyrolysis of biomass could be divided into three stages, dehydration, devolatilization and carbonation. Devolatilization was the main process which occurred mainly between 200~400℃. The result of dynamic study by Coats-Redfern method showed that the pyrolysis of biomass could be described as first order reaction. The peak temperature increased by 34~40℃, the peak weight loss rate exhibited linear increment and the activation energy increased by 4.14~ 6.86 kJ/mol along with the increasing of heating rate(10、20、40 and 60℃/min). The investigation of pyrolysis catalyzed by Na2CO3 and K2CO3 indicated that the peak temperature decreased by 52.2~69.8℃, the activation energy decreased by 3.8~7.0 kJ/mol and the peak weight loss rate increased by 16.8~25.6% with the increasing of catalyst content from 0 to 10%. The co-pyrolysis of the blend of biomass with coal was investigated. The results showed that biomass and soft coal did not interact chemically under inert conditions, whereas biomass and lignite seemed to interact on each other for the disappearing of the original peak of lignite and biomass and the appearing of a new peak between the peak temperature of biomass and lignite.
生物质的热解过程经历水分析出,挥发份析出和炭化三个阶段。挥发份析出是生物质热解的主要过程,通常在200~400℃之间进行。选用Coats-Redfern法对实验数据进行反应动力学研究表明,生物质的热解反应为一级反应。随着生物质热解过程的升温速率(10、20、40和60℃/min)逐渐提高,热解峰值温度提高34~40℃,最大失重速率呈线性增大,活化能增大4.14~6.86 kJ/mol。Na2CO3和K2CO3催化生物质热解实验结果表明,当催化剂的加入量从0增加到10%时,生物质的热解峰值温度降低52.2~69.8℃,活化能下降3.8~7 kJ/mol,最大失重速率增大了16.8~25.6%。生物质与二种煤(烟煤与褐煤)混合共热解实验结果表明,在生物质与烟煤进行共热解的反应中,没有出现协同作用,热解结果只是生物质与烟煤各自热解过程的简单叠加;在生物质与褐煤进行共热解的反应中,有协同作用发生,生物质与褐煤各自单独的热解峰消失,在生物质与褐煤的热解峰值温度之间出现了一个新的热解峰。
Iso-thermogravemetric analysis was used in this paper to investigate the pyrolysis characteristics of four kinds of lignocellulosic biomass (pine, poplar, bass and birch) under N2 atmosphere with different conditions. The influences of heating rates, catalysts and co-pyrolysis with coal were discussed.
The whole process of pyrolysis of biomass could be divided into three stages, dehydration, devolatilization and carbonation. Devolatilization was the main process which occurred mainly between 200~400℃. The result of dynamic study by Coats-Redfern method showed that the pyrolysis of biomass could be described as first order reaction. The peak temperature increased by 34~40℃, the peak weight loss rate exhibited linear increment and the activation energy increased by 4.14~ 6.86 kJ/mol along with the increasing of heating rate(10、20、40 and 60℃/min). The investigation of pyrolysis catalyzed by Na2CO3 and K2CO3 indicated that the peak temperature decreased by 52.2~69.8℃, the activation energy decreased by 3.8~7.0 kJ/mol and the peak weight loss rate increased by 16.8~25.6% with the increasing of catalyst content from 0 to 10%. The co-pyrolysis of the blend of biomass with coal was investigated. The results showed that biomass and soft coal did not interact chemically under inert conditions, whereas biomass and lignite seemed to interact on each other for the disappearing of the original peak of lignite and biomass and the appearing of a new peak between the peak temperature of biomass and lignite.
