论反倾销法的存废问题
摘要
反倾销法的存废问题不仅涉及到对该法功能的认识,亦关乎制度成本方面的考虑。本文先综述了当前关于反倾销法何去何从的各种观点,然后追根求源,从倾销的定义入手,考察了倾销的分类和相应的经济解释以及倾销对倾销商、出口国和进口国的经济影响。认为如果存在一个有效的利益协调和分配机制的话,那么反倾销法的出发点就应该采用卡尔多—希克斯标准,兼顾倾销对倾销商、出口国、进口国等各方的综合经济效应,但实际上这样的机制是不存在的,所以反倾销法只需要考虑倾销对进口国的经济影响。同时,由于一个国家的工业对该国有着非常重要的意义,有时甚至关乎其存亡,消费者利益相对来说处于次要地位,故而反倾销法也不会过多考虑保护本国消费者的利益。除了保护之外,本文还引用信息分散理论说明竞争对一个国家进步的重要性,反倾销法因而要同时兼顾竞争这种价值。平衡两种价值正是反倾销法的宗旨所在,同时也是评价反倾销法优劣的标准。本文随后通过考察反倾销法立法史和实际运行状况证明反倾销法能起到预期的作用并越来越完善。但要证明反倾销法有其存在的价值还得证明反倾销法在制度上有比较优势。本文从功能上利用规范的方法对反倾销法和竞争法及保障措施进行了比较,认为反倾销法规制的对象是不同的国家利益体,而竞争法调整的是一国内部事务;相对于保障措施,反倾销法打击的是对进口国有威胁的倾销商,抓住了主要矛盾,面临的压力也小同时还可以避免其他方面的损失,反倾销法以不同于保障措施的手段和程序还可以掌握外国厂商的生产技术、管理经验或有价值的市场和投资信息。因此,竞争法和保障措施无法代替反倾销法。
This article firstly surveys all viewpoints on what is the future of antidumping laws which refers to ideas about the function of antidumping laws and institutional cost. Then it analyzes the concept of“dumping”, the forms of dumping and their respective economic explanation, and their economic effect on dumping enterprise, export country and import country. It concludes that there are some differences between the concepts defined by scholars and the ones defined by administrations, which reflect different values. Different dumpings caused by different economic reasons also have different and complicated effect on export country and import country, and it is hard to judge what the occurring dumping belongs to. Usually dumping benefits the export country but damages import country. It affirms that if there is a effective mechanism coordinating and allocating interests, the law of antidumping must consider the general economic effect on dumping enterprise, export country and import country according to Kaldor-Hicks. But in fact, there is not such a mechanism, therefore, antidumping laws only need to care for the effect of dumping on import country. Besides, the industries of a country which sometimes matters the existance of this country is more important than the benefits of consumers of this country, so, antidumping laws needn’t overconsider the benefits of consumers of such country . Apart from protection, this article points out the importance of competition to a country according to the theory of information separation, so the antidumping laws must consider the value of competition. The keystone of antidumping laws lies in balancing both of the two values by which we also can judge whether an antidumping laws is good or not. This article then testifies that the law of antidumping can protect the domestic industries in effect and are becomeing more and more perfect by studying the history of antidumping laws and practical operation of it. But to justify the necessity of antidumping laws, it is necessary to testify there are some comparative advantages of antidumping laws over other institutions. This article compares the functions of antidumping laws to that of safeguards normatively, concluding that antidumping laws regulates competition correlateing to different countries which have substantially different interests while competition law regulates
This article firstly surveys all viewpoints on what is the future of antidumping laws which refers to ideas about the function of antidumping laws and institutional cost. Then it analyzes the concept of“dumping”, the forms of dumping and their respective economic explanation, and their economic effect on dumping enterprise, export country and import country. It concludes that there are some differences between the concepts defined by scholars and the ones defined by administrations, which reflect different values. Different dumpings caused by different economic reasons also have different and complicated effect on export country and import country, and it is hard to judge what the occurring dumping belongs to. Usually dumping benefits the export country but damages import country. It affirms that if there is a effective mechanism coordinating and allocating interests, the law of antidumping must consider the general economic effect on dumping enterprise, export country and import country according to Kaldor-Hicks. But in fact, there is not such a mechanism, therefore, antidumping laws only need to care for the effect of dumping on import country. Besides, the industries of a country which sometimes matters the existance of this country is more important than the benefits of consumers of this country, so, antidumping laws needn’t overconsider the benefits of consumers of such country . Apart from protection, this article points out the importance of competition to a country according to the theory of information separation, so the antidumping laws must consider the value of competition. The keystone of antidumping laws lies in balancing both of the two values by which we also can judge whether an antidumping laws is good or not. This article then testifies that the law of antidumping can protect the domestic industries in effect and are becomeing more and more perfect by studying the history of antidumping laws and practical operation of it. But to justify the necessity of antidumping laws, it is necessary to testify there are some comparative advantages of antidumping laws over other institutions. This article compares the functions of antidumping laws to that of safeguards normatively, concluding that antidumping laws regulates competition correlateing to different countries which have substantially different interests while competition law regulates
引文
① 彭兴华.评有关反倾销法的三种方案[A].梁慧星.民商法论丛(28)[C].北京: 法律出版社, 2003.227.
② JOSE TAVARES DE ARAUJO, JR. CARLA MACARIA, KARSTEN STEINFATT. Antidumping in Americas[J]. Journal of World Trade, 2001,35(4): 560.
③ 同本页注①。
④ 同本页注②,第 561 页。
⑤ 同本页注②,第 561-562 页。
⑥ BRINK LINDSEY. The US Antidumping Law-Rhetoric versus Reality[J]. Journal of World Trade, 2000,34(1): 1-3.
① JOHN J·WHITE. A Test of Consistency in the Administration of U.S. Antidumping Law[J].Journal of World Trade,1997,31(4): 117-128.
② 赵维田.论 WTO 的反倾销规则[J].法学研究,1999,(2):110.
③ 蒋小红.试论 WTO 反倾销协议的完善[EB/OL]. http://www.iolaw.org.cn/showarticle.asp?id=1264, 2006-02-12.
④ 彭文革,徐文芳.倾销与反倾销法论[M].武昌: 武汉大学出版社,1997. 26.
⑤ [英]伯纳德·霍克曼,[英]迈克尔·考斯泰基. 世界贸易体制的经济学[M].刘平,洪晓东,许明德等译,北京: 法律出版社,1999.180.
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② TERENCE P. STEWART, TIMOTHY C. BRIGHTBILL. Some “Heretical” Observations on the Interaction of U.S. Trade and Competition Laws: A Defense of U.S. Antidumping And Coutervailing Duties[J].United States--Mexico Law Journal,1996,35(4):2.
③ 彭兴华.评有关反倾销法的三种方案[A].梁慧星.民商法论丛(28)[C].北京:法律出版社,2003.232.
① GUNNAR NIELS, ADRIAAN TEN KATE.Trust Antitrust to Dump Antidumping-Abolish Antidumping in Free Trade Agreement without Replacing it with Competition Law[J].Journal of World Trade,1997,31(6):29.
② 王源扩.我国竞争法的政策目标[A].法学研究,1996,(5):115.
③ 彭兴华.评有关反倾销法的三种方案[A].梁慧星.民商法论丛(28)[C].北京:法律出版社,2003.227.
④ BERNARD M·HOEKMAN, PETROS C·MARROIOIS. Dumping, Antidumping and Antitrust[J]. Journal of World Trade,1996,30(1):27-50.
⑤ 赵维田.论 WTO 的反倾销规则[J].法学研究,1999,(2):121.
① 李炼,侯雁,刘军.基于双赢的世贸组织自我保护规则解析[EB/OL]. http://www.wto-znufe.com.cn/view.asp?id=2779,2005-11-25/2006-02-10.
② GREG MASTEL.Antidumping laws and the U.S. economy[M].New York:Business Park Drive,Armonk, 1998. 101.
③ 杨军.反倾销法与竞争法的冲突辨析[J].法学论坛,2004(5):62.
④ 许正兵.WTO 保障措施浅析[EB/OL]. http://www.wto-znufe.com.cn/view.asp?id=1675,2005-03-05/2006-02-10.
⑤ 赵维田.论 WTO 的反倾销规则[J].法学研究,1999,(2):122.
① BERNARD M·HOEKMAN, PETROS C·MAVROIDIS. Dumping, Antidumping and Antitrust[J]. Journal of World Trade,1996,30(12).转引自彭兴华.评有关反倾销法的三种方案[A].梁慧星.民商法论丛(28)[C].北京:法律出版社,2003.234.
① 苏力.解释的难题——对几种法律文本解释方法的追问[EB/OL]. http://law-thinker.com/show.asp?id=382. 2001-09-20/2006-02-21.
② 宋和平.反倾销法律制度概论[M].北京: 中国检察出版社,2001.4.
③ [英]伯纳德·霍克曼,[英]迈克尔·考斯泰基.世界贸易体制的经济学[M].刘平,洪晓东,许明德等译,北京: 法律出版社,1999.170.
① [美]雅各布·瓦伊纳.倾销:国际贸易中的一个问题[M].沈瑶译,北京: 商务印书馆,2003.3-4.
② Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement onTariffs and Trade 1994, article2.1.