引文
[1]朱锡锋,郑冀鲁,郭庆祥,等.生物质热解油的性质精制与利用[J].中国工程科学,2005,7(9):84-87
[2]周新华,齐庆杰,郝宇,等.不同条件下玉米秸秆热解规律实验研究[J].能源工程,2005,(6):31-33
[3] M.M.Kü?ük, A.Demirba?. Biomass conversion processes [J]. Energy Conversion & Management, 1997, 38 (2): 151-165
[4] P.Ghetti, L.Ricca, L.Angelini.Thermal analysis of biomass and corresponding pyrolysis products [J]. Fuel, 1996, 75(5): 565-573
[5]于娟,章明川,沈铁,等.生物质热解特性的热重分析[J].上海交通大学学报,2002,36(10):82-85
[6] L.I.Jun-Feng, H.U.Run-Qing. Sustainable biomass production for energy in China [J].Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, (25): 483-499
[7] M.M.Hagedorn, H.Bockhorn. Pyrolytic behaviour of different biomasses (angiosperms)(maize plants, straws, and wood) in low temperature pyrolysis[J]. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2007, 79(1-2): 136-146
[8] E.Biagini, F.Lippi, L.Petraca.Devolatilization rate of biomasses and coal-biomass blends: an experimental investigation[J]. Fuel, 2002, 81(8): 1041-1050
[9] K.Raveedran., A.Ganesh, K.C.Khilar. Pyrolysis characteristics of biomass and biomass components [J].Feul, 1996, 75(8):987-998
[10] D.Meier, O.Faix. State of the art of applied fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic materials-a review [J].Bioresource Technology, 1999, (68):71-77
[11] A.Demirba?.Biomass resource facilities and biomass conversion processing for fuels and chemicals [J].Energy Conversion & Management, 2001 (42):1357-1378
[12]袁振宏,吴创之,马隆龙,等.生物质能利用原理与技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005
[13]刘荣厚,牛卫生,张大雷.生物质热化学转换技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005
[14]肖波,周英彪,李建芬.生物质能循环经济技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2006
[15]于娟,章明用,沈轶,等.生物质热解特性的热重分析[J].上海交通大学学报,2002,36(10):1475-1478
[16]修双宁,易维明,何芳.几种生物质热重曲线的分析[J].淄博学院学报,2002,4(2):82-85
[17] G.Skodras, P.Grammelis, P.Basinas. Pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of biomass and waste-derived feedstock[J]. Ind.Eng.Chem.Res, 2006, 45:3791-3799
[18] H.P.Yang, R.Yan, H.P.Chen. Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis[J]. Fuel, 2007, 86:1781-1788
[19]赵俊成,孙立,易维明.在管式炉中生物质热解的机理[J].山东理工大学学报,2004,18(2): 33-36
[20] Yorgans, S.Sens?z, ?.M.Ko?kar. Characterization of the pyrolysis oil produced in the slow pyrolysis of sunflower-extracted bagasse [J]. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2001(20): 141-148
[21]张军,范志林,林晓芬,等.生物质快速热解过程中产物的在线测定[J].东南大学学报,2005,35(1): 16-19
[22] A.Demirba?. Gaseous products from biomass by pyrolysis and gasification: effects of catalyst on hydrogen yield [J]. Energy Conversion & Management, 2002(43): 897-909
[23] V.Minkova, Razvigorovam, E.Bjornbom et al. Effect of water vapour and biomass nature on the yield and quality of the pyrolysis products from biomass [J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2001(70): 53-61
[24]何芳,蔡均猛,徐梁,等.几种生物质热解过程的TG-DSC分析[J].农机化研究,2005(2):163-165
[25]谭洪,王树荣,骆仲泱,等.金属盐对生物质热解特性影响实验研究[J].工程热物理学报, 2005, 26(5):742-744
[26] P.T.Williams, P.A.Horne.The influence of catalyst regeneration on the composition of zeolite-upgraded biomass pyrolysis oils [J].Fuel, 1995, 74(12):1839-1851
[27] A.Demirba?.Partly chemical analysis of liquid fraction of flash pyrolysis products from biomass in the presence of sodium carbonate [J]. Energy Conversion & Management, 2002(43): 1801-1809
[28] A.?aglar, A.Demirba?. Conversion of cotton cocoon shell to liquid products by pyrolysis [J]. Energy Conversion & Management, 2000(41): 1749-1756
[29]沈永兵,肖军,沈来宏.木质类生物质的热重分析研究[J].新能源与新材料,2005(3):23-26
[30]李文,李保庆,孙成功,等.生物质热解,加氢热解及其与煤共热解的热重研究[J].燃料化学学报,1996,24(4): 341-347