③ COUNCIL REGULATION (EC)No 384/96 of 22 December 1995 on Protection against Dumped Imports from Countries Not Members of the European Community, article 1.
④ 高永富,张玉卿,主编.国际反倾销法[M].上海: 复旦大学出版社,2001.52.
⑤ 《中华人民共和国反倾销条例》第 3 条.
① [美]雅各布·瓦伊纳.倾销:国际贸易中的一个问题[M].沈瑶译,北京:商务印书馆,2003.20.
① [美]雅各布·瓦伊纳.倾销:国际贸易中的一个问题[M].沈瑶译,北京:商务印书馆,2003.21.
① [美]雅各布·瓦伊纳.倾销:国际贸易中的一个问题[M].沈瑶译,北京:商务印书馆,2003.22-23.
② 同上,第 24-25 页。
① [美]雅各布·瓦伊纳.倾销:国际贸易中的一个问题[M].沈瑶译,北京:商务印书馆,2003.5-19.
② 张晓东.中国反倾销立法比较研究[M].北京:法律出版社,2000.33.
① [英]伯纳德·霍克曼.[英]迈克尔·考斯泰基.世界贸易体制的经济学[M].刘平,洪晓东,许明德等译,北京: 法律出版社,1999.174-176.
① HABELER,G.The Theory of International Trade[M].London:William Hodge and Co. Ltd.,1935.300.
② [美]雅各布·瓦伊纳.倾销:国际贸易中的一个问题[M].沈瑶译,北京: 商务印书馆,2003.80-90.
① HABELER,G.The Theory of International Trade[M].London:William Hodge and Co. Ltd.,1935.302.
② Wares,W.A.The Theory of Dumping and American commercial Policy[M].Lexington:Mass.Health,1977.40-54.
③ 沈瑶.倾销与反倾销的经济分析——一种竞争优势的观点[M].杭州: 浙江大学出版社,1999.99.
④ 同上。
⑤ 同上,第 100 页。
① 张晓东.中国反倾销立法比较研究[M].北京:法律出版社,2000.37.
① [美]雅各布·瓦伊纳.倾销:国际贸易中的一个问题[M].沈瑶译,北京: 商务印书馆,2003.117-118.
② 高永富,张玉卿,主编.国际反倾销法[M].上海: 复旦大学出版社,2001.9.
③ 张晓东.中国反倾销立法比较研究[M].北京: 法律出版社,2000.37.
④ BART S·FISHER. The Antidumping Law of the United States: A Legal and Economic Analysis[J]. Law﹠Policy in International Business, 1973, (5): 86-93.
⑤ 同本页注①,第 122 页。
① [美]雅各布·瓦伊纳.倾销:国际贸易中的一个问题[M].沈瑶译,北京:商务印书馆,2003.122.
② 同上,第 123 页。
③ 沈瑶.倾销与反倾销的经济分析——一种竞争优势的观点[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,1999.101-102.
④ 同上,第 102 页。
⑤ 同上。
① 沈瑶.倾销与反倾销的经济分析——一种竞争优势的观点[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,1999.103.
② 同上。
③ 同上。
④ 同上,第 104 页。
⑤ 同上。
⑥ 同上。
① 沈瑶.倾销与反倾销的经济分析——一种竞争优势的观点[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,1999.104.
② 同上,第 105 页。
③ 同上。
① 沈瑶.倾销与反倾销的经济分析——一种竞争优势的观点[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,1999.106.
② 同上。
① 沈瑶.倾销与反倾销的经济分析——一种竞争优势的观点[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,1999.108.
② GREG MASTEL.Antidumping laws and the U.S. economy[M].New York:Business Park Drive,Armonk, 1998.20.
① [美]理查德·A·波斯纳.蒋兆康译.法律的经济分析[M].北京: 中国大百科全书出版社,1997.405.
① 政策与法规.巴西反倾销法. http://www.cnga.org.cn/gongpin/View.asp?NewsID=5204&TypeID=37,2004-03-04/2005-09-20.
② 沈瑶.倾销与反倾销的经济分析——一种竞争优势的观点[M].杭州: 浙江大学出版社,1999.204.
③ 同上,第 167 页。
① [英]弗里德利希·冯·哈耶克.自由秩序原理[M].邓正来译,北京: 生活、读书、新知三联书店, 2003,95.
① GREG MASTEL. Antidumping laws and the U.S. economy[M].New York: Business Park Drive, Armonk, 1998. 5.
① 赵维田.论 WTO 的反倾销规则[J].法学研究,1999,(2):116-117.
② Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, article5.4.
① Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement onTariffs and Trade 1994, article5.8.
② Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement onTariffs and Trade 1994, article11.3.
③ Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement onTariffs and Trade 1994, article12.1.
① Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement onTariffs and Trade 1994, article2.2.1.
② Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement onTariffs and Trade 1994, article3.3.
③ Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement onTariffs and Trade 1994, article3.7.
① Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement onTariffs and Trade 1994, article6.12.
② 赵维田.论 WTO 的反倾销规则[J].法学研究,1999,(2):116-117.
③ Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement onTariffs and Trade 1994, article17.6.
① Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement onTariffs and Trade 1994, article2.2.1.1, article2.2.2, article6.1.2, article6.1.3, article6.2, article6.4, article6.5, article6.7.
① JOSE TAVARES DE ARAUJO, JR. CARLA MACARIA, KARSTEN STEINFATT. Antidumping in Americas[J]. Journal of World Trade, 2001,35(4): 561.
② Id.
③ Id., p.565.
④ 鲍晓华.中国实施反倾销措施的经济效应分析[J].经济纵横,2004, (1):19.
① 参见本文第 7 页。
② 邱本.论市场竞争法的基础[J].中国法学, 2003,(4):96.
③ 戴奎生,邵建东,陈立虎.竞争法研究[M].北京: 中国大百科全书, 1993.20.
④ 参见本文第 5-6 页。
① GREG MASTEL.Antidumping laws and the U.S. economy[M].New York:Business Park Drive, Armonk, 1998.101-102 ; 孙赫.WTO 保障措施与反倾销措施的比较研究[J].商业研究, 2005,(17); 武长春.保护国内产业保障措施胜于反倾销[J].WTO 经济导刊, 2005, (11).
② JOSE TAVARES DE ARAUJO, JR. CARLA MACARIA, KARSTEN STEINFATT. Antidumping in Americas[J]. Journal of World Trade, 2001,35(4): 567.
① 杨国华.论保障措施[EB/OL]. http://www.zypartners.com/info/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=117, 2004-01-05/2006-03-25.
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[3] 梁慧星,主编.民商法论丛(28)[M].北京: 法律出版社,2003.
[4] 彭文革,徐文芳.倾销与反倾销法论[M].武昌: 武汉大学出版社,1997.
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[6] 宋和平.反倾销法律制度概论[M].北京: 中国检察出版社,2001.
[7] 张晓东.中国反倾销立法比较研究[M].北京: 法律出版社,2000.
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[16] WARES,W.A. The Theory of Dumping and American commercial Policy[M].Lexington: Mass.Health,1977.
[1] 鲍晓华.中国实施反倾销措施的经济效应分析[J].经济纵横,2004,(1).
[2] 邱本.论市场竞争法的基础[J].中国法学,2003,(4).
[3] 孙赫.WTO 保障措施与反倾销措施的比较研究[J].商业研究, 2005,(17).
[4] 王源扩.我国竞争法的政策目标[A].法学研究,1996,(5).
[5] 武长春.保护国内产业保障措施胜于反倾销[J].WTO 经济导刊, 2005, (11).
[6] 杨军.反倾销法与竞争法的冲突辨析[J].法学论坛,2004,(5).
[7] 赵维田.论 WTO 的反倾销规则[J].法学研究,1999,(2).
[8] BART S·FISHER. The Antidumping Law of the United States: A Legal and Economic Analysis[J].Law﹠Policy in International Business,1973,(5).
[9] BERNARD M·HOEKMAN, PETROS C·MARROIOIS. Dumping, Antidumping and Antitrust[J]. Journal of World Trade,1996,30(1).
[10] BRINK LINDSEY. The US Antidumping Law-Rhetoric versus Reality[J].Journal of World Trade,2000,34(1).
[11] GUNNAR NIELS, ADRIAAN TEN KATE. Trust Antitrust to Dump Antidumping-Abolish Antidumping in Free Trade Agreement without Replacing it with Competition Law[J].Journal of World Trade,1997,31(6).
[12] HARVEY M. APPLEBAUM, DAVID R. GRACE. U.S. Antidumping Law and Antidumping Actions Under Title VII of the Trade Agreements Act of 1979[J].Antitrust Law Journal,1987,35(2).
[13] JOHN J·WHITE. A Test of Consistency in the Administration of U.S. Antidumping Law[J].Journal of World Trade,1997,31(4).
[14] JOSE TAVARES DE ARAUJO, JR. CARLA MACARIA, KARSTEN STEINFATT. Antidumping in Americas[J].Journal of World Trade,2001,35(4).
[15] OLIVIER CADOT, JEAN-MARIE GRETHER, JAIME DE MELO. Trade and Competition Policy[J].Journal of World Trade,2000,34(3).
[16] PETER D. EHRENHAFT. Is Interface of Antidumping and Antitrust Laws Possible?[J].George Washington International Law Review,2002,363(34).