[31] A.Demirba?. Yields of oil products from thermochemical biomass conversion processes [J]. Energy Conversion & Management, 1998, 39(7): 685-690
[32]于娟,章明用,沈轶,等.生物质热解特性的热重分析[J]上海交通大学学报,2002,36(10):1475-1478
[33]修双宁,易维明,何芳.几种生物质热重曲线的分析[J].淄博学院学报,2002,4(2):82-85
[34]蒋剑春,沈兆邦.生物质热解动力学的研究[J].林产化学与工业,2003,23(4):1-6
[35] X.H.Liang, A.Kozinskij. Numericalmodeling of combustion and pyrolysis of cellulosic biomass in thermogravimetric systems [J].Fuel, 2000, (79):1477-1486
[36]徐保江,鲁楠,李金树.生物质热解液化生物质油的试验研究[J].农业工程学报,1999,15(3):177-181
[37] S.Sens?z, D.Angin, S.Yorgun.Influence of particle size on the pyrolysis of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.): fuel properties of bio-oil [J].Biomass and Bioenergy, 2000,(19):271-279
[38] M.Stenseng, A.Jensen, K.Dam-Johansen. Investigation of biomass pyrolysis by thermogravimetric nalysis and differential scanning calorimetry [J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2001, (58/59):765-780
[39] P.Das, Ganesha, Wangikar. Influence of pretreatment of dashing of sugarcane bagasse on pyrolysis products [J]. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2004, (27): 445-457
[40] A.Demirba?. Effect of initial moisture content on the yield of oily products from pyrolysis of biomass [J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2004, (71):803-815
[41] M.Otero, C.Díez, L.F.Calvo.Analysis of the co-combustion of sewage sludge and coal by TG-MS[J]. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2002, 22(4): 319-329
[42] F.Pinto, C.Franco, R.N.André.Effect of experimental conditions on co-gasification of coal, biomass and plastics wastes with air/steam mixtures in a fluidized bed system[J]. Fuel, 2003, 82(15-17): 1967-1976
[43] D.Vamvuka, S.Troulinos, E.Kastanaki.The effect of mineral matter on the physical and chemical activation of low rank coal and biomass materials [J]. Fuel, 2006, 85(12-13): 1763-1771
[44] L.Baxter.Biomass-coal co-combustion: opportunity for affordable renewable energy [J]. Fuel, 2005, 84(10): 1295-1302
[45] H.Nevalainen, M.Jegoroff, J.Saastamoinen.Firing of coal and biomass and their mixtures in 50 kW and 12 MW circulating fluidized beds– phenomenon study and comparison of scales [J]. Fuel, 2007, 86(14): 2043-2051
[46] K.Kumabe, T.Hanaoka, S.Fujimoto.Co-gasification of woody biomass and coal with air and steam[J]. Fuel, 2007, 86(5-6): 684-689
[47] H.P.Wan, Y.S.Chang, W.C.Chien.Emissions during co-firing of RDF-5 with bituminous coal, paper sluge and waste tires in a commercial circulating fluidized bed co-generation boiler [J]. Fuel, 2008, 87(6): 761-767
[48] P.Grammelis, G.Skodras, E.Kakaras. Effects of biomass co-firing with coal on ash properties.PartⅠ: Characterisation and PSD [J]. Fuel, 2006, 85(16): 2310-2315
[49] E.Kastanaki, D.Vamvuka, P.Grammelis. Thermogravimetric studies of the behavior of lignite-biomass blends during devolatilization[J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2002, 77-78: 159-166
[50] L.Zhang, S.P.Xu, W.Zhao.Co-pyrolysis of biomass and coal in a free fall reactor[J]. Fuel, 2007, 86(3): 353-359
[51] E.Biagini, F.Lippi, L.Petarca.Devolatilization rate of biomasses and coal-biomass blends: an experimental investigation[J]. Fuel, 2002, 81(8): 1041-1050
[52]倪献智,从兴顺,马晓隆等.生物质与褐煤共热解的研究[J].煤炭转化,2005,28(2):39-41
[53]胡荣祖,史启祯.热分析动力学[M].北京:科学出版社,2001
[54]宋春财,胡浩权,朱盛维,等.生物质秸秆热重分析及几种动力学模型结果比较[J].燃料化学学报,2003,31(4):311-316
[55] G.Skodras, P.Grammelis, P.Basinaset al. Pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of biomass and waste-derived feedstock [J]. American Chemical Society, 2006, 45:3791-3799
[56] H.P.Yang, R.Yan, T.Chin et al. Thermogravimetric analysis-fourier transform infrared analysis of palm oil waste pyrolysis [J]. Energy and Fuels, 2004,18:1814-1821
[57] J.J.M.órf?o, F.J.A.Antunes, J.L.Figueiredo.Pyrolysis kinetics of lingocellulosic materials-three independent reactions model [J]. Fuel, 1999, 78:349-358
[58]文丽华,王树荣,骆仲泱,等.生物质的多组分热解动力学模型[J].浙江大学学报,2005,39(2):247-252
[59]马承荣,肖波,杨家宽,等.生物质热解影响因素研究[J].环境技术,2005,5:10-12
[60] MGr?nli, M.J.Antal.Jr, A.G.Várhegyi. Round-robin study of cellulose pyrolysis kinetics by thermogravimetry [J].American Chemical Society, 1999, 38:2238-2244
[61] R.Narayan, M.J.Antal.Jr. Thermal lag, fusion, and the compensateon effect during biomass pyrolysis [J].American Chemical Society, 1996, 35:1711-1721
[62] E.A.Varol, E.Pütün, A.E.Pütün.Slow pyrolysis of pistachio shell [J]. Fuel, 2007, 86(12-13): 1892-1899
[63] A.E.Borgund, T.Barth. Effects of base catalysis on the product distribution from pyrolysis of woody biomass in the presence of water[J]. Organic Geochemistry, 1999, 30(12): 1517-1526
[64] J.Adam, M.Blazsó, E.Mészáros.Pyrolysis of biomass in the presence of Al-MCM-41 type catalysts [J]. Fuel, 2005, 84(12-13): 1494-1502
[65] F.Ate?, A.E.Pütün, E.Pütün. Pyrolysis of two different biomass samplesin a fixed-bed reactor combined with two different catalysts [J]. Fuel, 2006, 85(12-13): 1851-1859
[66] E.Pütün, F.Ate?, A.E.Pütün.Catalytic pyrolysis of biomass in inert and steam atmospheres[J]. Fuel, 2008, 87(6), 815-824
[67] G.Chen, H.Spliethoff, J.Andries.Catalytic application to biomass pyrolysis in a fixed bed reactor[J]. Energy Source, 2003, 25(6): 223-228
[68] L.Dandik, H.A.Aksoy.Pyrolysis of used sunflower oil in the presence of sodium carbonate by using fractionating pyrolysis reactor[J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 1998, 57(2): 81-92
[69] A.Demirba?.Partly chemical analysis of liquid fraction of flash pyrolysis products from biomass in the presence of sodium carbonate[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2002, 43(14):1801-1809
[70] D.Güllü.Effect of catalyst on yield of liquid products from biomass via pyrolysis[J]. Energy Source, 2003, 25:753-765
[71] A.Demirba?.Gaseous products from biomass by pyrolysis and gasification:effects of catalyst on hydrogen yield[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2002, 43(7):897-909
[72] D.J.Nowakowski, J.M.Jones, R.M.D.Brydson.Potassium catalysis in the pyrolysis behavior of short rotation willow coppice[J]. Fuel, 2007, 86(15): 2389-2402
[73] P.Szabó, G.Várhegyi, F.Till.Thermogravimetric/mass spectrometric characterization of two energy crops, Arundo donax and Miscanthus sinensis[J] Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 1996, 36:179-190
[74] T.Sonobe, N.Worasuwannarak.Kinetic analyses of biomass pyrolysis using the distributed activation energy model[J]. Fuel, 2008,87(3), 414-421
[75] H.P.Yang, R.Yan, T.Chin.Thermogravimetric analysis-fourier transform infrared analysis of palm oil waste pyrolysis[J]. Energy and Fuels, 2004, 18(6): 1814-1821
[76] A.W.Coats, J.P.Redfern. Kinetic parameters from thermogravimetric data[J]. Nature, 1964, 201, 68-69
[77] C.C.Song, H.Q.Hu, S.W. Zhu.Biomass pyrolysis and its kinetic parameters with different methods[J]. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2003, 31(4): 311-315
[78] A.Jensen, K.D.Johansen.TG-FTIR study of the influence of potassium chloride on wheat straw pyrolysis[J]. Energy and Fuels, 1998, 12:929-938
[79] R.Fahmi, A.V.Bridgwater, L.I.Darvell. The effect of alkali metals on combustion and pyrolysis of lolium and festuca grasses, switchgrass and willow[J]. Fuel, 2007, 86(10-11): 1560-1569