[17] TERENCE P. STEWART, TIMOTHY C. BRIGHTBILL. Some “Heretical” Observations on the Interaction of U.S. Trade and Competition Laws: A Defense of U.S. Antidumping And Countervailing Duties[J].United States--Mexico Law Journal,1996,35(4).
[18] WESLEY A. CANN, JR.. Internationalizing Our Views Toward Recoupment and Market Power: Attacking the Antidumping/Antitrust Dichotomy Through WTO-consistent Global Welfare Theory[J].University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law, 1996,69(17).
[1] 蒋小红.试论 WTO 反倾销协议的完善[EB/OL]. .http://www.iolaw.org.cn/showarticle.asp?id=1264.
[2] 黄安年.奠定现代资本主义基础—垄断性股份公司兴起[EB/OL]. http://www.cctvt.com/cgi-bin/index.dll?page0?webid=cctvt&userid=129362&columnno=1&articleid=958.
[3] 李炼, 侯雁, 刘军. 基于双赢的世贸组织自我保护规则解析[EB/OL]. http://www.wto-znufe.com.cn/view.asp?id=2779.
[4] 苏力. 解释的难题——对几种法律文本解释方法的追问[EB/OL]. http://law-thinker.com/show.asp?id=382.
[5] 许正兵. WTO 保障措施浅析[EB/OL]. http://www.wto-znufe.com.cn/view.asp?id=1675.
[6] 杨国华.论保障措施[EB/OL]. http://www.zypartners.com/info/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=117.
[7] 政策与法规.巴西反倾销法. http://www.cnga.org.cn/gongpin/View.asp?NewsID=5204&TypeID=37.
[1] 中国人民共和国反倾销条例.
[2] Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994.
[3] COUNCIL REGULATION (EC)No 384/96 of 22 December 1995 on Protection against Dumped Imports from Countries Not Members of the European Community.
[4] The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1947).
② JOSE TAVARES DE ARAUJO, JR. CARLA MACARIA, KARSTEN STEINFATT. Antidumping in Americas[J]. Journal of World Trade, 2001,35(4): 560.
③ 同本页注①。
④ 同本页注②,第 561 页。
⑤ 同本页注②,第 561-562 页。
⑥ BRINK LINDSEY. The US Antidumping Law-Rhetoric versus Reality[J]. Journal of World Trade, 2000,34(1): 1-3.
① JOHN J·WHITE. A Test of Consistency in the Administration of U.S. Antidumping Law[J].Journal of World Trade,1997,31(4): 117-128.
② 赵维田.论 WTO 的反倾销规则[J].法学研究,1999,(2):110.
③ 蒋小红.试论 WTO 反倾销协议的完善[EB/OL]. http://www.iolaw.org.cn/showarticle.asp?id=1264, 2006-02-12.
④ 彭文革,徐文芳.倾销与反倾销法论[M].武昌: 武汉大学出版社,1997. 26.
⑤ [英]伯纳德·霍克曼,[英]迈克尔·考斯泰基. 世界贸易体制的经济学[M].刘平,洪晓东,许明德等译,北京: 法律出版社,1999.180.
① 蒋小红.试论 WTO 反倾销协议的完善[EB/OL]. http://www.iolaw.org.cn/showarticle.asp?id=1264, 2006-02-12.
② TERENCE P. STEWART, TIMOTHY C. BRIGHTBILL. Some “Heretical” Observations on the Interaction of U.S. Trade and Competition Laws: A Defense of U.S. Antidumping And Coutervailing Duties[J].United States--Mexico Law Journal,1996,35(4):2.
③ 彭兴华.评有关反倾销法的三种方案[A].梁慧星.民商法论丛(28)[C].北京:法律出版社,2003.232.
① GUNNAR NIELS, ADRIAAN TEN KATE.Trust Antitrust to Dump Antidumping-Abolish Antidumping in Free Trade Agreement without Replacing it with Competition Law[J].Journal of World Trade,1997,31(6):29.
② 王源扩.我国竞争法的政策目标[A].法学研究,1996,(5):115.
③ 彭兴华.评有关反倾销法的三种方案[A].梁慧星.民商法论丛(28)[C].北京:法律出版社,2003.227.
④ BERNARD M·HOEKMAN, PETROS C·MARROIOIS. Dumping, Antidumping and Antitrust[J]. Journal of World Trade,1996,30(1):27-50.
⑤ 赵维田.论 WTO 的反倾销规则[J].法学研究,1999,(2):121.
① 李炼,侯雁,刘军.基于双赢的世贸组织自我保护规则解析[EB/OL]. http://www.wto-znufe.com.cn/view.asp?id=2779,2005-11-25/2006-02-10.
② GREG MASTEL.Antidumping laws and the U.S. economy[M].New York:Business Park Drive,Armonk, 1998. 101.