[80] J.Wang, M.X.Zhang, M.Q.Chen. Catalytic effects of six inorganic compounds on pyrolysis of three kinds of biomass[J]. Thermochimica Acta,2006, 444(1):110-114
[81] C.A.Chen, H.Pakdel, C.Roy.Production of monomeric phenols by thermochemical convertion of biomass: a review[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2001, 79(3): 277-299
[82] R.P.W.J.Struis, C.von Scala, S.Stucki.Gasification reactivity of charcoal with CO2.PartⅡ:Metal catalysis as a function of convertion[J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 2002, 57(17): 3593-3602
[83] O.Onay. Fast and catalytic pyrolysis of pistacia khinjuk seed in a well-swept fixed bed reactor[J]. Fuel, 2007, 86(10-11): 1452-1460
[84] V.K.Mustafa, K.Ozgen, H.J.Cahit. Effect of particle size on coal pyrolysis[J]. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 1998, 45(2): 103-110
[85] P.R.Solomon, M.A.Serio, R.M.Carangelo.Very rapid coal pyrolysis[J]. Fuel, 1986, 65(2): 182-194
[86] G.P.Ying, V.Enrique, P.Luis. Pyrolysis of blends of biomass with poor coals[J]. Fuel, 1996, 75(4): 412-418
[87] W.Kastanaki, D.Vamvuka, P.Grammelis.Thermogravimetric studies of the behavior of lignite-biomass blends during devolatilization[J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2002, 77-78:159-166
[88] B.Moghtaderi, C.Meesri, T.F.Wall.Pyrolytic characteristics of blended coal and woody biomass[J]. Fuel, 2004, 83(6), 745-750
[89] D.Vamvuka, E.Kakaras, E.Kastanaki.Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of biomass residuals mixtures with lignite[J]. Fuel, 2003, 82(15-17): 1949-1960
[90] A.G.Collot, Y.Zhuo, D.R.Dugwell. Co-pyrolysis and co-gasification of coal and biomass in bench-scale fixed-bed and fluidized bed reactors[J]. Fuel, 1999, 78(6): 667-679
[91] Q.R.Liu, H.Q.Hu, Q.Zhou. Effect of inorganic matter on reactivity and kinetics of coal pyrolysis[J]. Fuel, 2004, 83(6): 713-718
[2]周新华,齐庆杰,郝宇,等.不同条件下玉米秸秆热解规律实验研究[J].能源工程,2005,(6):31-33
[3] M.M.Kü?ük, A.Demirba?. Biomass conversion processes [J]. Energy Conversion & Management, 1997, 38 (2): 151-165
[4] P.Ghetti, L.Ricca, L.Angelini.Thermal analysis of biomass and corresponding pyrolysis products [J]. Fuel, 1996, 75(5): 565-573
[5]于娟,章明川,沈铁,等.生物质热解特性的热重分析[J].上海交通大学学报,2002,36(10):82-85
[6] L.I.Jun-Feng, H.U.Run-Qing. Sustainable biomass production for energy in China [J].Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, (25): 483-499
[7] M.M.Hagedorn, H.Bockhorn. Pyrolytic behaviour of different biomasses (angiosperms)(maize plants, straws, and wood) in low temperature pyrolysis[J]. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2007, 79(1-2): 136-146
[8] E.Biagini, F.Lippi, L.Petraca.Devolatilization rate of biomasses and coal-biomass blends: an experimental investigation[J]. Fuel, 2002, 81(8): 1041-1050
[9] K.Raveedran., A.Ganesh, K.C.Khilar. Pyrolysis characteristics of biomass and biomass components [J].Feul, 1996, 75(8):987-998
[10] D.Meier, O.Faix. State of the art of applied fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic materials-a review [J].Bioresource Technology, 1999, (68):71-77
[11] A.Demirba?.Biomass resource facilities and biomass conversion processing for fuels and chemicals [J].Energy Conversion & Management, 2001 (42):1357-1378
[12]袁振宏,吴创之,马隆龙,等.生物质能利用原理与技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005
[13]刘荣厚,牛卫生,张大雷.生物质热化学转换技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005
[14]肖波,周英彪,李建芬.生物质能循环经济技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2006
[15]于娟,章明用,沈轶,等.生物质热解特性的热重分析[J].上海交通大学学报,2002,36(10):1475-1478
[16]修双宁,易维明,何芳.几种生物质热重曲线的分析[J].淄博学院学报,2002,4(2):82-85
[17] G.Skodras, P.Grammelis, P.Basinas. Pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of biomass and waste-derived feedstock[J]. Ind.Eng.Chem.Res, 2006, 45:3791-3799
[18] H.P.Yang, R.Yan, H.P.Chen. Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis[J]. Fuel, 2007, 86:1781-1788
[19]赵俊成,孙立,易维明.在管式炉中生物质热解的机理[J].山东理工大学学报,2004,18(2): 33-36
[20] Yorgans, S.Sens?z, ?.M.Ko?kar. Characterization of the pyrolysis oil produced in the slow pyrolysis of sunflower-extracted bagasse [J]. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2001(20): 141-148
[21]张军,范志林,林晓芬,等.生物质快速热解过程中产物的在线测定[J].东南大学学报,2005,35(1): 16-19
[22] A.Demirba?. Gaseous products from biomass by pyrolysis and gasification: effects of catalyst on hydrogen yield [J]. Energy Conversion & Management, 2002(43): 897-909
[23] V.Minkova, Razvigorovam, E.Bjornbom et al. Effect of water vapour and biomass nature on the yield and quality of the pyrolysis products from biomass [J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2001(70): 53-61
[24]何芳,蔡均猛,徐梁,等.几种生物质热解过程的TG-DSC分析[J].农机化研究,2005(2):163-165
[25]谭洪,王树荣,骆仲泱,等.金属盐对生物质热解特性影响实验研究[J].工程热物理学报, 2005, 26(5):742-744
[26] P.T.Williams, P.A.Horne.The influence of catalyst regeneration on the composition of zeolite-upgraded biomass pyrolysis oils [J].Fuel, 1995, 74(12):1839-1851
[27] A.Demirba?.Partly chemical analysis of liquid fraction of flash pyrolysis products from biomass in the presence of sodium carbonate [J]. Energy Conversion & Management, 2002(43): 1801-1809
[28] A.?aglar, A.Demirba?. Conversion of cotton cocoon shell to liquid products by pyrolysis [J]. Energy Conversion & Management, 2000(41): 1749-1756
[29]沈永兵,肖军,沈来宏.木质类生物质的热重分析研究[J].新能源与新材料,2005(3):23-26
[30]李文,李保庆,孙成功,等.生物质热解,加氢热解及其与煤共热解的热重研究[J].燃料化学学报,1996,24(4): 341-347
[31] A.Demirba?. Yields of oil products from thermochemical biomass conversion processes [J]. Energy Conversion & Management, 1998, 39(7): 685-690
[32]于娟,章明用,沈轶,等.生物质热解特性的热重分析[J]上海交通大学学报,2002,36(10):1475-1478
[33]修双宁,易维明,何芳.几种生物质热重曲线的分析[J].淄博学院学报,2002,4(2):82-85
[34]蒋剑春,沈兆邦.生物质热解动力学的研究[J].林产化学与工业,2003,23(4):1-6
[35] X.H.Liang, A.Kozinskij. Numericalmodeling of combustion and pyrolysis of cellulosic biomass in thermogravimetric systems [J].Fuel, 2000, (79):1477-1486
[36]徐保江,鲁楠,李金树.生物质热解液化生物质油的试验研究[J].农业工程学报,1999,15(3):177-181
[37] S.Sens?z, D.Angin, S.Yorgun.Influence of particle size on the pyrolysis of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.): fuel properties of bio-oil [J].Biomass and Bioenergy, 2000,(19):271-279
[38] M.Stenseng, A.Jensen, K.Dam-Johansen. Investigation of biomass pyrolysis by thermogravimetric nalysis and differential scanning calorimetry [J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2001, (58/59):765-780
[39] P.Das, Ganesha, Wangikar. Influence of pretreatment of dashing of sugarcane bagasse on pyrolysis products [J]. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2004, (27): 445-457
[40] A.Demirba?. Effect of initial moisture content on the yield of oily products from pyrolysis of biomass [J].Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2004, (71):803-815
[41] M.Otero, C.Díez, L.F.Calvo.Analysis of the co-combustion of sewage sludge and coal by TG-MS[J]. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2002, 22(4): 319-329
[42] F.Pinto, C.Franco, R.N.André.Effect of experimental conditions on co-gasification of coal, biomass and plastics wastes with air/steam mixtures in a fluidized bed system[J]. Fuel, 2003, 82(15-17): 1967-1976
[43] D.Vamvuka, S.Troulinos, E.Kastanaki.The effect of mineral matter on the physical and chemical activation of low rank coal and biomass materials [J]. Fuel, 2006, 85(12-13): 1763-1771