③ 杨军.反倾销法与竞争法的冲突辨析[J].法学论坛,2004(5):62.
④ 许正兵.WTO 保障措施浅析[EB/OL]. http://www.wto-znufe.com.cn/view.asp?id=1675,2005-03-05/2006-02-10.
⑤ 赵维田.论 WTO 的反倾销规则[J].法学研究,1999,(2):122.
① BERNARD M·HOEKMAN, PETROS C·MAVROIDIS. Dumping, Antidumping and Antitrust[J]. Journal of World Trade,1996,30(12).转引自彭兴华.评有关反倾销法的三种方案[A].梁慧星.民商法论丛(28)[C].北京:法律出版社,2003.234.
① 苏力.解释的难题——对几种法律文本解释方法的追问[EB/OL]. http://law-thinker.com/show.asp?id=382. 2001-09-20/2006-02-21.
② 宋和平.反倾销法律制度概论[M].北京: 中国检察出版社,2001.4.
③ [英]伯纳德·霍克曼,[英]迈克尔·考斯泰基.世界贸易体制的经济学[M].刘平,洪晓东,许明德等译,北京: 法律出版社,1999.170.
① [美]雅各布·瓦伊纳.倾销:国际贸易中的一个问题[M].沈瑶译,北京: 商务印书馆,2003.3-4.
② Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement onTariffs and Trade 1994, article2.1.
③ COUNCIL REGULATION (EC)No 384/96 of 22 December 1995 on Protection against Dumped Imports from Countries Not Members of the European Community, article 1.
④ 高永富,张玉卿,主编.国际反倾销法[M].上海: 复旦大学出版社,2001.52.
⑤ 《中华人民共和国反倾销条例》第 3 条.
① [美]雅各布·瓦伊纳.倾销:国际贸易中的一个问题[M].沈瑶译,北京:商务印书馆,2003.20.
① [美]雅各布·瓦伊纳.倾销:国际贸易中的一个问题[M].沈瑶译,北京:商务印书馆,2003.21.
① [美]雅各布·瓦伊纳.倾销:国际贸易中的一个问题[M].沈瑶译,北京:商务印书馆,2003.22-23.
② 同上,第 24-25 页。
① [美]雅各布·瓦伊纳.倾销:国际贸易中的一个问题[M].沈瑶译,北京:商务印书馆,2003.5-19.
② 张晓东.中国反倾销立法比较研究[M].北京:法律出版社,2000.33.
① [英]伯纳德·霍克曼.[英]迈克尔·考斯泰基.世界贸易体制的经济学[M].刘平,洪晓东,许明德等译,北京: 法律出版社,1999.174-176.
① HABELER,G.The Theory of International Trade[M].London:William Hodge and Co. Ltd.,1935.300.
② [美]雅各布·瓦伊纳.倾销:国际贸易中的一个问题[M].沈瑶译,北京: 商务印书馆,2003.80-90.
① HABELER,G.The Theory of International Trade[M].London:William Hodge and Co. Ltd.,1935.302.
② Wares,W.A.The Theory of Dumping and American commercial Policy[M].Lexington:Mass.Health,1977.40-54.
③ 沈瑶.倾销与反倾销的经济分析——一种竞争优势的观点[M].杭州: 浙江大学出版社,1999.99.
④ 同上。
⑤ 同上,第 100 页。
① 张晓东.中国反倾销立法比较研究[M].北京:法律出版社,2000.37.
① [美]雅各布·瓦伊纳.倾销:国际贸易中的一个问题[M].沈瑶译,北京: 商务印书馆,2003.117-118.
② 高永富,张玉卿,主编.国际反倾销法[M].上海: 复旦大学出版社,2001.9.
③ 张晓东.中国反倾销立法比较研究[M].北京: 法律出版社,2000.37.
④ BART S·FISHER. The Antidumping Law of the United States: A Legal and Economic Analysis[J]. Law﹠Policy in International Business, 1973, (5): 86-93.
⑤ 同本页注①,第 122 页。
① [美]雅各布·瓦伊纳.倾销:国际贸易中的一个问题[M].沈瑶译,北京:商务印书馆,2003.122.
② 同上,第 123 页。
③ 沈瑶.倾销与反倾销的经济分析——一种竞争优势的观点[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,1999.101-102.
④ 同上,第 102 页。
⑤ 同上。
① 沈瑶.倾销与反倾销的经济分析——一种竞争优势的观点[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,1999.103.
② 同上。
③ 同上。
④ 同上,第 104 页。
⑤ 同上。
⑥ 同上。
① 沈瑶.倾销与反倾销的经济分析——一种竞争优势的观点[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,1999.104.
② 同上,第 105 页。
③ 同上。
① 沈瑶.倾销与反倾销的经济分析——一种竞争优势的观点[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,1999.106.