[44] L.Baxter.Biomass-coal co-combustion: opportunity for affordable renewable energy [J]. Fuel, 2005, 84(10): 1295-1302
[45] H.Nevalainen, M.Jegoroff, J.Saastamoinen.Firing of coal and biomass and their mixtures in 50 kW and 12 MW circulating fluidized beds– phenomenon study and comparison of scales [J]. Fuel, 2007, 86(14): 2043-2051
[46] K.Kumabe, T.Hanaoka, S.Fujimoto.Co-gasification of woody biomass and coal with air and steam[J]. Fuel, 2007, 86(5-6): 684-689
[47] H.P.Wan, Y.S.Chang, W.C.Chien.Emissions during co-firing of RDF-5 with bituminous coal, paper sluge and waste tires in a commercial circulating fluidized bed co-generation boiler [J]. Fuel, 2008, 87(6): 761-767
[48] P.Grammelis, G.Skodras, E.Kakaras. Effects of biomass co-firing with coal on ash properties.PartⅠ: Characterisation and PSD [J]. Fuel, 2006, 85(16): 2310-2315
[49] E.Kastanaki, D.Vamvuka, P.Grammelis. Thermogravimetric studies of the behavior of lignite-biomass blends during devolatilization[J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2002, 77-78: 159-166
[50] L.Zhang, S.P.Xu, W.Zhao.Co-pyrolysis of biomass and coal in a free fall reactor[J]. Fuel, 2007, 86(3): 353-359
[51] E.Biagini, F.Lippi, L.Petarca.Devolatilization rate of biomasses and coal-biomass blends: an experimental investigation[J]. Fuel, 2002, 81(8): 1041-1050
[52]倪献智,从兴顺,马晓隆等.生物质与褐煤共热解的研究[J].煤炭转化,2005,28(2):39-41
[53]胡荣祖,史启祯.热分析动力学[M].北京:科学出版社,2001
[54]宋春财,胡浩权,朱盛维,等.生物质秸秆热重分析及几种动力学模型结果比较[J].燃料化学学报,2003,31(4):311-316
[55] G.Skodras, P.Grammelis, P.Basinaset al. Pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of biomass and waste-derived feedstock [J]. American Chemical Society, 2006, 45:3791-3799
[56] H.P.Yang, R.Yan, T.Chin et al. Thermogravimetric analysis-fourier transform infrared analysis of palm oil waste pyrolysis [J]. Energy and Fuels, 2004,18:1814-1821
[57] J.J.M.órf?o, F.J.A.Antunes, J.L.Figueiredo.Pyrolysis kinetics of lingocellulosic materials-three independent reactions model [J]. Fuel, 1999, 78:349-358
[58]文丽华,王树荣,骆仲泱,等.生物质的多组分热解动力学模型[J].浙江大学学报,2005,39(2):247-252
[59]马承荣,肖波,杨家宽,等.生物质热解影响因素研究[J].环境技术,2005,5:10-12
[60] MGr?nli, M.J.Antal.Jr, A.G.Várhegyi. Round-robin study of cellulose pyrolysis kinetics by thermogravimetry [J].American Chemical Society, 1999, 38:2238-2244
[61] R.Narayan, M.J.Antal.Jr. Thermal lag, fusion, and the compensateon effect during biomass pyrolysis [J].American Chemical Society, 1996, 35:1711-1721
[62] E.A.Varol, E.Pütün, A.E.Pütün.Slow pyrolysis of pistachio shell [J]. Fuel, 2007, 86(12-13): 1892-1899
[63] A.E.Borgund, T.Barth. Effects of base catalysis on the product distribution from pyrolysis of woody biomass in the presence of water[J]. Organic Geochemistry, 1999, 30(12): 1517-1526
[64] J.Adam, M.Blazsó, E.Mészáros.Pyrolysis of biomass in the presence of Al-MCM-41 type catalysts [J]. Fuel, 2005, 84(12-13): 1494-1502
[65] F.Ate?, A.E.Pütün, E.Pütün. Pyrolysis of two different biomass samplesin a fixed-bed reactor combined with two different catalysts [J]. Fuel, 2006, 85(12-13): 1851-1859
[66] E.Pütün, F.Ate?, A.E.Pütün.Catalytic pyrolysis of biomass in inert and steam atmospheres[J]. Fuel, 2008, 87(6), 815-824
[67] G.Chen, H.Spliethoff, J.Andries.Catalytic application to biomass pyrolysis in a fixed bed reactor[J]. Energy Source, 2003, 25(6): 223-228
[68] L.Dandik, H.A.Aksoy.Pyrolysis of used sunflower oil in the presence of sodium carbonate by using fractionating pyrolysis reactor[J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 1998, 57(2): 81-92
[69] A.Demirba?.Partly chemical analysis of liquid fraction of flash pyrolysis products from biomass in the presence of sodium carbonate[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2002, 43(14):1801-1809
[70] D.Güllü.Effect of catalyst on yield of liquid products from biomass via pyrolysis[J]. Energy Source, 2003, 25:753-765
[71] A.Demirba?.Gaseous products from biomass by pyrolysis and gasification:effects of catalyst on hydrogen yield[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2002, 43(7):897-909
[72] D.J.Nowakowski, J.M.Jones, R.M.D.Brydson.Potassium catalysis in the pyrolysis behavior of short rotation willow coppice[J]. Fuel, 2007, 86(15): 2389-2402
[73] P.Szabó, G.Várhegyi, F.Till.Thermogravimetric/mass spectrometric characterization of two energy crops, Arundo donax and Miscanthus sinensis[J] Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 1996, 36:179-190
[74] T.Sonobe, N.Worasuwannarak.Kinetic analyses of biomass pyrolysis using the distributed activation energy model[J]. Fuel, 2008,87(3), 414-421
[75] H.P.Yang, R.Yan, T.Chin.Thermogravimetric analysis-fourier transform infrared analysis of palm oil waste pyrolysis[J]. Energy and Fuels, 2004, 18(6): 1814-1821
[76] A.W.Coats, J.P.Redfern. Kinetic parameters from thermogravimetric data[J]. Nature, 1964, 201, 68-69
[77] C.C.Song, H.Q.Hu, S.W. Zhu.Biomass pyrolysis and its kinetic parameters with different methods[J]. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2003, 31(4): 311-315
[78] A.Jensen, K.D.Johansen.TG-FTIR study of the influence of potassium chloride on wheat straw pyrolysis[J]. Energy and Fuels, 1998, 12:929-938
[79] R.Fahmi, A.V.Bridgwater, L.I.Darvell. The effect of alkali metals on combustion and pyrolysis of lolium and festuca grasses, switchgrass and willow[J]. Fuel, 2007, 86(10-11): 1560-1569
[80] J.Wang, M.X.Zhang, M.Q.Chen. Catalytic effects of six inorganic compounds on pyrolysis of three kinds of biomass[J]. Thermochimica Acta,2006, 444(1):110-114
[81] C.A.Chen, H.Pakdel, C.Roy.Production of monomeric phenols by thermochemical convertion of biomass: a review[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2001, 79(3): 277-299
[82] R.P.W.J.Struis, C.von Scala, S.Stucki.Gasification reactivity of charcoal with CO2.PartⅡ:Metal catalysis as a function of convertion[J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 2002, 57(17): 3593-3602
[83] O.Onay. Fast and catalytic pyrolysis of pistacia khinjuk seed in a well-swept fixed bed reactor[J]. Fuel, 2007, 86(10-11): 1452-1460
[84] V.K.Mustafa, K.Ozgen, H.J.Cahit. Effect of particle size on coal pyrolysis[J]. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 1998, 45(2): 103-110
[85] P.R.Solomon, M.A.Serio, R.M.Carangelo.Very rapid coal pyrolysis[J]. Fuel, 1986, 65(2): 182-194
[86] G.P.Ying, V.Enrique, P.Luis. Pyrolysis of blends of biomass with poor coals[J]. Fuel, 1996, 75(4): 412-418
[87] W.Kastanaki, D.Vamvuka, P.Grammelis.Thermogravimetric studies of the behavior of lignite-biomass blends during devolatilization[J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2002, 77-78:159-166
[88] B.Moghtaderi, C.Meesri, T.F.Wall.Pyrolytic characteristics of blended coal and woody biomass[J]. Fuel, 2004, 83(6), 745-750
[89] D.Vamvuka, E.Kakaras, E.Kastanaki.Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of biomass residuals mixtures with lignite[J]. Fuel, 2003, 82(15-17): 1949-1960
[90] A.G.Collot, Y.Zhuo, D.R.Dugwell. Co-pyrolysis and co-gasification of coal and biomass in bench-scale fixed-bed and fluidized bed reactors[J]. Fuel, 1999, 78(6): 667-679
[91] Q.R.Liu, H.Q.Hu, Q.Zhou. Effect of inorganic matter on reactivity and kinetics of coal pyrolysis[J]. Fuel, 2004, 83(6): 713-718