② 同上。
① 沈瑶.倾销与反倾销的经济分析——一种竞争优势的观点[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,1999.108.
② GREG MASTEL.Antidumping laws and the U.S. economy[M].New York:Business Park Drive,Armonk, 1998.20.
① [美]理查德·A·波斯纳.蒋兆康译.法律的经济分析[M].北京: 中国大百科全书出版社,1997.405.
① 政策与法规.巴西反倾销法. http://www.cnga.org.cn/gongpin/View.asp?NewsID=5204&TypeID=37,2004-03-04/2005-09-20.
② 沈瑶.倾销与反倾销的经济分析——一种竞争优势的观点[M].杭州: 浙江大学出版社,1999.204.
③ 同上,第 167 页。
① [英]弗里德利希·冯·哈耶克.自由秩序原理[M].邓正来译,北京: 生活、读书、新知三联书店, 2003,95.
① GREG MASTEL. Antidumping laws and the U.S. economy[M].New York: Business Park Drive, Armonk, 1998. 5.
① 赵维田.论 WTO 的反倾销规则[J].法学研究,1999,(2):116-117.
② Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, article5.4.
① Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement onTariffs and Trade 1994, article5.8.
② Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement onTariffs and Trade 1994, article11.3.
③ Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement onTariffs and Trade 1994, article12.1.
① Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement onTariffs and Trade 1994, article2.2.1.
② Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement onTariffs and Trade 1994, article3.3.
③ Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement onTariffs and Trade 1994, article3.7.
① Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement onTariffs and Trade 1994, article6.12.
② 赵维田.论 WTO 的反倾销规则[J].法学研究,1999,(2):116-117.
③ Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement onTariffs and Trade 1994, article17.6.
① Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement onTariffs and Trade 1994, article2.2.1.1, article2.2.2, article6.1.2, article6.1.3, article6.2, article6.4, article6.5, article6.7.
① JOSE TAVARES DE ARAUJO, JR. CARLA MACARIA, KARSTEN STEINFATT. Antidumping in Americas[J]. Journal of World Trade, 2001,35(4): 561.
② Id.
③ Id., p.565.
④ 鲍晓华.中国实施反倾销措施的经济效应分析[J].经济纵横,2004, (1):19.
① 参见本文第 7 页。
② 邱本.论市场竞争法的基础[J].中国法学, 2003,(4):96.
③ 戴奎生,邵建东,陈立虎.竞争法研究[M].北京: 中国大百科全书, 1993.20.
④ 参见本文第 5-6 页。
① GREG MASTEL.Antidumping laws and the U.S. economy[M].New York:Business Park Drive, Armonk, 1998.101-102 ; 孙赫.WTO 保障措施与反倾销措施的比较研究[J].商业研究, 2005,(17); 武长春.保护国内产业保障措施胜于反倾销[J].WTO 经济导刊, 2005, (11).
② JOSE TAVARES DE ARAUJO, JR. CARLA MACARIA, KARSTEN STEINFATT. Antidumping in Americas[J]. Journal of World Trade, 2001,35(4): 567.
① 杨国华.论保障措施[EB/OL]. http://www.zypartners.com/info/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=117, 2004-01-05/2006-03-25.
[1] 戴奎生,邵建东,陈立虎.竞争法研究[M].北京: 中国大百科全书, 1993.
[2] 高永富,张玉卿,主编.国际反倾销法[M].上海: 复旦大学出版社,2001.
[3] 梁慧星,主编.民商法论丛(28)[M].北京: 法律出版社,2003.
[4] 彭文革,徐文芳.倾销与反倾销法论[M].武昌: 武汉大学出版社,1997.
[5] 沈瑶.倾销与反倾销的经济分析——一种竞争优势的观点[M].杭州: 浙江大学出版社,1999.
[6] 宋和平.反倾销法律制度概论[M].北京: 中国检察出版社,2001.
[7] 张晓东.中国反倾销立法比较研究[M].北京: 法律出版社,2000.
[8] [美]安妮·O·克鲁格编.作为国际组织的 WTO[M].黄理平, 彭利平, 刘军等译,上海: 世纪出版集团, 2002.
[9] [美]理查德·A·波斯纳.蒋兆康译.法律的经济分析[M].北京: 中国大百科全书出版社,1997.
[10] [美]雅各布·瓦伊纳.倾销:国际贸易中的一个问题[M].沈瑶译,北京: 商务印书馆,2003.
[11] [英]伯纳德·霍克曼,[英]迈克尔·考斯泰基.世界贸易体制的经济学[M].刘平,洪晓东,许明德等译,北京: 法律出版社,1999.
[12] [英]弗里德利希·冯·哈耶克.自由秩序原理[M].邓正来译,北京: 生活、读书、新知三联书店, 2003.
[13] GABRIELLE MARCEAU. Anti-Dumping and Anti-Trust Issues in Free-trade Areas[M]. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.
[14] GREG MASTEL. Antidumping laws and the U.S. economy[M].New York: Business Park Drive, Armonk, 1998.
[15] HABELER,G. The Theory of International Trade[M].London: William Hodge and Co. Ltd.,1935.
[16] WARES,W.A. The Theory of Dumping and American commercial Policy[M].Lexington: Mass.Health,1977.
[1] 鲍晓华.中国实施反倾销措施的经济效应分析[J].经济纵横,2004,(1).
[2] 邱本.论市场竞争法的基础[J].中国法学,2003,(4).
[3] 孙赫.WTO 保障措施与反倾销措施的比较研究[J].商业研究, 2005,(17).
[4] 王源扩.我国竞争法的政策目标[A].法学研究,1996,(5).
[5] 武长春.保护国内产业保障措施胜于反倾销[J].WTO 经济导刊, 2005, (11).
[6] 杨军.反倾销法与竞争法的冲突辨析[J].法学论坛,2004,(5).
[7] 赵维田.论 WTO 的反倾销规则[J].法学研究,1999,(2).
[8] BART S·FISHER. The Antidumping Law of the United States: A Legal and Economic Analysis[J].Law﹠Policy in International Business,1973,(5).
[9] BERNARD M·HOEKMAN, PETROS C·MARROIOIS. Dumping, Antidumping and Antitrust[J]. Journal of World Trade,1996,30(1).
[10] BRINK LINDSEY. The US Antidumping Law-Rhetoric versus Reality[J].Journal of World Trade,2000,34(1).
[11] GUNNAR NIELS, ADRIAAN TEN KATE. Trust Antitrust to Dump Antidumping-Abolish Antidumping in Free Trade Agreement without Replacing it with Competition Law[J].Journal of World Trade,1997,31(6).
[12] HARVEY M. APPLEBAUM, DAVID R. GRACE. U.S. Antidumping Law and Antidumping Actions Under Title VII of the Trade Agreements Act of 1979[J].Antitrust Law Journal,1987,35(2).
[13] JOHN J·WHITE. A Test of Consistency in the Administration of U.S. Antidumping Law[J].Journal of World Trade,1997,31(4).
[14] JOSE TAVARES DE ARAUJO, JR. CARLA MACARIA, KARSTEN STEINFATT. Antidumping in Americas[J].Journal of World Trade,2001,35(4).
[15] OLIVIER CADOT, JEAN-MARIE GRETHER, JAIME DE MELO. Trade and Competition Policy[J].Journal of World Trade,2000,34(3).
[16] PETER D. EHRENHAFT. Is Interface of Antidumping and Antitrust Laws Possible?[J].George Washington International Law Review,2002,363(34).
[17] TERENCE P. STEWART, TIMOTHY C. BRIGHTBILL. Some “Heretical” Observations on the Interaction of U.S. Trade and Competition Laws: A Defense of U.S. Antidumping And Countervailing Duties[J].United States--Mexico Law Journal,1996,35(4).
[18] WESLEY A. CANN, JR.. Internationalizing Our Views Toward Recoupment and Market Power: Attacking the Antidumping/Antitrust Dichotomy Through WTO-consistent Global Welfare Theory[J].University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law, 1996,69(17).
[1] 蒋小红.试论 WTO 反倾销协议的完善[EB/OL]. .http://www.iolaw.org.cn/showarticle.asp?id=1264.
[2] 黄安年.奠定现代资本主义基础—垄断性股份公司兴起[EB/OL]. http://www.cctvt.com/cgi-bin/index.dll?page0?webid=cctvt&userid=129362&columnno=1&articleid=958.
[3] 李炼, 侯雁, 刘军. 基于双赢的世贸组织自我保护规则解析[EB/OL]. http://www.wto-znufe.com.cn/view.asp?id=2779.
[4] 苏力. 解释的难题——对几种法律文本解释方法的追问[EB/OL]. http://law-thinker.com/show.asp?id=382.
[5] 许正兵. WTO 保障措施浅析[EB/OL]. http://www.wto-znufe.com.cn/view.asp?id=1675.
[6] 杨国华.论保障措施[EB/OL]. http://www.zypartners.com/info/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=117.
[7] 政策与法规.巴西反倾销法. http://www.cnga.org.cn/gongpin/View.asp?NewsID=5204&TypeID=37.
[1] 中国人民共和国反倾销条例.
[2] Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994.
[3] COUNCIL REGULATION (EC)No 384/96 of 22 December 1995 on Protection against Dumped Imports from Countries Not Members of the European Community.
[4] The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1947).